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Xing Y, Pu R, Fu M, Wang Z, Wang Z, Shang X, Yang G, Jiang Z. Exploring the bidirectional causality between neuroticism and frailty: a Mendelian randomization analysis. Hereditas 2025; 162:8. [PMID: 39856793 PMCID: PMC11763127 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-025-00370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have confirmed the relationship between personality trait neuroticism and physical health. However, the relationship between neuroticism and frailty remains unconfirmed. This study employed a bi-directional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to investigate the causal relationship between neuroticism and frailty. METHODS The neuroticism genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from the UK Biobank contained twelve neuroticism-related traits with 489,212 participants. The genetic frailty index data were extracted from the UK Biobank and Swedish TwinGene, involving 175,226 individuals. Independent genetic variants associated with neuroticism and frailty were selected as instrumental variables. Inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median, weighted mode, and MR-PRESSO were mainly used for MR analysis. RESULTS The MR analysis showed a positive causal relationship between neuroticism and the risk of frailty (odds ratio (OR) = 1.627, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.538-1.722, P < 0.001). In the reverse direction, frailty had a causal effect on a higher risk of neuroticism (OR = 1.270, 95% CI = 1.173-1.375, P < 0.001). Steiger tests indicated that reverse causation did not bias the identified causal relationships. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides genetic evidence suggesting a bi-directional causal relationship between frailty and neuroticism. In this bi-directional MR study, there were positive causal relationships between neuroticism-related phenotypes and frailty, and in the reverse direction, frailty was also positively correlated with neuroticism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Xing
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Pu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengdie Fu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhikang Wang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaopeng Shang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoli Yang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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Wilson D, Ng V, Foster J, Tay L. Character Traits Predict Health and Well-Being beyond Personality. J Pers Assess 2024; 106:116-126. [PMID: 37036124 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2023.2197064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
We examined the incremental validity of character in predicting health outcomes and well-being beyond personality traits and investigated the extent to which health-related behaviors mediate the relationship between character and well-being. Findings indicate that several character cores (e.g., transcendence, fortitude) predict well-being, health behaviors, and health outcomes beyond different measures of personality traits, indicating that character is discriminable from personality as indicated by incremental prediction. In particular, fortitude, temperance, transcendence, and sincerity appear to be key players. Implications for character research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent Ng
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston
| | - Jeff Foster
- Department of Psychology, Missouri State University, Springfield
| | - Louis Tay
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette
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Sasayama K, Imura T, Adachi M, Aoki T, Li M. Positive relationships of character strengths with fitness and physical activity in primary school children. Health Psychol Behav Med 2023; 11:2278290. [PMID: 37936634 PMCID: PMC10627045 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2023.2278290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study is the first to examine the relationship between character strengths, objective physical fitness, and physical activity in primary school children. Design This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016 and 2017 at a school in Japan. Main Outcome Measures: We obtained informed consent from 236 fourth-grade students; 122 fifth-grade students; and 142 sixth-grade students. After excluding participants with missing data, 473 children (247 boys and 226 girls; aged 9-12 years) with informed consent were included in the study. We measured character strengths, physical fitness, and/or physical activity of fourth- to sixth-grade participants. Results Among boys, the total score of physical fitness was significantly associated with perseverance-honesty, courage-ideas, compassion-gratitude, and fairness-care (p < 0.05). Among girls, the total score of physical fitness was significantly associated with perseverance-honesty, courage-ideas, and compassion-gratitude (p < 0.05). Regarding the relationship between character strengths and physical activity, perseverance-honesty was significantly associated with total steps and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), whereas courage ideas were significantly associated with total steps (p < 0.05) in boys. In girls, perseverance-honesty was associated with MVPA (p < 0.05). Conclusions Our findings revealed that character strengths are positively associated with objective physical fitness and physical activity in primary-school children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomoya Imura
- Graduate School of Teacher Education, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Minoru Adachi
- Graduate School of Education, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tazuko Aoki
- Graduate School of Education, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Minglu Li
- Graduate School of Education, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Ridgeway SO, Denney JT. A comprehensive examination of discrimination and the impact on health in young adults. Soc Sci Med 2023; 320:115728. [PMID: 36746078 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Research has begun to clarify links between discrimination and health, but important gaps remain. A more complete understanding may arise from data on both frequency of discrimination as well as the various forms of discrimination. Using unique Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Transition to Adulthood Supplement (TAS) data on a representative sample of young adults from the 2017 and 2019 waves, we consider frequency and forms of discrimination separately and in tandem. Using generalized estimating equations panel models, we find that the association between discrimination and health is more pronounced when the frequency of, and the number of reasons for, discriminatory experiences are considered together. For example, relative to experiencing no discrimination, perceiving frequent discrimination and for three or more reasons results in nearly three times higher odds of poor/fair self-rated health and 1.25 points lower on the languishing/flourishing scale. The impact of perceived discrimination on health is likely underestimated if frequency and rationale are not considered as a holistic experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadie O Ridgeway
- Washington State University, PO Box 644020, Wilson-Short Hall, Pullman, WA, 99164-4020, USA.
| | - Justin T Denney
- Washington State University, PO Box 644020, Wilson-Short Hall, Pullman, WA, 99164-4020, USA.
