1
|
Romig T, Wassermann M. Echinococcus species in wildlife. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 23:100913. [PMID: 38405672 PMCID: PMC10884515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Transmission of Echinococcus spp. in life cycles that involve mainly wildlife is well recognized for those species with small mammals as intermediate hosts (e. g. E. multilocularis), as well as for E. felidis and the 'northern' genotypes of E. canadensis (G8 and G10). In contrast, the remaining taxa of E. granulosus sensu lato are best known for their domestic life cycles, and the numerous wild mammal species (mainly ungulates) that have been recorded with cystic echinococcosis in the past were mainly considered a result of spill-over from the dog-livestock transmission system. This view was challenged with the advent of molecular characterization, allowing discrimination of the metacestodes, although the contribution of wild mammals to various Echinococcus life cycles has remained uncertain for scarcity of wildlife studies. Numerous records of cysts in wild ungulates date back to the 20th century, but cannot with certainty be allocated to the Echinococcus species and genotypes that are recognized today. This means that our current knowledge is largely restricted to studies of the past two decades that kept adding gradually to our concepts of transmission in various geographic regions. In particular, new insights were gathered in the past years on E. granulosus s.l. in wildlife of sub-Saharan Africa, but also on transmission patterns of E. multilocularis in previously neglected regions, e. g. North America. Here, an update is provided on the current state of knowledge on wild mammals as hosts for all Echinococcus species, listing >150 species of wild hosts with references, as well as estimates on their epidemiological impact and our current gaps of knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Hohenheim, Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marion Wassermann
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Hohenheim, Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gu H, Hu Y, Guo S, Jin Y, Chen W, Huang C, Hu Z, Li F, Liu J. China's prevention and control experience of echinococcosis: A 19-year retrospective. J Helminthol 2024; 98:e16. [PMID: 38305033 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x24000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Echinococcosis poses a significant threat to public health. The Chinese government has implemented prevention and control measures to mitigate the impact of the disease. By analyzing data from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the State Council of the People's Republic of China, we found that implementation of these measures has reduced the infection rate by nearly 50% between 2004 to 2022 (from 0.3975 to 0.1944 per 100,000 person-years). Nonetheless, some regions still bear a significant disease burden, and lack of detailed information limites further evaluation of the effects on both alveolar and cystic echinococcosis. Our analysis supports the continuing implementation of these measures and suggests that enhanced wildlife management, case-based strategies, and surveillance systems will facilitate disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Gu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - Y Hu
- Department of Biliary Surgery, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - S Guo
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - Y Jin
- Department of Biliary Surgery, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - W Chen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - C Huang
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - Z Hu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - F Li
- Department of Biliary Surgery, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - J Liu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hayashi N, Nakao R, Ohari Y, Irie T, Kouguchi H, Chatanga E, Mohamed WMA, Moustafa MAM, Kinoshita G, Okamoto M, Yagi K, Nonaka N. Mitogenomic exploration supports the historical hypothesis of anthropogenic diffusion of a zoonotic parasite Echinococcus multilocularis. iScience 2023; 26:107741. [PMID: 37731622 PMCID: PMC10507132 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal movement across regions owing to human activity can lead to the introduction of pathogens, resulting in disease epidemics with medical and socioeconomic significance. Here, we validated the hypothesis that human activity, such as the transportation of infected animals, has played a significant role in introducing the zoonotic parasite Echinococcus multilocularis into Hokkaido, Japan, by synthesizing and evaluating parasite genetic data in light of historical records. Our analysis indicates that a major genetic group in Hokkaido originated from St. Lawrence Island, USA, which is in accordance with the route suggested by historical descriptions. Moreover, we identified a minor genetic group closely related to parasites found in Sichuan, China. This fact implies that parasite invasion in Japan may result from complex and inadvertent animal translocations. These findings emphasize the anthropogenic impacts on zoonotic parasite spread and provide a crucial perspective for preventing future potential epidemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hayashi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yuma Ohari
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takao Irie
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kouguchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, N 19 W 12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0819, Japan
| | - Elisha Chatanga
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe P.O. Box 219, Malawi
| | - Wessam Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8525, USA
| | - Mohamed Abdallah Mohamed Moustafa
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Gohta Kinoshita
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Munehiro Okamoto
- Section of Molecular Biology, Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Kinpei Yagi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Nariaki Nonaka
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mori K, Imamura A, Hirayama I, Minamoto T. Detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in repurposed environmental DNA samples from river water. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15431. [PMID: 37334136 PMCID: PMC10276553 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental DNA (eDNA) is an increasingly popular tool in biological and ecological studies. As a biproduct of its increasing use, large number of eDNA samples are being collected and stored, that potentially contain information of many non-target species. One potential use for these eDNA samples is a surveillance and early detection of pathogens and parasites that are otherwise difficult to detect. Echinococcus multilocularis is such a parasite with serious zoonotic concern, and whose range has been expanding. If eDNA samples from various studies can be repurposed in detecting the parasite, it can significantly reduce the costs and efforts in surveillance and early detection of the parasite. We designed and tested a new set of primer-probe for detecting E. multilocularis mitochondrial DNA in environmental medium. Using this primer-probe set, we conducted real-time PCR on repurposed eDNA samples collected from three streams flowing through an area of Japan endemic to the parasite. We detected the DNA of E. multilocularis in one of the 128 samples (0.78%). The discovery suggests that while detecting E. multilocularis using eDNA samples is possible, the rate of detection appear to be very low. However, given the naturally low prevalence of the parasite among wild hosts in endemic areas, the repurposed eDNAs may still be a valid option for surveillance in newly introduced areas with the reduced cost and efforts. Further work is needed to assess and improve the effectiveness of using eDNA for detection of E. multilocularis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Mori
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Akio Imamura
- Hokkaido University of Education, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Itsuki Hirayama
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Minamoto
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Uraguchi K, Irie T, Kouguchi H, Inamori A, Sashika M, Shimozuru M, Tsubota T, Yagi K. Anthelmintic Baiting of Foxes against Echinococcus multilocularis in Small Public Area, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1677-1680. [PMID: 35876735 PMCID: PMC9328911 DOI: 10.3201/eid2808.212016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We distributed anthelmintic baits on a university campus in Japan inhabited by foxes infected with Echinococcus multilocularis to design an effective baiting protocol for small public areas. High-density baiting can reduce the risk for human exposure to the parasite to near zero. However, monthly baiting is recommended to maintain this effect.
