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Bahuguna A, Dubey SK. Overview of the Mechanistic Potential of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Cancer Chemoprevention. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2300221. [PMID: 37552810 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite of strides in modern cancer therapeutic strategies, there has not been a successful cure for it until now and prognostic side effects and substantial toxicity to chemotherapy and subsequent homeostatic imbalance remains a major concern for professionals in this field. The significance of the human microbiome in the pathogenesis of cancer is being recognized, documented, and established worldwide. Probiotics and prebiotics are some of the most extensively researched approaches to modulate the microbiota for therapeutic purposes, and research on their potential to prevent and treat cancer has sparked an immense amount of interest. The characteristics of probiotics and prebiotics allow for an array of efficient applications in cancer preventive measures. Probiotics can also be administered coupled with chemotherapy and surgery to alleviate their side effects and help promote the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic drugs. Besides showing promising results they are accompanied by potential risks and controversies that may eventually result in clinical repercussions. This review emphasizes the mechanistic potential and oncosuppressive effects of probiotic and prebiotics through maintenance of intestinal barrier function, modifying innate immune system, immunomodulation, intestinal microbiota metabolism, inhibition of host cell proliferation, preventing pathogen colonization, and exerting selective cytotoxicity against tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Bahuguna
- Department of Biochemistry, C.B.S.H., G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, 263145, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biochemistry, C.B.S.H., G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, 263145, India
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2
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Jang YJ, Min B, Lim JH, Kim BY. In Vitro Evaluation of Probiotic Properties of Two Novel Probiotic Mixtures, Consti-Biome and Sensi-Biome. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:1149-1161. [PMID: 37386724 PMCID: PMC10580887 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2303.03011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the gut microbiome cause recolonization by pathogens and inflammatory responses, leading to the development of intestinal disorders. Probiotics administration has been proposed for many years to reverse the intestinal dysbiosis and to enhance intestinal health. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of two newly designed probiotic mixtures, Consti-Biome and Sensi-Biome, on two enteric pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli that may cause intestinal disorders. Additionally, the study was designed to evaluate whether Consti-Biome and Sensi-Biome could modulate the immune response, produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and reduce gas production. Consti-Biome and Sensi-Biome showed superior adhesion ratios to HT-29 cells and competitively suppressed pathogen adhesion. Moreover, the probiotic mixtures decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β. Cell-free supernatants (CFSs) were used to investigate the inhibitory effects of metabolites on growth and biofilms of pathogens. Consti-Biome and Sensi-Biome CFSs exhibited antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity, where microscopic analysis confirmed an increase in the number of dead cells and the structural disruption of pathogens. Gas chromatographic analysis of the CFSs revealed their ability to produce SCFAs, including acetic, propionic, and butyric acid. SCFA secretion by probiotics may demonstrate their potential activities against pathogens and gut inflammation. In terms of intestinal symptoms regarding abdominal bloating and discomfort, Consti-Biome and Sensi-Biome also inhibited gas production. Thus, these two probiotic mixtures have great potential to be developed as dietary supplements to alleviate the intestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Jin Jang
- R&D Center, Chong Kun Dang Healthcare, Seoul 07249, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonggyu Min
- R&D Center, Chong Kun Dang Healthcare, Seoul 07249, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Lim
- R&D Center, Chong Kun Dang Healthcare, Seoul 07249, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Yong Kim
- R&D Center, Chong Kun Dang Healthcare, Seoul 07249, Republic of Korea
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3
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Neidhöfer C, Rathore K, Parčina M, Sieber MA. ESKAPEE Pathogen Biofilm Control on Surfaces with Probiotic Lactobacillaceae and Bacillus species. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:871. [PMID: 37237774 PMCID: PMC10215598 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Combatting the rapidly growing threat of antimicrobial resistance and reducing prevalence and transmission of ESKAPEE pathogens in healthcare settings requires innovative strategies, one of which is displacing these pathogens using beneficial microorganisms. Our review comprehensively examines the evidence of probiotic bacteria displacing ESKAPEE pathogens, with a focus on inanimate surfaces. A systematic search was conducted using the PubMed and Web of Science databases on 21 December 2021, and 143 studies were identified examining the effects of Lactobacillaceae and Bacillus spp. cells and products on the growth, colonization, and survival of ESKAPEE pathogens. While the diversity of study methods limits evidence analysis, results presented by narrative synthesis demonstrate that several species have the potential as cells or their products or supernatants to displace nosocomial infection-causing organisms in a variety of in vitro and in vivo settings. Our review aims to aid the development of new promising approaches to control pathogen biofilms in medical settings by informing researchers and policymakers about the potential of probiotics to combat nosocomial infections. More targeted studies are needed to assess safety and efficacy of different probiotic formulations, followed by large-scale studies to assess utility in infection control and medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Neidhöfer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kamni Rathore
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Functional Gene Analytics, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, 53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Marijo Parčina
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin A. Sieber
- Institute for Functional Gene Analytics, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, 53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany
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Holm JB, Carter KA, Ravel J, Brotman RM. Lactobacillus iners and genital health: molecular clues to an enigmatic vaginal species. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2023; 25:67-75. [PMID: 37234911 PMCID: PMC10209668 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-023-00798-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of review Vaginal lactobacilli are recognized as important drivers of genital health including protection against bacterial vaginosis and sexually transmitted infections. Lactobacillus iners is distinct from L. crispatus, L. gasseri, and L. jensenii by its high global prevalence in vaginal microbiomes, relatively small genome, production of only L-lactic acid, and inconsistent associations with genital health outcomes. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the role of L. iners in the vaginal microbiome, highlight the importance of strain-level consideration for this species, and explain that while marker gene-based characterization of the composition of the vaginal microbiota does not capture strain-level resolution, whole metagenome sequencing can aid in expanding our understanding of this species in genital health. Recent findings L. iners exists in the vaginal microbiome as a unique combination of strains. The functional repertoires of these strain combinations are likely wide and contribute to the survival of this species in a variety of vaginal microenvironments. In published studies to date, strain-specific effects are aggregated and may yield imprecise estimates of risk associated with this species. Summary The worldwide high prevalence of Lactobacillus iners warrants more research into its functional roles in the vaginal microbiome and how it may directly impact susceptibility to infections. By incorporating strain-level resolution into future research endeavors, we may begin to appreciate L. iners more thoroughly and identify novel therapeutic targets for a variety of genital health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna B. Holm