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Eggers K, Millard SK, Kelman E. Temperament, anxiety, and depression in school-age children who stutter. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2022; 97:106218. [PMID: 35597191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2022.106218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The main aim of this study was to gain insight into whether temperament and/or stuttering severity were associated with anxiety and depression in children who stutter. Additionally, the study also provided an indication into the prevalence of anxiety and depression in children who stutter in a clinical cohort. METHOD The participants were 132 English-speaking children (105 boys and 27 girls) between 9;0 and 14;11 years old (M = 11;8, SD = 1;10) and their mothers. At their first visit to a specialist center for children who stutter, mothers and children completed the relevant versions of the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire-Revised (EATQ-R; Ellis & Rothbart, 2001) and a screening of children's anxiety and depression, using the Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS; Chorpita et al., 2000). Stuttering was evaluated using the Stuttering Severity Instrument Fourth Edition (SSI-4). Correlations were conducted between child and parent versions of the EATQ-R and RCADS; EATQ-R and RCADS; as well as the SSI-4 and RCADS. A comparison was made between those children who scored below the clinical threshold for anxiety and depression, and those who scored above. RESULTS Significant correlations were found for all mother and child EATQ-R factors and RCADS scales (except for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder). Correlations were also found between the child- and mother-reported temperament factors of positive reactivity, negative reactivity, and self-regulation and anxiety and depression. Children who scored above the clinical threshold for any category of anxiety or depression had significantly lower positive reactivity and higher negative reactivity scores, compared to those who scored below the threshold. There were no differences between the two groups with regard to SSI-4 scores. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to evaluate associations between temperament and anxiety and depression in children who stutter. Higher negative reactivity scores and lower positive reactivity and self-regulation scores are associated with elevated levels of anxiety and depression in children who stutter. Further, those who score above the clinical threshold have significantly higher levels of negative reactivity and lower levels of positive reactivity compared to those scoring below the threshold. Findings suggest that levels of anxiety that reach clinical threshold are more prevalent in children who stutter than would be expected based on population data. Current findings have implications for both the assessment and therapy of children who stutter presenting at clinics for support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Eggers
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium; Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Thomas More University College, Belgium; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Finland.
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Burenkova OV, Podturkin AA. Objective Assessment of Temperament in Temperamentally Vulnerable Children: Role in the Studies on Their Stress Levels. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2021; 2020:97-115. [PMID: 32324326 DOI: 10.1002/cad.20330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Under conditions of suboptimal parental care, children with specific temperamental features have been shown to be especially vulnerable to the effects of stress. Most studies of temperamentally vulnerable children have been conducted using parental questionnaires, which are unfortunately not completely objective. An alternative approach, the use of objective methods for assessing temperament in childhood, can and should be used to study the impact of poor parenting quality on children's stress levels, an important factor in child development. Although studies using such objective methods exist, they are quite rare. A PubMed search identified twelve articles reviewed here. Existing data indicate that, in general, higher basal cortisol and cortisol stress response are associated with "reactive" temperament: shyness, fearfulness, behavioral inhibition, and negative affectivity. Furthermore, child temperament interacts with the quality of parental care to predict cortisol levels in early childhood. Accordingly, in the context of inadequate parental care, temperamentally vulnerable children with "reactive" temperaments are particularly at risk for negative effects of stress. Studies of stress-by-parental-care-interactions are essential for preventing long-term mental problems and problems with physical health that could occur in temperamentally vulnerable children who receive suboptimal parental care.
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7
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Rodriguez LR, Rasmussen EB, Kyne-Rucker D, Wong M, Martin KS. Delay discounting and obesity in food insecure and food secure women. Health Psychol 2021; 40:242-251. [PMID: 33856831 DOI: 10.1037/hea0001042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The relation between food insecurity (FI) and delay discounting (DD) and probability discounting (PD) for food and money was tested in women. In addition, discounting was tested as a variable that mediates the relation between obesity and FI. METHOD Women recruited from a community sample (N = 92) completed questionnaires. They completed the food choice questionnaire, the monetary choice questionnaire, measures for food and money probability discounting (which quantify sensitivity to risk aversion), and demographic measures. RESULTS Women with FI had higher rates of obesity and higher food DD compared to food-secure women. However, DD for money or probability discounting for food or money did not significantly differ between FI and food secure groups when controlling for significant covariates. Neither DD or PD significantly mediated the relation between FI and obesity. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that FI is associated with greater impulsive food choice, but its association with other monetary discounting and probability discounting for food and money appears contingent upon other demographic factors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Sisco-Taylor BL, Corley RP, Stallings MC, Wadsworth SJ, Reynolds CA. Temperament, childhood illness burden, and illness behavior in early adulthood. Health Psychol 2019; 38:648-657. [PMID: 31120269 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Illness behaviors-or responses to bodily symptoms-predict individuals' recovery and functioning; however, there has been little research on the early life personality antecedents of illness behavior. This study's primary aims were to evaluate (a) childhood temperament traits (i.e., emotionality and sociability) as predictors of adult illness behaviors, independent of objective health; and (b) adult temperament traits for mediation of childhood temperament's associations. METHOD Participants included 714 (53% male; 350 adoptive family and 364 control family) children and siblings from the Colorado Adoption Project (CAP; Plomin & DeFries, 1983). Structural regression analyses evaluated paths from childhood temperament to illness behavior (i.e., somatic complaints, sick days, and medication use) at two adulthood assessments (CAP years 21 and 30). Analyses controlled for participant age, sex, family type (adoptive or control), adopted status, parent education/occupation, and middle childhood illnesses, doctor visits, and life events stress. RESULTS Latent illness behavior factors were established across 2 adulthood assessments. Multilevel path analyses revealed that higher emotionality (fearfulness) in adulthood-but not childhood temperament-predicted higher levels of illness behavior at both assessments. Lastly, lower emotionality-fearfulness partially mediated the effect of higher childhood sociability on adult illness behavior. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest the importance of childhood illness experiences and adult emotionality (fearfulness) in shaping illness behavior in early adulthood. They also suggest a small, protective role of childhood sociability on reduced trait fearfulness in adulthood. These findings broaden our understanding of the prospective links between temperament and illness behavior development, suggesting distinct associations from early life illness experiences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin P Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder
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9
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Christensen DS, Flensborg-Madsen T, Garde E, Hansen ÅM, Mortensen EL. Big Five personality traits and allostatic load in midlife. Psychol Health 2019; 34:1011-1028. [PMID: 30907137 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2019.1585851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To examine the cross-sectional associations of Big Five personality traits with midlife allostatic load, including the role of sex, socio-demographic factors and health-related behaviours. Design: Cross-sectional analyses of 5512 members of the Copenhagen Aging and Midlife Biobank, aged 49-63 years, 69% men. Main outcome measure: Allostatic load (AL) based on 14 biomarkers representing the inflammatory, cardiovascular and metabolic system. Results: Due to significant sex × trait interactions, analyses were stratified by sex. Openness and Conscientiousness were inversely associated with AL in both sexes, and Extraversion was positively associated with AL in men. Adjusting for socio-demographic factors significantly attenuated the association of Openness in both sexes and of Extraversion in men, for whom the inverse association of Agreeableness with AL was strengthened. Further adjusting for health-related behaviours, the Conscientiousness-AL association was attenuated but remained significant, and Agreeableness remained significantly associated with AL in men. Conclusion: Results imply that higher levels of Agreeableness (in men) and Conscientiousness are associated with lower levels of AL above and beyond socio-demographic factors and health-related behaviours. The study further contributes by demonstrating the relevance of sex × trait and trait × trait interactions in the personality-health literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinne Skjaerlund Christensen
- a Section of Environmental Health , Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,b Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Trine Flensborg-Madsen
- a Section of Environmental Health , Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,b Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Ellen Garde
- a Section of Environmental Health , Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,b Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,c Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Åse Marie Hansen
- d Section of Social Medicine , Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,e National Research Centre for the Working Environment , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Erik Lykke Mortensen
- a Section of Environmental Health , Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,b Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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10
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Proyer RT, Gander F, Bertenshaw EJ, Brauer K. The Positive Relationships of Playfulness With Indicators of Health, Activity, and Physical Fitness. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1440. [PMID: 30154749 PMCID: PMC6102740 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult playfulness is a personality trait that enables people to frame or reframe everyday situations in such a way that they experience them as entertaining, intellectually stimulating, or personally interesting. Earlier research supports the notion that playfulness is associated with the pursuit of an active way of life. While playful children are typically described as being active, only limited knowledge exists on whether playfulness in adults is also associated with physical activity. Additionally, existing literature has not considered different facets of playfulness, but only global playfulness. Therefore, we employed a multifaceted model that allows distinguishing among Other-directed, Lighthearted, Intellectual, and Whimsical playfulness. For narrowing this gap in the literature, we conducted two studies addressing the associations of playfulness with health, activity, and fitness. The main aim of Study 1 was a comparison of self-ratings (N = 529) and ratings from knowledgeable others (N = 141). We tested the association of self- and peer-reported playfulness with self- and peer-reported physical activity, fitness, and health behaviors. There was a good convergence of playfulness among self- and peer-ratings (between r = 0.46 and 0.55, all p < 0.001). Data show that both self- and peer-ratings are differentially associated with physical activity, fitness, and health behaviors. For example, self-rated playfulness shared 3% of the variance with self-rated physical fitness and 14% with the pursuit of an active way of life. Study 2 provides data on the association between self-rated playfulness and objective measures of physical fitness (i.e., hand and forearm strength, lower body muscular strength and endurance, cardio-respiratory fitness, back and leg flexibility, and hand and finger dexterity) using a sample of N = 67 adults. Self-rated playfulness was associated with lower baseline and activity (climbing stairs) heart rate and faster recovery heart rate (correlation coefficients were between −0.19 and −0.24 for global playfulness). Overall, Study 2 supported the findings of Study 1 by showing positive associations of playfulness with objective indicators of physical fitness (primarily cardio-respiratory fitness). The findings represent a starting point for future studies on the relationships between playfulness, and health, activity, and physical fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- René T Proyer
- Personality and Assessment, Department of Psychology, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.,Personality and Assessment, Department of Psychology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Gander
- Personality and Assessment, Department of Psychology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Kay Brauer
- Personality and Assessment, Department of Psychology, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Luciano M, Hagenaars SP, Davies G, Hill WD, Clarke TK, Shirali M, Harris SE, Marioni RE, Liewald DC, Fawns-Ritchie C, Adams MJ, Howard DM, Lewis CM, Gale CR, McIntosh AM, Deary IJ. Association analysis in over 329,000 individuals identifies 116 independent variants influencing neuroticism. Nat Genet 2018; 50:6-11. [PMID: 29255261 PMCID: PMC5985926 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-017-0013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuroticism is a relatively stable personality trait characterized by negative emotionality (for example, worry and guilt) 1 ; heritability estimated from twin studies ranges from 30 to 50% 2 , and SNP-based heritability ranges from 6 to 15% 3-6 . Increased neuroticism is associated with poorer mental and physical health 7,8 , translating to high economic burden 9 . Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of neuroticism have identified up to 11 associated genetic loci 3,4 . Here we report 116 significant independent loci from a GWAS of neuroticism in 329,821 UK Biobank participants; 15 of these loci replicated at P < 0.00045 in an unrelated cohort (N = 122,867). Genetic signals were enriched in neuronal genesis and differentiation pathways, and substantial genetic correlations were found between neuroticism and depressive symptoms (r g = 0.82, standard error (s.e.) = 0.03), major depressive disorder (MDD; r g = 0.69, s.e. = 0.07) and subjective well-being (r g = -0.68, s.e. = 0.03) alongside other mental health traits. These discoveries significantly advance understanding of neuroticism and its association with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Luciano
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Saskia P Hagenaars
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - W David Hill
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Toni-Kim Clarke
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Masoud Shirali
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David C Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chloe Fawns-Ritchie
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark J Adams
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David M Howard
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Catharine R Gale