Collapse
|
6
|
Khan A, Umhang G, Ullah Z, Boué F, Bastid V, Ullah I, Mahmood S, Afzal MS, Ahmed H. Investigation of Echinococcus multilocularis in foxes and dogs in Pakistan by detection of copro-DNA. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:731-737. [PMID: 33442815 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-07001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a zoonosis caused by Echinococcus multilocularis, a heteroxenous parasite belonging to Cestoda class. AE is currently considered an important public health issue, but epidemiological and notably molecular data from several endemic countries, including Pakistan, are sparse. Here we report the first detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in wildlife from Pakistan after real-time PCR and sequencing confirmation in the faecal samples of three foxes from northern Kaghan and Siran regions. The occurrence is estimated at 4.4% (95% CI 0.9-12.4). In order to go further in the epidemiological investigations on E. multilocularis and due to the potential presence of other Echinococcus species, we suggest the need for further epidemiological surveys targeting E. multilocularis and E. granulosus sensu lato isolates from humans and intermediate hosts as well as definitive hosts from wildlife in Pakistan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gérald Umhang
- ANSES LRFSN, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Malzéville, France.
| | - Zaib Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 21120, Pakistan
| | - Franck Boué
- ANSES LRFSN, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Malzéville, France
| | - Vanessa Bastid
- ANSES LRFSN, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Malzéville, France
| | - Ikram Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 21120, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Mahmood
- Department of Zoology, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 21120, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Afzal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kesik HK, Kilinc SG, Celik F, Simsek S, Ahmed H. A Case-Study of the Molecular Diagnosis of Echinococcus multilocularis in Wild Boar with Comments on its Public Health Significance in Turkey. J Parasitol 2020; 106:730-734. [PMID: 33260210 DOI: 10.1645/19-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis is a parasite species of zoonotic importance which can be fatal to humans and causes Alveolar Echinococcosis (AE). This report describes the development of a cyst from the liver of a wild boar and molecular confirmation of its identification. The cyst material was obtained from the liver of a wild boar killed by hunters. Genomic DNA was extracted from the germinal layer of the cyst material, and 875 bp mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene fragment was amplified by PCR and sequenced. A BLAST search matched 100% with published Echinococcus multilocularis sequences. This study confirms the occurrence of E. multilocularis in a wild boar for the first time in Turkey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harun Kaya Kesik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, 12000, Turkey
| | - Seyma Gunyakti Kilinc
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, 12000, Turkey
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Figen Celik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Meyer A, Olias P, Schüpbach G, Henzi M, Barmettler T, Hentrich B, Gottstein B, Frey CF. Combined cross-sectional and case-control study on Echinococcus multilocularis infection in pigs in Switzerland. Vet Parasitol 2020; 277S:100031. [PMID: 32984810 PMCID: PMC7491148 DOI: 10.1016/j.vpoa.2020.100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Minimal prevalence for Echinococcus multilocularis infection in Swiss domestic pigs was established. Minimal prevalence was 0.008% for fattening pigs and 0.11% for breeding pigs, respectively. All but one metacestode were degenerated; no protoscoleces were detected in histopathology. Main risk factors were foxes or other animals in the barns, no hygiene barrier, outdoor feeding and grass feeding. No geographical clusters of higher infection with E. multilocularis were evident. The canid tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis causes alveolar echinococcosis (AE) in humans and other intermediate hosts. Depending on the permissiveness of the intermediate host, the larval form of E. multilocularis (metacestode) may be either fertile, e.g. in rodents, and thus supporting the life cycle of the parasite, or infertile, e.g. in pigs, and thus interrupting the life cycle. Pigs have been shown to act as aberrant hosts for the metacestode and consequently develop liver lesions but represent a dead-end for the parasite. Routine liver inspection at slaughter provided the basis for a large-scale surveillance study on E. multilocularis infection in pigs. The aim of this combined cross-sectional and case-control study was to estimate the minimal prevalence of E. multilocularis in pigs in Switzerland, to find factors associated with infection, and to assess potential regional clusters of infection. During the 12-month-study period, approximately 85% of all pigs slaughtered in Switzerland were assessed. In total, 450 pig livers with macroscopic lesions suggestive of E. multilocularis infection were analysed. Of those, 200 samples were positive by E. multilocularis-PCR. Thus, the overall minimal prevalence detected by molecular means was 0.009% in all slaughter pigs (200 of 2'143'996), 0.008% in finishing pigs (177 of 2'123'542), and 0.11% in breeding pigs (22 of 20'454). Histology revealed the unique presence of a laminated layer in 105 cases, and an additional germinal layer detected in a single case. Protoscoleces could not be observed in any of the lesions. Factors positively associated with infection were "foxes seen in the pig shed", "foxes on premises", "presence of other animals in the shed", "absence of a hygiene barrier", "outdoor feeding", "feeding grass", "lack of rodent control", "not having own dogs on the farm" and "infrequent deworming of sows". Infection was present in all regions sampled and was representative of the important pig rearing areas of Switzerland, without evidence of any obvious geographical cluster. Conclusively, our study provided further evidence of widespread environmental contamination with E. multilocularis eggs in Switzerland. Furthermore, the absence of protoscoleces in any of the lesions supported the concept that pigs act only as a dead-end host and thus do not contribute to the life cycle of the parasite. Factors associated with E. multilocularis infection were in-line with parasite biology, and many can be addressed by increasing hygiene and management standards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anika Meyer
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Olias
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gertraud Schüpbach
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Henzi
- Service de la sécurité alimentaire et des affaires vétérinaires SAAV, Inspectorat des viandes et abattoirs, Contrôle des viandes - Division Porcs, Courtepin, Switzerland
| | | | - Brigitte Hentrich
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Caroline F Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Baumann S, Shi R, Liu W, Bao H, Schmidberger J, Kratzer W, Li W. Worldwide literature on epidemiology of human alveolar echinococcosis: a systematic review of research published in the twenty-first century. Infection 2019; 47:703-727. [PMID: 31147846 PMCID: PMC8505309 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-019-01325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a potentially lethal zoonosis caused by the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis. The aim of this systematic review is to establish a comprehensive global AE literature overview taking into account the epidemiologically relevant AE research of the twenty-first century. METHODS We systematically searched the global literature published from 2001 through 2018 via MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Russian databases eLIBRARY.RU, CyberLeninka, the Chinese databases CNKI, VIP, Journals. RESEARCH ac.ir (Farsi language-based), Jordan E-Library (Arab language-based) and supplementary Google Scholar, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. QGIS software was used for the mapping of the affected countries. RESULTS We have listed 154 relevant publications in the final literature synopsis in consideration of our quality assessment. Including non-autochthonous cases, human AE was reported in 36 countries within the northern hemisphere from 2001 to 2018. The first publication of AE in Tajikistan, Pakistan, South Korea, Belgium, the Netherlands, Slovakia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Slovenia and Morocco occurred in this century; further first cases in Taiwan, Thailand, and Denmark were considered to be non-autochthonous by the authors. The highest total case numbers (n ≥ 100 in a single article) were reported in France, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, and Lithuania, including China and Kyrgyzstan with by far the highest prevalence figures. CONCLUSIONS Our paper emphasises the increasing spread of reported cases and the rise in its numbers in the literature of the twenty-first century, especially in western, northern and eastern Europe, as well as in central Asia. Epidemiological studies on human infections are lacking in many parts of the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Baumann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rong Shi
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wenya Liu
- Xinjiang Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital, WHO Collaborating Centre on Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Haihua Bao
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Julian Schmidberger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kratzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Weixia Li
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Effective long-term control of Echinococcus multilocularis in a mixed rural-urban area in southern Germany. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214993. [PMID: 30978218 PMCID: PMC6461256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective preventive strategies are available to control Echinococcus multilocularis in foxes in order to reduce the human infection risk. Reduction of E. multilocularis prevalence in foxes was achieved in various studies by distributing praziquantel-containing bait by hand or by aircraft in either rural or settlement areas. Here, an integrated approach is described from southern Germany (district of Starnberg). Baseline data were obtained in winter 2002/03, when the prevalence rate in the project area was 51%. Between December 2005 and December 2011, air distribution of bait in agricultural and recreational areas was combined with distribution by hand in towns and villages, in order to cover the entire fox population, with a bait density of 50 pieces / km2 (baiting area: 213 km2). In addition, a control area without anthelmintic treatment was selected. Prevalence was reduced in the baiting area to 1% by March 2007. Subsequently, from 2007 to the end of 2011, prevalence rates remained at a low level with 2.4% (2007), 2.4% (2008), 2.6% (2009), 1.2% (2010) and 0.0% (2011). In the un-baited control area the prevalence rates remained high, ranging from 19.6% to 35.1% with an average of 27.3%. During the 6 years of anthelmintic treatment, differences between baiting and control areas were highly significant (P<0.001). In the suburban and urban parts of the study area prevalence could be reduced to less than 1%, i.e. to a level below the limit of detection, which was maintained even after the measures had been discontinued. The applicability and effectiveness of anthelmintic baiting was therefore confirmed even for a heavily settled and fragmented landscape, which posed challenges for practical application of the control measures. The cost of the project ranged between € 1.70 and € 2.00 per inhabitant of the baiting area per year.