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of
Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kayla A. Carter
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of
Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Brotman
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of
Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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The Role of Probiotics in Cancer Prevention. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010020. [PMID: 33374549 PMCID: PMC7793079 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer is considered one of the leading causes of human mortality in the world and is the subject of much research. The risk of developing cancer depends on genetic factors, as well as the body’s immune status. The intestinal microbiome plays very important role in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Probiotics have gained increasing medical significance due to the beneficial effect on the human body associated with the prevention and support of the treatment of many chronic diseases, including cancer in the absence of side effects. The aim of this review was to summarize the knowledge about the effect of probiotic microorganisms in the prevention of cancer. There is a lot of evidence that the use of probiotics can play an important role in cancer prevention and support anti-cancer therapies. Abstract The gut microbiome can play important role in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. An imbalance in the gut microbiome can lead to pro-inflammatory immune responses and the initiation of disease processes, including cancer. The research results prove some strains of probiotics by modulating intestinal microbiota and immune response can be used for cancer prevention or/and as adjuvant treatment during anticancer chemotherapy. This review presents the latest advances in research into the effectiveness of probiotics in the prevention and treatment support of cancer. The described issues concern to the anticancer activity of probiotic microorganisms and their metabolites. In addition, we described the potential mechanisms of probiotic chemoprevention and the advisability of using probiotics.
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Probiotic Cocktail Identified by Microbial Network Analysis Inhibits Growth, Virulence Gene Expression, and Host Cell Colonization of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060816. [PMID: 32486106 PMCID: PMC7357164 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE) carrier-state has been increasing in patients of intensive care unit and it would be a public health threat. Different research groups conducted decolonizing VRE with probiotic and the results were controversial. Therefore, a systemic approach to search for the probiotic species capable of decolonizing VRE is necessary. Thus, VRE was co-cultured with ten probiotic species. The fluctuations of each bacterial population were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Microbial network analysis (MNA) was exploited to identify the most critical species in inhibiting the VRE population. The MNA-selected probiotic cocktail was then validated for its efficacy in inhibiting VRE, decolonizing VRE from Caco-2 cells via three approaches: exclusion, competition, and displacement. Finally, the expression of VRE virulence genes after co-incubation with the probiotic cocktail were analyzed with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The MNA-selected probiotic cocktail includes Bacillus coagulans, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. This probiotic combination significantly reduces the population of co-cultured VRE and prevents VRE from binding to Caco-2 cells by down-regulating several host-adhesion genes of VRE. Our results suggested the potential of this four-strain probiotic cocktail in clinical application for the decolonization of VRE in human gut.
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8
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Daisley BA, Trinder M, McDowell TW, Welle H, Dube JS, Ali SN, Leong HS, Sumarah MW, Reid G. Neonicotinoid-induced pathogen susceptibility is mitigated by Lactobacillus plantarum immune stimulation in a Drosophila melanogaster model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2703. [PMID: 28578396 PMCID: PMC5457429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02806-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are used extensively in food production to maximize crop yields. However, neonicotinoid insecticides exert unintentional toxicity to honey bees (Apis mellifera) that may partially be associated with massive population declines referred to as colony collapse disorder. We hypothesized that imidacloprid (common neonicotinoid; IMI) exposure would make Drosophila melanogaster (an insect model for the honey bee) more susceptible to bacterial pathogens, heat stress, and intestinal dysbiosis. Our results suggested that the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway is necessary for D. melanogaster survival in response to IMI toxicity. IMI exposure induced alterations in the host-microbiota as noted by increased indigenous Acetobacter and Lactobacillus spp. Furthermore, sub-lethal exposure to IMI resulted in decreased D. melanogaster survival when simultaneously exposed to bacterial infection and heat stress (37 °C). This coincided with exacerbated increases in TotA and Dpt (Imd downstream pro-survival and antimicrobial genes, respectively) expression compared to controls. Supplementation of IMI-exposed D. melanogaster with Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 14917 mitigated survival deficits following Serratia marcescens (bacterial pathogen) septic infection. These findings support the insidious toxicity of neonicotinoid pesticides and potential for probiotic lactobacilli to reduce IMI-induced susceptibility to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan A Daisley
- Canadian R&D Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotic Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, N6A 4V2, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Mark Trinder
- Canadian R&D Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotic Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, N6A 4V2, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Tim W McDowell
- London Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, N5V 3V3, Canada
| | - Hylke Welle
- Canadian R&D Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotic Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, N6A 4V2, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5C1, Canada.,Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty Earth and Life Sciences, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Amsterdam, 1081, Netherlands
| | - Josh S Dube
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Sohrab N Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5C1, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Hon S Leong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5C1, Canada.,Department of Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Mark W Sumarah
- London Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, N5V 3V3, Canada
| | - Gregor Reid
- Canadian R&D Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotic Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, N6A 4V2, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5C1, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 4V2, Canada.