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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McHugh JE, Lawlor BA. Executive functioning independently predicts self-rated health and improvement in self-rated health over time among community-dwelling older adults. Aging Ment Health 2016; 20:415-22. [PMID: 25774986 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2015.1018866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Self-rated health, as distinct from objective measures of health, is a clinically informative metric among older adults. The purpose of our study was to examine the cognitive and psychosocial factors associated with self-rated health. METHODS 624 participants over the age of 60 were assessed at baseline, and of these, 510 were contacted for a follow-up two years later. Measures of executive function and self-rated health were assessed at baseline, and self-rated health was assessed at follow-up. We employed multiple linear regression analyses to investigate the relationship between executive functioning and self-rated health, while controlling for demographic, psychosocial and biological variables. RESULTS Controlling for other relevant variables, executive functioning independently and solely predicted self-rated health, both at a cross-sectional level, and also over time. Loneliness was also found to cross-sectionally predict self-rated health, although this relationship was not present at a longitudinal level. CONCLUSION Older adults' self-rated health may be related to their executive functioning and to their loneliness. Self-rated health appeared to improve over time, and the extent of this improvement was also related to executive functioning at baseline. Self-rated health may be a judgement made of one's functioning, especially executive functioning, which changes with age and therefore may be particularly salient in the reflections of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Edel McHugh
- a TRIL Centre, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Brian A Lawlor
- a TRIL Centre, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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Lee JO, Kosterman R, Jones TM, Herrenkohl TI, Rhew IC, Catalano RF, Hawkins JD. Mechanisms linking high school graduation to health disparities in young adulthood: a longitudinal analysis of the role of health behaviours, psychosocial stressors, and health insurance. Public Health 2016; 139:61-69. [PMID: 27395333 PMCID: PMC5061606 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined three competing mechanisms in the link between educational attainment and health among young adults: (a) a health behaviour mechanism; (b) a psychosocial stressor mechanism; and (c) a health insurance mechanism. The central research question was the pervasiveness and specificity of these mechanisms in the link between low educational attainment and health outcomes during young adulthood. STUDY DESIGN A prospective longitudinal study was conducted with 808 men and women followed to age 33 years in the USA. METHODS Health outcomes included major depressive disorder, obesity, chronic health conditions, and self-rated health. The focal predictor was educational attainment at age 21. The roles of the health behaviour mechanism (heavy episodic drinking, cigarette smoking, and meeting physical activity guidelines), the psychosocial stressor mechanism (stressful life events, perceived financial stress, and lack of control at work), and having health insurance (either through their employer or union or via family members) in the link between education and varying health outcomes were assessed using path analyses. RESULTS Lack of health insurance emerged as a statistically significant explanatory factor underlying the association of education with depression and self-rated health. Health behaviours, specifically smoking and physical activity, were statistically significant intervening factors for obesity and self-rated health. CONCLUSIONS The processes linking educational attainment to health inequalities begin unfolding during young adulthood. The salience of different mechanisms is specific to a health outcome rather than pervasive across multiple health outcomes. Public health policies with a broad spectrum of components, particularly focussing on smoking, physical activity, and lack of health insurance, are recommended to promote educational equalities in multiple health outcomes among young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Lee
- School of Social Work, University of Southern California, 669 W. 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0411, USA.
| | - R Kosterman
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Ave NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
| | - T M Jones
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Ave NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
| | - T I Herrenkohl
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Ave NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
| | - I C Rhew
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Ave NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
| | - R F Catalano
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Ave NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
| | - J D Hawkins
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Ave NE, Suite 401, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
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Yue XD, Leung CL, Hiranandani NA. Adult Playfulness, Humor Styles, and Subjective Happiness. Psychol Rep 2016; 119:630-640. [PMID: 27507855 DOI: 10.1177/0033294116662842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Playfulness has been referred to as a disposition that involves reframing a situation to amuse others and to make the situation more stimulating and enjoyable. It may serve to shift one's perspective when dealing with environmental threats. Despite all the benefits of playfulness towards psychological well-being, it remains a largely understudied subject in psychology, particularly in Chinese societies. Hence, this study examined the association between adult playfulness, humor styles, and subjective happiness among a sample of 166 university students in Hong Kong and 159 students in Guangzhou, who completed a self-administered questionnaire, including the Short Measure for Adult Playfulness, the Chinese Humor Styles Questionnaire, and the Subjective Happiness Scale. Results showed that adult playfulness was positively correlated with affiliative humor, self-enhancing humor, and subjective happiness in both Hong Kong and Guangzhou samples. By its implication, highly playful Chinese students preferred using affiliative and self-enhancing humor to amuse themselves and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao D Yue
- Applied Social Studies, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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15
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Muscatello MRA, Bruno A, Mento C, Pandolfo G, Zoccali RA. Personality traits and emotional patterns in irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:6402-15. [PMID: 27605876 PMCID: PMC4968122 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i28.6402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The review focuses on those personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness), constructs (alexithymia and distressed - Type D personality) and emotional patterns (negative and positive) that are of particular concern in health psychology, with the aim to highlight their potential role on the pathogenesis, onset, symptom clusters, clinical course, and outcome of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Personality traits and emotional patterns play key roles in affecting autonomic, immune, inflammatory, and endocrine functions, thus contributing not only to IBS clinical expression and symptomatic burden, but also to disease physiopathology. In this sense, psychological treatments should address those personality traits and emotional features that are constitutive of, and integral to IBS. The biopsychosocial model of illness applied to IBS acknowledges the interaction between biological, psychological, environmental, and social factors in relation to pain and functional disability. A holistic approach to IBS should take into account the heterogeneous nature of the disorder, and differentiate treatments for different types of IBS, also considering the marked individual differences in prevalent personality traits and emotional patterns. Beyond medications, and lifestyle/dietary interventions, psychological and educational treatments may provide the optimal chance of addressing clinical symptoms, comorbid conditions, and quality of life in IBS patients.