Collapse
|
11
|
Robertson LJ. Parasites in Food: From a Neglected Position to an Emerging Issue. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2018; 86:71-113. [PMID: 30077225 PMCID: PMC7129657 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne parasites have long been a neglected group of pathogens, as they often have insidious, chronic effects, rather than being acute diseases, and they are often associated with impoverished or marginalized populations. In addition, due to the long incubation period for most foodborne parasites, source attribution is often difficult, if not impossible. However, global trends have enabled foodborne parasites to emerge in different populations in new locations, transmitted through different food types, and sometimes with unexpected symptoms. This emergence of foodborne parasites has brought them into focus. In this chapter, six foodborne parasites are used as examples on emergence: Echinococcus multilocularis is spreading to new locations; Cryptosporidium spp. are beginning to be associated not only with water, but also with salads; Trypanosoma cruzi is being manifest with acute disease due to foodborne transmission, particularly transmitted with juices; Trichinella spp. have become less of a burden regarding transmission via pork in many countries, but now game animals are becoming a concern; anisakiasis is becoming a global problem as the world develops a taste for sushi, and similarly for opisthorchiasis, which is increasingly being associated with cholangiocarcinoma. However, the emergence of these foodborne parasites provides an incentive for increased efforts being made toward control. In this chapter, having described how the parasites are emerging from their neglected position, the focus turns toward control. In addition to considering control measures that may be applied to the specific parasites, an overview is provided of some of the organized collaborations, projects, and consortia, as well as some of their outputs, that have in focus the control of these emerging and important pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J Robertson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ito A, Budke CM. The echinococcoses in Asia: The present situation. Acta Trop 2017; 176:11-21. [PMID: 28728830 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human alveolar and cystic echinococcosis, caused by the accidental ingestion of eggs of the tapeworms Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, respectively, are endemic in Asia. Various Echinococcus species are maintained in domesticated and/or wild mammals through predator-prey interactions. Molecular analysis is used to help differentiate infecting parasite species and genotypes, with the goal of better understanding parasite life cycles in order to aid in the planning and implementation of control programs. This paper discusses the various echinococcoses in Asia, with limited reference to neighboring areas, including parts of Central Asia, Russia, Europe and North America.
Collapse
|
13
|
First detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in rodent intermediate hosts in Turkey. Parasitology 2017; 144:1821-1827. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYEchinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a potentially fatal zoonotic disease. Large parts of Turkey are considered as endemic for E. multilocularis. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of metacestode of E. multilocularis in wild rodents in Erzurum, an endemic region for human AE in Turkey. During the sampling period, a total of 498 rodents were trapped in twenty counties of Erzurum Province. Suspected lesions were observed on the livers of 48 rodents, and then partial fragment of mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene was PCR-amplified. Five liver samples exhibited E. multilocularis infection. The prevalence of E. multilocularis for Microtus spp. was 1·3%. All of the infected rodents had fertile metacestodes. Infected rodents were morphologically and molecularly analysed and were confirmed to be Microtus irani by the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequence analysis. This is the first report of the presence of E. multilocularis in rodent intermediate hosts in Turkey. Our findings of infected M. irani with protoscoleces show that this rodent can act as suitable intermediate host for E. multilocularis’ life cycle in Turkey. However, there was a complete lack of data on the infection of carnivores from the country. An extensive survey is recommended to determine the prevalence of E. multilocularis in definitive hosts in this endemic region.
Collapse
|
14
|
Deplazes P, Rinaldi L, Alvarez Rojas CA, Torgerson PR, Harandi MF, Romig T, Antolova D, Schurer JM, Lahmar S, Cringoli G, Magambo J, Thompson RCA, Jenkins EJ. Global Distribution of Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcosis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 95:315-493. [PMID: 28131365 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 626] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) are severe helminthic zoonoses. Echinococcus multilocularis (causative agent of AE) is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere where it is typically maintained in a wild animal cycle including canids as definitive hosts and rodents as intermediate hosts. The species Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus ortleppi, Echinococcus canadensis and Echinococcus intermedius are the causative agents of CE with a worldwide distribution and a highly variable human disease burden in the different endemic areas depending upon human behavioural risk factors, the diversity and ecology of animal host assemblages and the genetic diversity within Echinococcus species which differ in their zoonotic potential and pathogenicity. Both AE and CE are regarded as neglected zoonoses, with a higher overall burden of disease for CE due to its global distribution and high regional prevalence, but a higher pathogenicity and case fatality rate for AE, especially in Asia. Over the past two decades, numerous studies have addressed the epidemiology and distribution of these Echinococcus species worldwide, resulting in better-defined boundaries of the endemic areas. This chapter presents the global distribution of Echinococcus species and human AE and CE in maps and summarizes the global data on host assemblages, transmission, prevalence in animal definitive hosts, incidence in people and molecular epidemiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Deplazes
- University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L Rinaldi
- University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | - M F Harandi
- Research centre of Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - T Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - D Antolova
- Institute of Parasitology SAS, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - J M Schurer
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - S Lahmar
- National School of Veterinary Medicine, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - G Cringoli
- University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - J Magambo
- Meru University of Science and Technology, Meru, Kenya
| | | | - E J Jenkins
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Romig T, Deplazes P, Jenkins D, Giraudoux P, Massolo A, Craig PS, Wassermann M, Takahashi K, de la Rue M. Ecology and Life Cycle Patterns of Echinococcus Species. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 95:213-314. [PMID: 28131364 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The genus Echinococcus is composed of eight generally recognized species and one genotypic cluster (Echinococcus canadensis cluster) that may in future be resolved into one to three species. For each species, we review existing information on transmission routes and life cycles in different geographical contexts and - where available - include basic biological information of parasites and hosts (e.g., susceptibility of host species). While some Echinococcus spp. are transmitted in life cycles that involve predominantly domestic animals (e.g., dog - livestock cycles), others are wildlife parasites that do or do not interact with domestic transmission. In many cases, life cycle patterns of the same parasite species differ according to geography. Simple life cycles contrast with transmission patterns that are highly complex, involving multihost systems that may include both domestic and wild mammals. Wildlife transmission may be primary or secondary, i.e., resulting from spillovers from domestic animals. For most of the species and regions, existing information does not yet permit a conclusive description of transmission systems. Such data, however, would be highly relevant, e.g., for anticipation of geographical changes of the presence and frequency of these parasites in a warming world, or for initiating evidence-based control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - P Deplazes
