• callus
• cytokinin
• micropropagation
• plant in vitro cultures
• thidiazuron

The aims of this research were to observe yield extract, phytochemical content, the antidiabetic and anticancer activity of Chinese water chestnut. This research method used an experimental laboratory, and data analysis was carried out descriptively. The stages carried of this research are sample extraction, extract yield, phytochemical analysis (flavonoid and phenolic content), antidiabetic, and anticancer activity. The results showed that the yield of extract using ethanol on Chinese water chestnut was higher than that extracts using n-hexane and ethyl acetate solvents. Phenolic and flavonoids compounds are polar so that the results of extracts with ethanol solvents show higher values than that extracts using n-hexane and ethyl acetate solvents. The result of antidiabetic activity has the highest value at a concentration of 2000 ppm using ethanol value of 65.74%. The results of the anticancer activity were expressed by (IC₅₀), the IC₅₀ value of the n-hexane extract was 1.231.74 ppm, ethyl acetate 941.04 ppm, and ethanol 2.261.90 ppm.

• Anticancer
• Chinese water chestnut
• antidiabetic
• phytochemical

Several toxins and molecules are able to damage the liver, causing the hepato-toxicity. This disorder can be protected naturally, by some essential oils obtained from different plants. In this review we are cited some of these compounds that have been tested by their hepatoprotective effect.

We reviewed 83 articles published between 1981 and 2018 in English via three databases Sciencedirect, Springer and PubMed. So, we have used the keywords Hepatoprotective effect, liver disease, plants and essential oils.

In this work, we classified the plants; contain the essential oils, in alphabetical order as a table containing the scientific, family names, information plants, the experimental assay and the results obtained from the hepatoprotective studies. We have described 27 species belonging to 12 families Lamiaceae (7 species), Asteraceae (6 species), Umbellifereae (3 species), Apiaceae (3 species) are the main families which enclose the species that was studied. The study also includes the major compounds isolated from some of these essential oils. The most of those compounds belong to terpene class essentially cineol, carvacrol and thymol. Thus, the different essential oils that have been cited in this review were shown that have an antioxidant activity.

• essential oils
• hepatoprotective effect
• hepatotoxic agents
• medicinal plants

• anise
• antioxidant activity
• essential oil
• polyphenolic content
• zinc fertilizer

• Antioxidants/chemistry
• Fertilizers/analysis
• Fruit/chemistry
• Fruit/growth & development
• Fruit/metabolism
• Oils, Volatile/chemistry
• Pimpinella/chemistry
• Pimpinella/growth & development
• Pimpinella/metabolism
• Plant Extracts/chemistry
• Polyphenols/chemistry
• Zinc/metabolism

AIM: To substantiate the claims of Unani and Arabian traditional medicine practitioners on the gastroprotective potential effect of a popular spice anise, “Pimpinella anisum L.” on experimentally-induced gastric ulceration and secretion in rats.

METHODS: Acute gastric ulceration in rats was produced by various noxious chemicals including 80% ethanol, 0.2 mol/L NaOH, 25% NaCl and indomethacin. Anti-secretory studies were undertaken using pylorus-ligated Shay rat technique. Levels of gastric non-protein sulfhydryls (NP-SH) and wall mucus were estimated and gastric tissue was also examined histologically. Anise aqueous suspension was used in two doses (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) in all experiments.

RESULTS: Anise significantly inhibited gastric mu-cosal damage induced by necrotizing agents and indomethacin. The anti-ulcer effect was further confirmed histologically. In pylorus-ligated Shay rats, anise suspension significantly reduced the basal gastric acid secretion, acidity and completely inhibited the rumenal ulceration. On the other hand, the suspension significantly replenished ethanol-induced depleted levels of gastric mucosal NP-SH and gastric wall mucus concentration.

CONCLUSION: Anise aqueous suspension possesses significant cytoprotective and anti-ulcer activities against experimentally-induced gastric lesions. The anti-ulcer effect of anise is possibly prostaglandin-mediated and/or through its anti-secretory and antioxidative properties.

• Spice
• Anise
• Pimpinella anisum
• Cytopro-tection
• Gastric ulcer
• Gastric secretion
• Sulfhydryls
• Gastric wall mucus

• Animals
• Antioxidants/pharmacology
• Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
• Ethanol
• Female
• Gastric Mucosa/pathology
• Indomethacin
• Male
• Phytotherapy/methods
• Pimpinella
• Plant Preparations/therapeutic use
• Rats
• Rats, Wistar
• Seeds
• Sodium Chloride
• Sodium Hydroxide
• Stomach Ulcer/chemically induced
• Stomach Ulcer/pathology
• Stomach Ulcer/prevention & control