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16
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Pluess M, Bartley M. Childhood conscientiousness predicts the social gradient of smoking in adulthood: a life course analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 69:330-8. [PMID: 25784712 PMCID: PMC4392191 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-204263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The social gradient in smoking is well known, with higher rates among those in less advantaged socioeconomic position. Some recent research has reported that personality characteristics partly explain this gradient. However, the majority of existing work is limited by cross-sectional designs unsuitable to determine whether differences in conscientiousness are a predictor or a product of social inequalities. Adopting a life course perspective, we investigated in the current paper the influence of conscientiousness in early and mid-life on the social gradient in smoking and the role of potential confounding factors in a large longitudinal cohort study. METHODS Using data from the 1958 National Child Development Study, we examined the extent to which two measures of conscientiousness, one assessed with a personality questionnaire at age 50 and one derived from three related items at 16 years in childhood, explained the social gradient of smoking at age 50 by comparing nested logistic regression models that included social class at birth, cognitive ability, attention and conduct problems at age 7, and educational qualification. RESULTS Childhood conscientiousness was a significant predictor of smoking at 50 years (OR=0.86, CI (95%) 0.84 to 0.88), explaining 5.0% of the social gradient independent of all other variables. Childhood conscientiousness was a stronger predictor than adult conscientiousness, statistically accounting for the observed direct association of adult conscientiousness with smoking. CONCLUSIONS Conscientiousness may be a predictor rather than a product of social differences in smoking. Inclusion of personality measures and adoption of a life course perspective add significantly to our understanding of health inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pluess
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mel Bartley
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
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17
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Abstract
Health is regulated by homeostasis, a property of all living things. Homeostasis maintains equilibrium at set-points using feedback loops for optimum functioning of the organism. Imbalances in homeostasis causing overweight and obesity are evident in more than 1 billion people. In a new theory, homeostatic obesity imbalance is attributed to a hypothesized 'Circle of Discontent', a system of feedback loops linking weight gain, body dissatisfaction, negative affect and over-consumption. The Circle of Discontent theory is consistent with an extensive evidence base. A four-armed strategy to halt the obesity epidemic consists of (1) putting a stop to victim-blaming, stigma and discrimination; (2) devalorizing the thin-ideal; (3) reducing consumption of energy-dense, low-nutrient foods and drinks; and (4) improving access to plant-based diets. If fully implemented, interventions designed to restore homeostasis have the potential to halt the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Marks
- Editor, Journal of Health Psychology and Health Psychology Open
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18
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Daly M, Delaney L, Egan M, Baumeister RF. Childhood self-control and unemployment throughout the life span: evidence from two British cohort studies. Psychol Sci 2015; 26:709-23. [PMID: 25870404 PMCID: PMC4512256 DOI: 10.1177/0956797615569001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity for self-control may underlie successful labor-force entry and job retention, particularly in times of economic uncertainty. Analyzing unemployment data from two nationally representative British cohorts (N = 16,780), we found that low self-control in childhood was associated with the emergence and persistence of unemployment across four decades. On average, a 1-SD increase in self-control was associated with a reduction in the probability of unemployment of 1.4 percentage points after adjustment for intelligence, social class, and gender. From labor-market entry to middle age, individuals with low self-control experienced 1.6 times as many months of unemployment as those with high self-control. Analysis of monthly unemployment data before and during the 1980s recession showed that individuals with low self-control experienced the greatest increases in unemployment during the recession. Our results underscore the critical role of self-control in shaping life-span trajectories of occupational success and in affecting how macroeconomic conditions affect unemployment levels in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Daly
- Behavioural Science Centre, University of Stirling UCD Geary Institute, University College Dublin
| | - Liam Delaney
- Behavioural Science Centre, University of Stirling UCD Geary Institute, University College Dublin
| | - Mark Egan
- Behavioural Science Centre, University of Stirling
| | - Roy F Baumeister
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University King Abdulaziz University
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Abstract
Health is regulated by homeostasis, a property of all living things. Homeostasis maintains equilibrium at set-points using feedback loops for optimum functioning of the organism. Imbalances in homeostasis causing overweight and obesity are evident in more than 1 billion people. In a new theory, homeostatic obesity imbalance is attributed to a hypothesized 'Circle of Discontent', a system of feedback loops linking weight gain, body dissatisfaction, negative affect and over-consumption. The Circle of Discontent theory is consistent with an extensive evidence base. A four-armed strategy to halt the obesity epidemic consists of (1) putting a stop to victim-blaming, stigma and discrimination; (2) devalorizing the thin-ideal; (3) reducing consumption of energy-dense, low-nutrient foods and drinks; and (4) improving access to plant-based diets. If fully implemented, interventions designed to restore homeostasis have the potential to halt the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Marks
- Editor, Journal of Health Psychology and Health Psychology Open
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20
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Non AL, Rewak M, Kawachi I, Gilman SE, Loucks EB, Appleton AA, Román JC, Buka SL, Kubzansky LD. Childhood social disadvantage, cardiometabolic risk, and chronic disease in adulthood. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 180:263-71. [PMID: 24970845 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse social environments in early life are hypothesized to become biologically embedded during the first few years of life, with potentially far-reaching implications for health across the life course. Using prospective data from a subset of a US birth cohort, the Collaborative Perinatal Project, started in 1959-1966 (n = 566), we examined associations of social disadvantage assessed in childhood with cardiometabolic function and chronic disease status more than 40 years later (in 2005-2007). Social disadvantage was measured with an index that combined information on adverse socioeconomic and family stability factors experienced between birth and age 7 years. Cardiometabolic risk (CMR) was assessed by combining information from 8 CMR biomarkers; an index of chronic disease status was derived by assessing 8 chronic diseases. Poisson models were used to investigate associations between social disadvantage and CMR or chronic disease scores while adjusting for childhood covariates and potential pathway variables. A high level of social disadvantage was significantly associated with both higher CMR (incident rate ratio = 1.69, 95% confidence interval: 1.19, 2.39) and with a higher number of chronic diseases (incident rate ratio = 1.39, 95% confidence interval: 1.00, 1.92) in minimally adjusted models. Associations with CMR persisted even after accounting for childhood and adult covariates.