- University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D Jenkins
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - P Giraudoux
- University of Franche-Comté and Institut Universitaire de France, Besancon, France
| | - A Massolo
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - P S Craig
- University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - M de la Rue
- University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) has been eliminated or significantly reduced as a public health problem in several previously highly endemic regions. This has been achieved by the long-term application of prevention and control measures primarily targeted to deworming dogs, health education, meat inspection, and effective surveillance in livestock and human populations. Human CE, however, remains a serious neglected zoonotic disease in many resource-poor pastoral regions. The incidence of human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) has increased in continental Europe and is a major public health problem in parts of Eurasia. Better understanding of wildlife ecology for fox and small mammal hosts has enabled targeted anthelmintic baiting of fox populations and development of spatially explicit models to predict population dynamics for key intermediate host species and human AE risk in endemic landscapes. Challenges that remain for echinococcosis control include effective intervention in resource-poor communities, better availability of surveillance tools, optimal application of livestock vaccination, and management and ecology of dog and wildlife host populations.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a zoonosis whose history dates back to antiquity. This article provides an overview on the general history of echinococcosis, including the elucidation of Echinococcus life cycles and the long controversy on the aetiology of the cystic and alveolar forms of echinococcosis (CE and AE), lasting about 100years since the middle of the 19th century. Furthermore, selected historical aspects of some fields of echinococcosis research are discussed and compared with our current knowledge, such as geographic distribution and epidemiology of CE (Echinococcus granulosus) and AE (Echinococcus multilocularis), clinical aspects and pathology, diagnosis in humans and animals, treatment (with focus on chemotherapy), control and basic research. A short paragraph is devoted to the neotropical forms of echinococcosis, caused by Echinococcus vogeli and Echinococcus oligarthrus. In this context the achievements of some ancestral pioneers of echinococcosis research are particularly highlighted and appreciated. Finally, the role of associations, international organizations (World Health Organization and others) and international working groups in echinococcosis research and control is briefly outlined. The retrospective reveals both the admirable achievements of our ancestors and the scientific progress of more recent times. But, it also shows the gaps in our knowledge, skills and resources that we need to control or even eradicate echinococcosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Eckert
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Avcioglu H, Guven E, Balkaya I, Kirman R, Bia MM, Gulbeyen H. First Molecular Characterization of Echinococcus multilocularis in Turkey. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:627-9. [PMID: 27463527 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to find out the occurrence of Echinococcus multilocularis in foxes in Erzurum province, the highest endemic region for human alveolar echinococcosis in Turkey. The sedimentation and counting technique was used to reveal adult Echinococcus spp. in the intestines of foxes. One out of the 10 foxes was infected with E. multilocularis. The adult worms were analyzed morphologically and molecularly and were confirmed to be E. multilocularis by species-specific PCR. Pairwise comparisons between the 12S rRNA sequences of the E. multilocularis isolate from Erzurum and other E. multilocularis isolates showed 100% similarity of the Erzurum isolate with European isolates. With this study, the presence of E. multilocularis in a fox in Erzurum was confirmed by PCR, and molecular identification of E. multilocularis is reported for the first time in Turkey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Avcioglu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University , Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Esin Guven
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University , Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Balkaya
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University , Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ridvan Kirman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University , Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mohammed Mebarek Bia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University , Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hatice Gulbeyen
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University , Erzurum, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mackenstedt U, Jenkins D, Romig T. The role of wildlife in the transmission of parasitic zoonoses in peri-urban and urban areas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2015; 4:71-9. [PMID: 25830108 PMCID: PMC4356871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the last 100 years in many countries of the world, there have been dramatic changes in natural/rural landscapes due to urbanization. Since many wildlife species are unable to adapt to these alterations in their environment, urbanization is commonly responsible for a decline of biodiversity in areas of urban development. In contrast, some wild animal species are attracted to peri-urban and urban habitats due to the availability of an abundant food supply and the presence of structures in which to shelter. Urban foxes and/or raccoons are common sights in many peri-urban and urban areas of Europe where they can reach far higher population densities than in their natural habitats. The same is true for foxes and dingoes in some urban areas of Australia. Unfortunately, some of these highly adaptable species are also hosts for a number of parasites of public health and veterinary importance. Due to the complexity of many parasitic life cycles involving several host species, the interactions between wild animals, domestic animals and humans are not fully understood. The role of potential hosts for transmission of a zoonotic disease in urban or peri-urban areas cannot be extrapolated from data obtained in rural areas. Since more than 75% of human diseases are of zoonotic origin, it is important to understand the dynamics between wildlife, domestic animal species and humans in urbanized areas, and to conduct more focused research on transmission of zoonotic parasites including arthropod vectors under such conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Mackenstedt
- Parasitology Unit, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Straße 34, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - David Jenkins
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Thomas Romig
- Parasitology Unit, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Straße 34, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liccioli S, Kutz SJ, Ruckstuhl KE, Massolo A. Spatial heterogeneity and temporal variations in Echinococcus multilocularis infections in wild hosts in a North American urban setting. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:457-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
21
|
Piarroux M, Piarroux R, Knapp J, Bardonnet K, Dumortier J, Watelet J, Gerard A, Beytout J, Abergel A, Bresson-Hadni S, Gaudart J. Populations at risk for alveolar echinococcosis, France. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:721-8. [PMID: 23647623 PMCID: PMC3647496 DOI: 10.3201/eid1905.120867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
During 1982–2007, alveolar echinococcosis (AE) was diagnosed in 407 patients in France, a country previously known to register half of all European patients. To better define high-risk groups in France, we conducted a national registry-based study to identify areas where persons were at risk and spatial clusters of cases. We interviewed 180 AE patients about their way of life and compared responses to those of 517 controls. We found that almost all AE patients lived in 22 départements in eastern and central France (relative risk 78.63, 95% CI 52.84–117.02). Classification and regression tree analysis showed that the main risk factor was living in AE-endemic areas. There, most at-risk populations lived in rural settings (odds ratio [OR] 66.67, 95% CI 6.21–464.51 for farmers and OR 6.98, 95% CI 2.88–18.25 for other persons) or gardened in nonrural settings (OR 4.30, 95% CI 1.82–10.91). These findings can help sensitization campaigns focus on specific groups.