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21
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To Love and Play: Testing the Association of Adult Playfulness with the Relationship Personality and Relationship Satisfaction. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-014-9225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sutin AR, Zonderman AB, Ferrucci L, Terracciano A. Personality traits and chronic disease: implications for adult personality development. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2013; 68:912-20. [PMID: 23685925 PMCID: PMC3805287 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbt036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Personality traits have been associated with chronic disease. Less is known about the longitudinal relation between personality and disease and whether chronic disease is associated with changes in personality. Method. Participants from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (N = 2,008) completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory and a standard medical interview at regularly scheduled visits; the Charlson Comorbidity Index, a weighted sum of 19 serious diseases, was derived from this interview. Using data from 6,685 visits, we tested whether personality increased risk of disease and whether disease was associated with personality change. RESULTS Measured concurrently, neuroticism and conscientiousness were associated with greater disease burden. The impulsiveness facet of neuroticism was the strongest predictor of developing disease across the follow-up period: For every standard deviation increase in impulsiveness, there was a 26% increased risk of developing disease and a 36% increased risk of getting more ill. Personality traits changed only modestly with disease: As participants developed chronic illnesses, they became more conservative (decreased openness). Discussion. This research indicates that personality traits confer risk for disease, in part, through health-risk behaviors. These traits, however, were relatively resistant to the effect of serious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina R Sutin
- Correspondence should be addressed to Angelina R. Sutin, Department of Medical Humanities and Social Science, Florida State University College of Medicine, NIH, DHHS, 1115W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306. E-mail:
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23
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Predictors of Acute Postsurgical Pain and Anxiety Following Primary Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2013; 14:502-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Proyer RT, Gander F, Wellenzohn S, Ruch W. What good are character strengths beyond subjective well-being? The contribution of the good character on self-reported health-oriented behavior, physical fitness, and the subjective health status. JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2013.777767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- René T. Proyer
- a Department of Psychology , University of Zurich , Binzmühlestrasse 14/7, 8050 , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Fabian Gander
- a Department of Psychology , University of Zurich , Binzmühlestrasse 14/7, 8050 , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Sara Wellenzohn
- a Department of Psychology , University of Zurich , Binzmühlestrasse 14/7, 8050 , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Willibald Ruch
- a Department of Psychology , University of Zurich , Binzmühlestrasse 14/7, 8050 , Zurich , Switzerland
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25
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Lourenco F, Casey BJ. Adjusting behavior to changing environmental demands with development. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2233-42. [PMID: 23518271 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plasticity refers to changes in the brain that enable an organism to adapt its behavior in the face of changing environmental demands. The evolutionary role of plasticity is to provide the cognitive flexibility to learn from experiences, to monitor the world based on learned predictions, and adjust actions when these predictions are violated. Both progressive (myelination) and regressive (synaptic pruning) brain changes support this type of adaptation. Experience-driven changes in neural connections underlie the ability to learn and update thoughts and behaviors throughout life. Many cognitive and behavioral indices exhibit nonlinear life-span trajectories, suggesting the existence of specific sensitive developmental periods of heightened plasticity. We propose that age-related differences in learning capabilities and behavioral performance reflect the distinct maturational timetable of subcortical learning systems and modulatory prefrontal regions. We focus specifically on the developmental transition of adolescence, during which individuals experience difficulty flexibly adjusting their behavior when confronted with unexpected and emotionally salient events. In this article, we review the findings illustrating this phenomenon and how they vary by individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Lourenco
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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26
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Magee CA, Heaven PCL, Miller LM. Personality Change Predicts Self-Reported Mental and Physical Health. J Pers 2013; 81:324-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Appleton AA, Buka SL, Loucks EB, Rimm EB, Martin LT, Kubzansky LD. A prospective study of positive early-life psychosocial factors and favorable cardiovascular risk in adulthood. Circulation 2013; 127:905-12. [PMID: 23339873 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.112.115782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The American Heart Association's national goals for cardiovascular health promotion emphasize that cardiovascular risk originates early in life, but little is known about childhood factors that may increase the likelihood of having a favorable cardiovascular risk (FCR) in adulthood. We examined the prospective association between positive childhood factors and the likelihood of midlife FCR. We also considered pathways through which childhood factors may influence FCR. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied 415 adults (mean age=42.2 years) of the Collaborative Perinatal Project, a national cohort initiated in 1959 to 1966. We examined 3 positive childhood factors assessed at age 7 years: attention regulation (ability to stay focused), cognitive ability, and positive home environment. Of these adults, 10.6% had FCR in midlife. Adjusting for demographics and childhood cardiovascular health, a 1-unit increase in childhood attention regulation, cognitive ability, and positive home environment was associated with 2.4 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-4.7), 1.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.9), and 1.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-1.6) higher respective odds of having midlife FCR. The association with childhood attention regulation was maintained when accounting for adulthood factors; education and diet in part explained the associations with childhood cognitive ability and home environment. The effect of each attribute was additive as those with high levels of each childhood factor had 4.3 higher odds (95% confidence interval, 1.01-18.2) of midlife FCR in comparison with those low in all factors. CONCLUSIONS Positive childhood psychosocial factors may promote healthy adult cardiovascular functioning. Primordial prevention efforts aimed at preventing the development of cardiovascular risk should consider building on childhood psychosocial resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison A Appleton
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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Appleton AA, Loucks EB, Buka SL, Rimm E, Kubzansky LD. Childhood emotional functioning and the developmental origins of cardiovascular disease risk. J Epidemiol Community Health 2013; 67:405-11. [PMID: 23322856 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2012-201008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulated emotional functioning has been linked with higher cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among adults. Early life experiences may influence the development of adulthood CVD, but few studies have examined whether potential damaging effects of dysregulated emotional function begin earlier in life. Therefore, we examined associations of child emotional functioning and the 10-year risk of developing CVD in midlife. METHODS We studied 377 adult offspring (mean age=42.2) of Collaborative Perinatal Project participants, a US cohort of pregnant women enrolled in 1959-1966. Three measures of child emotional functioning derived from psychologist ratings of behaviour at 7 years of age were examined: distress proneness, attention and inappropriate self-regulation. Adulthood 10-year CVD risk was calculated with the validated Framingham general CVD risk algorithm. Gender-specific multiple regression models assessed associations of childhood emotion and adulthood CVD risk independent of covariates measured across the life course. Potential mediators of the associations were also examined. RESULTS Women had 31% higher CVD risk per SD increase in childhood distress proneness (p=0.03) and 8% reduced risk per SD increase in attention (p=0.09). For men, each SD increase in childhood distress proneness was associated with 17% higher CVD risk (p=0.02). Associations were partly explained by adulthood body mass index and depressive symptoms in women but not in men. Inappropriate self-regulation was not associated with CVD risk. CONCLUSIONS Several aspects of childhood emotional functioning was associated with adulthood CVD risk, particularly for women. As such, primary prevention of CVD may be associated with addressing early life emotional functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison A Appleton
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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Liu SY, Buka SL, Kubzansky LD, Kawachi I, Gilman SE, Loucks EB. Sheepskin effects of education in the 10-year Framingham risk of coronary heart disease. Soc Sci Med 2013; 80:31-6. [PMID: 23415589 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While the association between education and adult health is well documented, it is unclear whether quantity (i.e. years of schooling) or credentials (i.e. degrees) drive this association. Individuals with degrees may have better health than their non-credentialed counterparts given similar years of schooling, the so-called "sheepskin" effect. This paper contributes to this line of inquiry by examining associations of educational degree and years of schooling with the Framingham Risk Score, a measure of 10-year risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), using data from a unique birth cohort (the New England Family Study; participants mean age 42 years) with prospective information on childhood health and intelligence quotient (IQ). According to our results, years of schooling were inversely associated with 10-year CHD risk in the unadjusted model but not in the fully adjusted models that included degree attainment. By contrast, associations between degree attainment and 10-year CHD risk remained significant in the fully adjusted models that included years of schooling. College degree holders had 10-year CHD risk 19% (95% CI: -33%, -2%) lower than individuals with HS degrees or less in the fully adjusted models. Subanalyses evaluating sheepskin effects on the individual components of the 10-year CHD risk algorithm showed the expected education gradient was generally noted for each of the individual components, with decreasing prevalence of "high risk" values associated with higher degree credentials. Our results suggest educational credentials provide an additional benefit to risk of coronary heart disease beyond schooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Yan Liu
- Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Lavelle B, Lorenz FO, Wickrama KAS. What Explains Divorced Women's Poorer Health?: The Mediating Role of Health Insurance and Access to Health Care in a Rural Iowan Sample *. RURAL SOCIOLOGY 2012; 77:601-625. [PMID: 23457418 PMCID: PMC3583357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-0831.2012.00091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The economic restructuring in rural areas in recent decades has been accompanied by rising marital instability. To examine the implications of the increase in divorce for the health of rural women, we examine how marital status predicts adequacy of health insurance coverage and health care access, and whether these factors help to account for the documented association between divorce and later illness. Analyzing longitudinal data from a cohort of over 400 married and recently divorced rural Iowan women, we decompose the total effect of divorce on physical illness a decade later using structural equation modeling. Divorced women are less likely to report adequate health insurance in the years following divorce, inhibiting their access to medical care and threatening their physical health. Full-time employment acts as a buffer against insurance loss for divorced women. The growth of marital instability in rural areas has had significant ramifications for women's health; the decline of adequate health insurance coverage following divorce explains a component of the association between divorced status and poorer long-term health outcomes.
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Appleton AA, Buka SL, McCormick MC, Koenen KC, Loucks EB, Kubzansky LD. The association between childhood emotional functioning and adulthood inflammation is modified by early-life socioeconomic status. Health Psychol 2012; 31:413-22. [PMID: 22329424 PMCID: PMC3810389 DOI: 10.1037/a0027300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identifying interrelationships among childhood social disadvantage, emotional functioning and adult health may help illustrate how health disparities may become embedded early in life, yet few have considered how these factors are associated. We examined whether the association of child emotional functioning and adult health risk was modified by child socioeconomic status (CSES), or whether child emotional functioning mediated the association of CSES and adult health risk. METHOD We studied 430 adult offspring (mean age 42 years) of Collaborative Perinatal Project participants, a cohort of pregnant women enrolled in 1959-1966 (Broman, Nichols, & Kennedy, 1975; Niswander & Gordon, 1972). Child emotional functioning was assessed by psychologist ratings at age 7 and included inappropriate self regulation (ISR) and distress proneness. CSES measures included parental education, household income, and parental occupation. Adult health risk was measured by the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP). Hypotheses were tested with multiple linear regression. Effect modification was evaluated via interaction terms and stratification of fully adjusted models by CSES. Mediation by child emotional functioning was evaluated via coefficient changes. RESULTS There was no evidence that child emotional functioning mediated the association of CSES and CRP. Significant interactions were observed for ISR and low income (b = 1.67, SE = 0.70, p < .05), and distress proneness and low (b = 3.14, SE = 1.47, p < .05) and middle (b = 3.52, SE = 1.46, p < .05) income. Stratified models indicated that associations of child emotion with CRP varied significantly by level of parental education, household income and occupation. CONCLUSION The highest levels of adult inflammation were observed among those with childhood emotional problems who were also exposed to low socioeconomic status as children. This study suggests adulthood disparities in CRP may have developmental origins in childhood adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison A Appleton
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Kushner SC, Tackett JL, Bagby RM. The Structure of Internalizing Disorders in Middle Childhood and Evidence for Personality Correlates. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-011-9263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Behavioral and neural correlates of delay of gratification 40 years later. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:14998-5003. [PMID: 21876169 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1108561108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the neural basis of self-regulation in individuals from a cohort of preschoolers who performed the delay-of-gratification task 4 decades ago. Nearly 60 individuals, now in their mid-forties, were tested on "hot" and "cool" versions of a go/nogo task to assess whether delay of gratification in childhood predicts impulse control abilities and sensitivity to alluring cues (happy faces). Individuals who were less able to delay gratification in preschool and consistently showed low self-control abilities in their twenties and thirties performed more poorly than did high delayers when having to suppress a response to a happy face but not to a neutral or fearful face. This finding suggests that sensitivity to environmental hot cues plays a significant role in individuals' ability to suppress actions toward such stimuli. A subset of these participants (n = 26) underwent functional imaging for the first time to test for biased recruitment of frontostriatal circuitry when required to suppress responses to alluring cues. Whereas the prefrontal cortex differentiated between nogo and go trials to a greater extent in high delayers, the ventral striatum showed exaggerated recruitment in low delayers. Thus, resistance to temptation as measured originally by the delay-of-gratification task is a relatively stable individual difference that predicts reliable biases in frontostriatal circuitries that integrate motivational and control processes.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few have considered whether and how child emotional functioning is associated with inflammation later in life. Therefore, we evaluated whether child emotional functioning at age 7 years is associated with C-reactive protein (CRP), an indicator of systemic inflammation, in middle adulthood. METHODS We studied adult offspring (mean age 42.2 years) of participants in the National Collaborative Perinatal Project, a national cohort of pregnant women enrolled between 1959 and 1966. Three measures of child emotional functioning were derived from psychologist ratings of child behavior at age 7 years: inappropriate self-regulation (ISR), distress proneness, and behavioral inhibition. Multiple linear regression models were fit to investigate the association between childhood emotional functioning and adulthood CRP and also to evaluate potential mediators of this association. Model n's were from 400 for Model 1 to 379 for Model 4 depending on covariates included and missing data on those covariates. RESULTS Children with high ISR and distress proneness at age 7 years had significantly higher CRP as adults (ISR: β = 0.86; standard error [SE] = 0.28; p = .002; distress proneness: β = 1.23; SE = 0.57; p = .03). In contrast, children with high levels of behavioral inhibition had lower CRP as adults (β = -0.58; SE = 0.38; p = .04). Furthermore, there was evidence that associations of ISR and distress proneness with CRP may be mediated in part by adulthood body mass index (Sobel significance tests of mediation: ISR: p = .003; distress proneness: p = .07). CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that poor childhood emotional functioning is associated with inflammation in adulthood. These results suggest a potential childhood origin of adult inflammatory risk.