Collapse
|
22
|
Kouguchi H, Matsumoto J, Nakao R, Yamano K, Oku Y, Yagi K. Characterization of a surface glycoprotein from Echinococcus multilocularis and its mucosal vaccine potential in dogs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69821. [PMID: 23894545 PMCID: PMC3720955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis is a refractory disease caused by the metacestode stage of Echinococcus multilocularis. The life cycle of this parasite is maintained primarily between foxes and many species of rodents; thus, dogs are thought to be a minor definitive host except in some endemic areas. However, dogs are highly susceptible to E. multilocularis infection. Because of the close contact between dogs and humans, infection of dogs with this parasite can be an important risk to human health. Therefore, new measures and tools to control and prevent parasite transmission required. Using 2-dimensional electrophoresis followed by western blot (2D-WB) analysis, a large glycoprotein component of protoscoleces was identified based on reactivity to intestinal IgA in dogs experimentally infected with E. multilocularis. This component, designated SRf1, was purified by gel filtration using a Superose 6 column. Glycosylation analysis and immunostaining revealed that SRf1 could be distinguished from Em2, a major mucin-type antigen of E. multilocularis. Dogs (n = 6) were immunized intranasally with 500 µg of SRf1 with cholera toxin subunit B by using a spray syringe, and a booster was given orally using an enteric capsule containing 15 mg of the same antigen. As a result, dogs immunized with this antigen showed an 87.6% reduction in worm numbers compared to control dogs (n = 5) who received only PBS administration. A weak serum antibody response was observed in SRf1-immunized dogs, but there was no correlation between antibody response and worm number. We demonstrated for the first time that mucosal immunization using SRf1, a glycoprotein component newly isolated from E. multilocularis protoscoleces, induced a protection response to E. multilocularis infection in dogs. Thus, our data indicated that mucosal immunization using surface antigens will be an important tool to facilitate the development of practical vaccines for definitive hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kouguchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jun Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Medical Zoology, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Division of Bioinformatics, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kimiaki Yamano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuzaburo Oku
- Department of Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kinpei Yagi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Beiromvand M, Akhlaghi L, Fattahi Massom SH, Meamar AR, Darvish J, Razmjou E. Molecular identification of Echinococcus multilocularis infection in small mammals from Northeast, Iran. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2313. [PMID: 23875048 PMCID: PMC3708880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the metacestode of Echinococcus multilocularis. Many species of small mammals, including arvicolid rodents or Ochotona spp., are natural intermediate hosts of the cestode. The main aim of this study was to identify natural intermediate hosts of E. multilocularis in Chenaran County, Razavi Khorasan Province, northeastern Iran, where the prevalence of infected wild and domestic carnivores is high. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A program of trapping was carried out in five villages in which this cestode was reported in carnivores. The livers of 85 small mammals were investigated for the presence of E. multilocularis infection using multiplex PCR of mitochondrial genes. Infections were identified in 30 specimens: 23 Microtus transcaspicus, three Ochotona rufescens, two Mus musculus, one Crocidura gmelini, and one Apodemus witherbyi. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE A range of small mammals therefore act as natural intermediate hosts for the transmission of E. multilocularis in Chenaran County, and the prevalence suggested that E. multilocularis infection is endemic in this region. The existence of the life cycle of this potentially lethal cestode in the vicinity of human habitats provides a significant risk of human infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molouk Beiromvand
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Lame Akhlaghi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Fattahi Massom
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ghaem Educational, Research and Treatment Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Meamar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamshid Darvish
- Department of Rodents Research, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elham Razmjou
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Control of Echinococcus multilocularis: Strategies, feasibility and cost–benefit analyses. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:327-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
25
|
Barth TFE, Herrmann TS, Tappe D, Stark L, Grüner B, Buttenschoen K, Hillenbrand A, Juchems M, Henne-Bruns D, Kern P, Seitz HM, Möller P, Rausch RL, Kern P, Deplazes P. Sensitive and specific immunohistochemical diagnosis of human alveolar echinococcosis with the monoclonal antibody Em2G11. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1877. [PMID: 23145198 PMCID: PMC3493387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by the metacestode stage of Echinococcus multilocularis. Differential diagnosis with cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by E. granulosus and AE is challenging. We aimed at improving diagnosis of AE on paraffin sections of infected human tissue by immunohistochemical testing of a specific antibody. Methodology/Principal Findings We have analysed 96 paraffin archived specimens, including 6 cutting needle biopsies and 3 fine needle aspirates, from patients with suspected AE or CE with the monoclonal antibody (mAb) Em2G11 specific for the Em2 antigen of E. multilocularis metacestodes. In human tissue, staining with mAb Em2G11 is highly specific for E. multilocularis metacestodes while no staining is detected in CE lesions. In addition, the antibody detects small particles of E. multilocularis (spems) of less than 1 µm outside the main lesion in necrotic tissue, liver sinusoids and lymphatic tissue most probably caused by shedding of parasitic material. The conventional histological diagnosis based on haematoxylin and eosin and PAS stainings were in accordance with the immunohistological diagnosis using mAb Em2G11 in 90 of 96 samples. In 6 samples conventional subtype diagnosis of echinococcosis had to be adjusted when revised by immunohistology with mAb Em2G11. Conclusions/Significance Immunohistochemistry with the mAb Em2G11 is a new, highly specific and sensitive diagnostic tool for AE. The staining of small particles of E. multilocularis (spems) outside the main lesion including immunocompetent tissue, such as lymph nodes, suggests a systemic effect on the host. Echinococcosis is a life-threatening disease in humans that is caused by the larval stages of the tapeworms Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus. The eggs of the parasites are released with faeces of canids, and humans are aberrantly infected. In humans, the larval stages of the parasites cause tumour-like lesions mainly in the liver and the lungs. Precise diagnosis of the parasite responsible for human disease is of utmost importance since therapy regimens largely differ between cystic and alveolar echinococcosis. Diagnosis is based on serology, imaging and histology, the latter being the gold standard. However, conventional histology cannot always clearly identify the causative parasite because both parasites can cause human tissue to present similar features. Therefore, we have developed the monoclonal antibody Em2G11 and an immunohistological technique that allows a cheap and fast clear-cut diagnosis of E. multilocularis even on aspirates and small archived bioptic tissue samples. Furthermore, this technique disclosed an unknown feature of human alveolar echinococosis we called "small particles of E. multilocularis" (spems). We argue that these small particles represent micro-fragments of E. multilocularis and thus point to a new form of host-parasite interaction.
Collapse
|
26
|
Barnes T, Deplazes P, Gottstein B, Jenkins D, Mathis A, Siles-Lucas M, Torgerson P, Ziadinov I, Heath D. Challenges for diagnosis and control of cystic hydatid disease. Acta Trop 2012; 123:1-7. [PMID: 22410539 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper is based on the experience of the authors, with the aim to define the challenges for Echinococcus granulosus (E.g./CE) diagnosis and control for those countries that may now or in the future be contemplating control of hydatid disease. A variety of methods are available for diagnosis in humans but a universal gold standard is lacking. Diagnosis in definitive hosts can avoid necropsy by the use of methods such as coproantigen detection but test performance is variable between populations. A sylvatic cycle adds challenges in some countries and the epidemiology of the parasite in these hosts is poorly understood. Control by solely administering praziquantel to dogs is not effective in developing countries where the disease is endemic. Additional avenues to pursue include the instigation of participatory planning, use of an existing vaccination for intermediate hosts and development of a vaccine and long-acting anthelmitic implants for definitive hosts. Promoting public acceptance of control of the dog population by humane euthanasia and reduced reproduction is also essential.