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Liu SY, Buka SL, Linkletter CD, Kawachi I, Kubzansky L, Loucks EB. The association between blood pressure and years of schooling versus educational credentials: test of the sheepskin effect. Ann Epidemiol 2011; 21:128-38. [PMID: 21184953 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Attaining a degree may offer greater opportunities for health than years of schooling alone. This study examines whether there is a degree, or "sheepskin," effect on the association between education and blood pressure. METHODS Multivariable-adjusted ordinal and linear regression models assessed associations of years of schooling and degree attainment with systolic and diastolic blood pressure in a sample of 552 adults ages 38 to 47 years. RESULTS Years of schooling was inversely associated with systolic blood pressure adjusting for age, gender and race (β = -0.4, 95% confidence limit: -0.7, -0.1 mmHg systolic blood pressure/year of schooling). Additional adjustment for mother's education, childhood verbal intelligence quotient, childhood health, and childhood socioeconomic status had minimal impact on effect size (β = -0.3, 95% confidence limit = -0.7, 0.0). However, years of schooling was no longer associated with blood pressure in the fully adjusted model which included additional adjustment for degree attained (β = 0.0, 95% confidence limit: -0.5, 0.4). In the fully adjusted model (including adjustment for years of schooling), individuals with a graduate degree still had significantly lower systolic blood pressure than HS degree-holders (e.g., β = -9.2, 95% confidence limit: -15.2, -3.2 for graduate vs high school degree). Findings were similar for diastolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS The association of years of schooling with blood pressure may be largely due to degree attainment rather than simply the knowledge and skills accumulated due to years of schooling alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Yan Liu
- Department of Community Health, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, USA.
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Eggers K, De Nil LF, Van den Bergh BRH. Temperament dimensions in stuttering and typically developing children. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2010; 35:355-372. [PMID: 21130269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine whether children who stutter (CWS) and typically developing children (TDC) differ from each other on composite temperament factors or on individual temperament scales. METHODS Participants consisted of 116 age and gender-matched CWS and TDC (3.04-8.11). Temperament was assessed with a Dutch version of the Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ-D; Van den Bergh and Ackx, 2003), a caregiver rating scale. RESULTS Results indicated significant differences between participant groups on the composite temperament factors of Negative Affectivity, and Effortful Control. Analysis of the individual temperament scales showed that CWS, compared to the TDC, scored significantly lower on the scales of 'Inhibitory Control' and 'Attentional Shifting' and higher on the scales of 'Anger/Frustration', 'Approach' and 'Motor Activation'. Stuttering severity and months of therapy were not associated with either of the temperament dimensions. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides data that support the hypothesis that CWS and TDC differ on both composite temperament factors and temperament scales. The findings were interpreted within existing frameworks of temperament development, as well as with regard to previous studies of temperament in CWS. EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES After reading this article, the reader will be able to: (1) describe the concept of temperament, including Rothbart's temperamental model, and its functional significance; (2) explain the CBQ-based (Children's Behavior Questionnaire) temperamental differences between CWS and CWNS; and (3) explain possible pathways for interaction between temperament and the development of stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Eggers
- Department of Speech-Language Therapy and Audiology, Lessius University College, Belgium.
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Terre L. Is There a Connection Between Diabetes and Psychological Dysfunction? Am J Lifestyle Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1559827610375905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses evidence-based perspectives on the relationship between diabetes and psychological distress. Future directions for inquiry and clinical management also are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Terre
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City,
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Mischel W, Ayduk O, Berman MG, Casey BJ, Gotlib IH, Jonides J, Kross E, Teslovich T, Wilson NL, Zayas V, Shoda Y. 'Willpower' over the life span: decomposing self-regulation. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2010; 6:252-6. [PMID: 20855294 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsq081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 1960s, Mischel and colleagues developed a simple 'marshmallow test' to measure preschoolers' ability to delay gratification. In numerous follow-up studies over 40 years, this 'test' proved to have surprisingly significant predictive validity for consequential social, cognitive and mental health outcomes over the life course. In this article, we review key findings from the longitudinal work and from earlier delay-of-gratification experiments examining the cognitive appraisal and attention control strategies that underlie this ability. Further, we outline a set of hypotheses that emerge from the intersection of these findings with research on 'cognitive control' mechanisms and their neural bases. We discuss implications of these hypotheses for decomposing the phenomena of 'willpower' and the lifelong individual differences in self-regulatory ability that were identified in the earlier research and that are currently being pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Mischel
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Nave CS, Sherman RA, Funder DC, Hampson SE, Goldberg LR. On the Contextual Independence of Personality. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550610370717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The continuity of personality’s association with directly observed behavior is demonstrated across two contexts spanning four decades. During the 1960s, elementary school teachers rated personalities of members of the ethnically diverse Hawaii Personality and Health Cohort. The same individuals were interviewed in a medical clinic more than 40 years later. Trained coders viewed video recordings of a subset of these interviews ( N = 144; 68 female, 76 male) and assessed the behavior they observed using the Riverside Behavioral Q-sort Version 3. Children rated by their teachers as “verbally fluent” (defined as unrestrained talkativeness) showed dominant and socially adept behavior as middle-aged adults. Early “adaptability” was associated with cheerful and intellectually curious behavior, early “impulsivity” was associated with later talkativeness and loud speech, and early-rated tendencies to “self-minimize” were related to adult expressions of insecurity and humility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lewis R. Goldberg
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA
- University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
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Abstract
Hypertension is on a worrisome public health trajectory. This review discusses some key contributing dynamics as well as considerations for progress toward the prevention and control of hypertension and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Terre
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City,
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