Collapse
|
27
|
Davidson RK, Romig T, Jenkins E, Tryland M, Robertson LJ. The impact of globalisation on the distribution of Echinococcus multilocularis. Trends Parasitol 2012; 28:239-47. [PMID: 22542923 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the past three decades, Echinococcus multilocularis, the cause of human alveolar echinococcosis, has been reported in several new countries both in definitive hosts (canids) as well as in people. Unless treated, infection with this cestode in people is fatal. In previously endemic countries throughout the Northern Hemisphere, geographic ranges and human and animal prevalence levels seem to be increasing. Anthropogenic influences, including increased globalisation of animals and animal products, and altered human/animal interfaces are thought to play a vital role in the global emergence of this pathogenic cestode. Molecular epidemiological techniques are a useful tool for detecting and tracing introductions, and differentiating these from range expansions.
Collapse
|
28
|
Grosso G, Gruttadauria S, Biondi A, Marventano S, Mistretta A. Worldwide epidemiology of liver hydatidosis including the Mediterranean area. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:1425-37. [PMID: 22509074 PMCID: PMC3319938 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i13.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide incidence and prevalence of cystic echinococcosis have fallen dramatically over the past several decades. Nonetheless, infection with Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) remains a major public health issue in several countries and regions, even in places where it was previously at low levels, as a result of a reduction of control programmes due to economic problems and lack of resources. Geographic distribution differs by country and region depending on the presence in that country of large numbers of nomadic or semi-nomadic sheep and goat flocks that represent the intermediate host of the parasite, and their close contact with the final host, the dog, which mostly provides the transmission of infection to humans. The greatest prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in human and animal hosts is found in countries of the temperate zones, including several parts of Eurasia (the Mediterranean regions, southern and central parts of Russia, central Asia, China), Australia, some parts of America (especially South America) and north and east Africa. Echinococcosis is currently considered an endemic zoonotic disease in the Mediterranean region. The most frequent strain associated with human cystic echinococcosis appears to be the common sheep strain (G1). This strain appears to be widely distributed in all continents. The purpose of this review is to examine the distribution of E. granulosus and the epidemiology of a re-emerging disease such as cystic echinococcosis.
Collapse
|
29
|
Kim SJ, Kim JH, Han SY, Kim YH, Cho JH, Chai JY, Jeong JS. Recurrent hepatic alveolar echinococcosis: report of the first case in Korea with unproven infection route. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2011; 49:413-8. [PMID: 22355210 PMCID: PMC3279681 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a hepatic disorder that resembles liver cancer, is a highly aggressive and lethal zoonotic infection caused by the larval stage of the fox tapeworm, Echinococcus multilocularis. E. multilocularis is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere; the disease-endemic area stretches from north America through Europe to central and east Asia, including northern parts of Japan, but it has not been reported in Korea. Herein, we represent a first case of AE in Korea. A 41-year-old woman was found to have a large liver mass on routine medical examination. The excised mass showed multinodular, necrotic, and spongiform appearance with small irregular pseudocystic spaces. Microscopically, the mass was composed of chronic granulomatous inflammation with extensive coagulation necrosis and parasite-like structure, which was revealed as parasitic vesicles and laminated layer delineated by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain. Clinical and histologic features were consistent with AE. After 8 years, a new liver mass and multiple metastatic pulmonary nodules were found and the recurred mass showed similar histologic features to the initial mass. She had never visited endemic areas of AE, and thus the exact infection route is unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Kim
- Department of Pathology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 602-714, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Beiromvand M, Akhlaghi L, Fattahi Massom SH, Mobedi I, Meamar AR, Oormazdi H, Motevalian A, Razmjou E. Detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in carnivores in Razavi Khorasan province, Iran using mitochondrial DNA. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1379. [PMID: 22132245 PMCID: PMC3222634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echinococcus multilocularis is the source of alveolar echinococcosis, a potentially fatal zoonotic disease. This investigation assessed the presence of E. multilocularis infection in definitive hosts in the Chenaran region of Razavi Khorasan Province, northeastern Iran. Methodology/Principal Findings Fecal samples from 77 domestic and stray dogs and 14 wild carnivores were examined using the flotation/sieving method followed by multiplex PCR of mitochondrial genes. The intestinal scraping technique (IST) and the sedimentation and counting technique (SCT) revealed adult Echinococcus in the intestines of five of 10 jackals and of the single wolf examined. Three jackals were infected only with E. multilocularis but two, and the wolf, were infected with both E. multilocularis and E. granulosus. Multiplex PCR revealed E. multilocularis, E. granulosus, and Taenia spp. in 19, 24, and 28 fecal samples, respectively. Echinococcus multilocularis infection was detected in the feces of all wild carnivores sampled including nine jackals, three foxes, one wolf, one hyena, and five dogs (6.5%). Echinococcus granulosus was found in the fecal samples of 16.9% of dogs, 66.7% of jackals, and all of the foxes, the wolf, and the hyena. The feces of 16 (21.8%) dogs, 7 of 9 (77.8%) jackals, and all three foxes, one wolf and one hyena were infected with Taenia spp. Conclusions/Significance The prevalence of E. multilocularis in wild carnivores of rural areas of the Chenaran region is high, indicating that the life cycle is being maintained in northeastern Iran with the red fox, jackal, wolf, hyena, and dog as definitive hosts. Echinococcus multilocularis causes alveolar echinococcosis, a serious zoonotic disease present in many areas of the world. The parasite is maintained in nature through a life cycle in which adult worms in the intestine of carnivores transmit infection to small mammals, predominantly rodents, via eggs in the feces. Humans may accidentally ingest eggs of E. multilocularis through contact with the definitive host or by direct ingestion of contaminated water or foods, causing development of a multivesicular cyst in the viscera, especially liver and lung. We found adult E. multilocularis in the intestine and/or eggs in feces of all wild carnivores examined and in some stray and domestic dogs in villages of Chenaran region, northeastern Iran. The life cycle of E. multilocularis is being maintained in this area by wild carnivores, and the local population and visitors are at risk of infection with alveolar echinococcosis. Intensive health initiatives for control of the parasite and diagnosis of this potentially fatal disease in humans, in this area of Iran, are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molouk Beiromvand
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lame Akhlaghi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Fattahi Massom
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ghaem Educational, Research and Treatment Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Iraj Mobedi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Meamar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hormozd Oormazdi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Motevalian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Razmjou
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Schweiger A, Grimm F, Tanner I, Müllhaupt B, Bertogg K, Müller N, Deplazes P. Serological diagnosis of echinococcosis: the diagnostic potential of native antigens. Infection 2011; 40:139-52. [PMID: 22076692 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-011-0205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human alveolar (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by the metacestode stages of Echinococcus multilocularis and E. granulosus, respectively, lack pathognomonic clinical signs. Diagnosis therefore relies on the results of imaging and serological studies. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of several easy-to-produce crude or partially purified E. granulosus and E. multilocularis metacestode-derived antigens as tools for the serological diagnosis and differential diagnosis of patients suspicious for AE or CE. METHODS The sera of 51 treatment-naïve AE and 32 CE patients, 98 Swiss blood donors and 38 patients who were initially suspicious for echinococcosis but suffering from various other liver diseases (e.g., liver neoplasia, etc.) were analysed. RESULTS According to the results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), metacestode-derived antigens of E. granulosus had sensitivities varying from 81 to 97% and >99.9% for the diagnosis of CE and AE, respectively. Antigens derived from E. multilocularis metacestodes had sensitivities ranging from 84 to 91% and >99.9% for the diagnosis of CE and AE, respectively. Specificities ranged from 92 to >99.9%. Post-test probabilities for the differential diagnosis of AE from liver neoplasias, CE from cystic liver lesions, and screening for AE in Switzerland were around 95, 86 and 2.2%, respectively. Cross-reactions with antibodies in sera of patients with other parasitic affections (fasciolosis, schistosomosis, amebosis, cysticercosis, and filarioses) did occur at variable frequencies, but could be eliminated through the use of confirmatory testing. CONCLUSIONS Different metacestode-derived antigens of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis are valuable, widely accessible, and cost-efficient tools for the serological diagnosis of echinococcosis. However, confirmatory testing is necessary, due to the lack of species specificity and the occurrence of cross-reactions to other helminthic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Schweiger
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Deplazes P, van Knapen F, Schweiger A, Overgaauw PA. Role of pet dogs and cats in the transmission of helminthic zoonoses in Europe, with a focus on echinococcosis and toxocarosis. Vet Parasitol 2011; 182:41-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
34
|
Wahlström H, Isomursu M, Hallgren G, Christensson D, Cedersmyg M, Wallensten A, Hjertqvist M, Davidson RK, Uhlhorn H, Hopp P. Combining information from surveys of several species to estimate the probability of freedom from Echinococcus multilocularis in Sweden, Finland and mainland Norway. Acta Vet Scand 2011; 53:9. [PMID: 21314948 PMCID: PMC3049754 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-53-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis has foxes and other canids as definitive host and rodents as intermediate hosts. However, most mammals can be accidental intermediate hosts and the larval stage may cause serious disease in humans. The parasite has never been detected in Sweden, Finland and mainland Norway. All three countries require currently an anthelminthic treatment for dogs and cats prior to entry in order to prevent introduction of the parasite. Documentation of freedom from E. multilocularis is necessary for justification of the present import requirements. Methods The probability that Sweden, Finland and mainland Norway were free from E. multilocularis and the sensitivity of the surveillance systems were estimated using scenario trees. Surveillance data from five animal species were included in the study: red fox (Vulpes vulpes), raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), domestic pig, wild boar (Sus scrofa) and voles and lemmings (Arvicolinae). Results The cumulative probability of freedom from EM in December 2009 was high in all three countries, 0.98 (95% CI 0.96-0.99) in Finland and 0.99 (0.97-0.995) in Sweden and 0.98 (0.95-0.99) in Norway. Conclusions Results from the model confirm that there is a high probability that in 2009 the countries were free from E. multilocularis. The sensitivity analyses showed that the choice of the design prevalences in different infected populations was influential. Therefore more knowledge on expected prevalences for E. multilocularis in infected populations of different species is desirable to reduce residual uncertainty of the results.
Collapse
|
35
|
König A, Romig T. Fox tapewormEchinococcus multilocularis,an underestimated threat: a model for estimating risk of contact. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.2981/09-059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
|
36
|
Nakao M, Yanagida T, Okamoto M, Knapp J, Nkouawa A, Sako Y, Ito A. State-of-the-art Echinococcus and Taenia: Phylogenetic taxonomy of human-pathogenic tapeworms and its application to molecular diagnosis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2010; 10:444-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
37
|
McManus DP. Echinococcosis with Particular Reference to Southeast Asia. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2010; 72:267-303. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(10)72010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
38
|
Abstract
New information has become available on the epidemiological situation of Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe. Additional endemic areas have been identified, and, in some areas, prevalences in foxes have drastically increased. In addition, some neozootic mammals may by now be involved in the lifecycle. The parasite is now widespread in urban and suburban areas in central Europe. The number of human cases of alveolar echinococcosis is small, but still underreported, and is likely to increase in the near future. Trials to counteract the spread of this parasite have been performed by application of anthelmintics to foxes via baits, and gave encouraging results on different spatial scales.
Collapse
|
39
|
Torgerson PR, Craig PS. Risk assessment of importation of dogs infected with Echinococcus multilocularis
into the UK. Vet Rec 2009; 165:366-8. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.165.13.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. R. Torgerson
- Ross University Veterinary School, PO Box 334, St Kitts, West Indies
| | - P. S. Craig
- Cestode Zoonoses Research Group; School of Environment and Life Sciences; Salford University; Greater Manchester M5 4WT
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Serological monitoring of progression of alveolar echinococcosis with multiorgan involvement by use of recombinant Em18. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:3191-6. [PMID: 19656973 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01111-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two cases of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) with multiple-organ involvement (the liver, lungs, and bone) were monitored by imaging and serology for 20 years. Resection of the bone lesion was complete in one case but incomplete in the other case. Albendazole treatment was markedly to moderately effective against hepatic and pulmonary AE lesions in both cases, whereas it had almost no effect against the bone lesion in one case. The results of the serological tests with recombinant Em18 antigen coincided with the clinical findings in each case. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses, especially IgG4 responses, is expected to be a real-time indicator of the dynamics of active AE.
Collapse
|
41
|
Multi-locus microsatellite analysis supports the hypothesis of an autochthonous focus of Echinococcus multilocularis in northern Italy. Int J Parasitol 2008; 39:837-42. [PMID: 19150351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis is characterised by a wide geographical distribution, encompassing three continents (North America, Asia and Europe) yet very low genetic variability is documented. Recently, this parasite has been detected in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) circulating in an Alpine region of Italy, close to Austria. This finding raised the question as to whether an autochthonous cycle exists in Italy or whether the infected foxes originated from the neighbouring regions of Austria. Studies have shown that multi-locus microsatellite analysis can identify genomic regions carrying mutations that result in a local adaptation. We used a tandem repeated multi-locus microsatellite (EmsB) to evaluate the genetic differences amongst adult worms of E. multilocularis collected in Italy, worms from neighbouring Austria and from other European and extra-European countries. Fluorescent PCR was performed on a panel of E. multilocularis samples to assess intra-specific polymorphism. The analysis revealed four closed genotypes for Italian samples of E. multilocularis which were unique compared with the other 25 genotypes from Europe and the five genotypes from Alaska. An analysis in the Alpine watershed, comparing Italian adult worms with those from neighbouring areas in Austria, showed a unique cluster for Italian samples. This result supports the hypothesis of the presence of an autochthonous cycle of E. multilocularis in Italy. EmsB can be useful for 'tracking' the source of infection of this zoonotic parasite and developing appropriate measures for preventing or reducing the risk of human alveolar echinococcosis.
Collapse
|
42
|
Wang Z, Wang X, Liu X. Echinococcosis in China, a review of the epidemiology of Echinococcus spp. ECOHEALTH 2008; 5:115-126. [PMID: 18787915 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-008-0174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) are highly significant infectious diseases occurring worldwide and caused by metacestodes of tapeworms Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis, respectively. Both human CE and AE have highest prevalence rates in western and northwestern China. Livestock is the main intermediate host of E. granulosus, and wild small mammal are the main intermediate hosts of E. multilocularis. Since they range freely in pastoral areas, prey on wild small mammals and offal of livestock after slaughter, and have close relationships with humans, domestic dogs are the most important definitive host of both Echinococcus spp. with the highest risk of transmitting CE and AE to humans. Pastoralism is the occupation with the highest risk of being infected with the both kinds of echinococcosis due to the proximity of livestock, dogs, and wildlife host species. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology of human echinococcosis, the situation of parasite transmission in animal hosts, and possible transmission patterns in China. In addition, human activities and their potential influence on the transmission of echinococcosis are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghuan Wang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, 200062 Shanghai, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Integrated-baiting concept against Echinococcus multilocularis in foxes is successful in southern Bavaria, Germany. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-007-0168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
44
|
Knapp J, Bart JM, Glowatzki ML, Ito A, Gerard S, Maillard S, Piarroux R, Gottstein B. Assessment of use of microsatellite polymorphism analysis for improving spatial distribution tracking of echinococcus multilocularis. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2943-50. [PMID: 17634311 PMCID: PMC2045259 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02107-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE)--caused by the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis--is a severe zoonotic disease found in temperate and arctic regions of the northern hemisphere. Even though the transmission patterns observed in different geographical areas are heterogeneous, the nuclear and mitochondrial targets usually used for the genotyping of E. multilocularis have shown only a marked genetic homogeneity in this species. We used microsatellite sequences, because of their high typing resolution, to explore the genetic diversity of E. multilocularis. Four microsatellite targets (EmsJ, EmsK, and EmsB, which were designed in our laboratory, and NAK1, selected from the literature) were tested on a panel of 76 E. multilocularis samples (larval and adult stages) obtained from Alaska, Canada, Europe, and Asia. Genetic diversity for each target was assessed by size polymorphism analysis. With the EmsJ and EmsK targets, two alleles were found for each locus, yielding two and three genotypes, respectively, discriminating European isolates from the other groups. With NAK1, five alleles were found, yielding seven genotypes, including those specific to Tibetan and Alaskan isolates. The EmsB target, a tandem repeated multilocus microsatellite, found 17 alleles showing a complex pattern. Hierarchical clustering analyses were performed with the EmsB findings, and 29 genotypes were identified. Due to its higher genetic polymorphism, EmsB exhibited a higher discriminatory power than the other targets. The complex EmsB pattern was able to discriminate isolates on a regional and sectoral level, while avoiding overdistinction. EmsB will be used to assess the putative emergence of E. multilocularis in Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Knapp
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Craig PS, McManus DP, Lightowlers MW, Chabalgoity JA, Garcia HH, Gavidia CM, Gilman RH, Gonzalez AE, Lorca M, Naquira C, Nieto A, Schantz PM. Prevention and control of cystic echinococcosis. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2007; 7:385-94. [PMID: 17521591 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(07)70134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human cystic echinococcosis (hydatid disease) continues to be a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world. Elimination is difficult to obtain and it is estimated that, using current control options, achieving such a goal will take around 20 years of sustained efforts. Since the introduction of current (and past) hydatid control campaigns, there have been clear technological improvements made in the diagnosis and treatment of human and animal cystic echinococcosis, the diagnosis of canine echinococcosis, and the genetic characterisation of strains and vaccination against Echinococcus granulosus in animals. Incorporation of these new measures could increase the efficiency of hydatid control programmes, potentially reducing the time required to achieve effective prevention of disease transmission to as little as 5-10 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip S Craig
- Cestode Zoonoses Research Group, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Romig T, Thoma D, Weible AK. Echinococcus multilocularis--a zoonosis of anthropogenic environments? J Helminthol 2007; 80:207-12. [PMID: 16768864 DOI: 10.1079/joh2006347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transmission of the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis, the causative agent of human alveolar echinococcosis, is known to depend on various environmental factors which are subject to human influence. Epidemiological data suggest that in most endemic regions anthropogenic landscape changes (e.g. deforestation and agricultural practices) have led to more favourable conditions for the parasite's animal hosts, especially arvicolid rodents, thereby increasing the risk for parasite transmission and human disease. Examples are the conversion of forests or crop fields into meadows and pastures in Europe, China and North America, and overgrazing of natural grassland in central Asia. Other anthropogenic factors include interference with host population densities by wildlife disease control, changing hunting pressure and provision of new habitats, e.g. in urban areas. Domestic dogs may, under certain conditions, get involved in the otherwise largely wildlife-based transmission, and thereby greatly increase the infection pressure to humans. The introduction of neozootic host species may increase transmission, or even initiate the parasite's life-cycle in previously non-endemic regions. Lastly, the parasite itself may be accidentally introduced into non-endemic areas, if suitable host populations are present (e.g. in northern Japan).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Romig
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 75099 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) regarding the assessment of the risk of Echinococcosis introduction into the UK, Ireland, Sweden, Malta and Finland as a consequence of abandoning national rules. EFSA J 2007. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
48
|
Okamoto M, Oku Y, Kurosawa T, Kamiya M. Genetic Uniformity of Echinococcus multilocularis Collected from Different Intermediate Host Species in Hokkaido, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:159-63. [PMID: 17339760 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA from several isolates of Taenia taeniaeformis and Echinococcus multilocularis were digested with restriction enzymes and hybridized with digoxigenated oligonucleotide probe (CAC)5. Within the six wild isolates of Taenia taeniaeformis from Norway rats in Hokkaido, although several bands were common among isolates, fingerprinting patterns were specific to each isolate. In the case of E. multilocularis, regardless of hosts from which each isolate has been isolated, the five isolates collected from Hokkaido, showed the same fingerprinting pattern. These results indicate that there was very little genetic difference among these isolates. Although the fingerprinting pattern of E. multilocularis from St. Lawrence Is. was similar to that of the Hokkaido isolates, some bands were different from those in the Hokkaido isolates. Echinococcus multilocularis in Hokkaido seems to be closely-related genetically to that from St. Lawrence Is.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munehiro Okamoto
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Opinion of the Panel on additives and products or substances used in animal feed (FEEDAP) on the safety and efficacy of the product Bonvital, a preparation of Enterococcus faecium, as a feed additive for piglets and pigs for fattening in accordance with R. EFSA J 2007. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
|
50
|
Craig PS, Budke CM, Schantz PM, Li T, Qiu J, Yang Y, Zeyhle E, Rogan MT, Ito A. Human Echinococcosis: A Neglected Disease? Trop Med Health 2007. [DOI: 10.2149/tmh.35.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|