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9
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Stingley RL, Liu H, Mullis LB, Elkins CA, Hart ME. Staphylococcus aureus toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) production and Lactobacillus species growth in a defined medium simulating vaginal secretions. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 106:57-66. [PMID: 25135489 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus species are commensal with the healthy vaginal environment and inhibit the growth of many pathogenic bacteria in the vaginal tract by a variety of mechanisms, such as the production of hydrogen peroxide, organic acids, and antimicrobial substances. Simulation of the vaginal environment is crucial for proper investigation of the effects of Lactobacillus species on pathogenic bacteria. In this study, we modified a medium used to simulate vaginal secretions to improve the growth of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1)-producing Staphylococcus aureus clinical strains and Lactobacillus species so that interactions between these bacteria may be examined. A medium consisting of basal salts, vitamins, albumin, glycogen, mucin, urea, sodium bicarbonate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, and amino acids supported the growth of S. aureus and the production of TSST-1 as determined by Western analysis. Improved growth of the Lactobacillus species was seen when this same medium was supplemented with manganese chloride, sodium acetate, and an increase in glucose concentration. However, growth of S. aureus in the supplemented medium resulted in reduced levels of TSST-1. Production of TSST-1 was not detected in a medium routinely used for the growth of Lactobacillus species although S. aureus growth was not inhibited. The development of an improved genital tract secretion medium provides a more authentic environment in which to study the interactions of Lactobacillus species and vaginal pathogens, such as S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Stingley
- Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Huanli Liu
- Office of Regulatory Affairs, Arkansas Regional Laboratories, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Lisa B Mullis
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Christopher A Elkins
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Mark E Hart
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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10
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Dasari S, Shouri RND, Wudayagiri R, Valluru L. Antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus against microbial flora of cervicovaginal infections. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Brolazo EM, Leite DS, Tiba MR, Villarroel M, Marconi C, Simoes JA. Correlation between api 50 ch and multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the identification of vaginal lactobacilli in isolates. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 42:225-32. [PMID: 24031625 PMCID: PMC3768916 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822011000100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of Lactobacillus sp. strains by phenotypic methods may lead to doubtful results possibly interfering in the reliability of the epidemiological and probiotics studies. Therefore this study aimed to determine the best methodology for the identification of the large diversity of lactobacilli species found in the vagina by comparing two techniques, one based on their biochemical profile and other employing molecular biology. A carbohydrate fermentation test (API 50 CH) was compared with multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the identification of species of vaginal lactobacilli from 135 healthy women. The kappa index was used to evaluate agreement between the methods. Using the molecular technique, L. crispatus (32.6%), L. jensenii (25%) and L. gasseri (20.6%) were the most frequent species. However, using the biochemical technique, the most frequent species were: L. acidophilus (34.8%), L. crispatus (27.2%) and L. fermentum (13%). Although L. acidophilus was the most frequent specie found by biochemical tests, no strain of this microorganism was detected by PCR. Agreement between the methods was low for identification of all the most common species. Although rates of L. crispatus detected were similar using both methods (32.6% and 27.2%), agreement between them was relatively low (kappa = 0.52). Conclusions: Our results confirmed the limitation of the biochemical method and the applicability of a previously published molecular method (Multiplex PCR) for the identification of lactobacilli in the vaginal tract, focusing on further necessity of its improvement for also targeting L. vaginalis and L. iners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Melo Brolazo
- Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia , Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP , Brasil
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12
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Fujimura KE, Slusher NA, Cabana MD, Lynch SV. Role of the gut microbiota in defining human health. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2010; 8:435-54. [PMID: 20377338 DOI: 10.1586/eri.10.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human superorganism is a conglomerate of mammalian and microbial cells, with the latter estimated to outnumber the former by ten to one and the microbial genetic repertoire (microbiome) to be approximately 100-times greater than that of the human host. Given the ability of the immune response to rapidly counter infectious agents, it is striking that such a large density of microbes can exist in a state of synergy within the human host. This is particularly true of the distal gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which houses up to 1000 distinct bacterial species and an estimated excess of 1 x 10(14) microorganisms. An ever-increasing body of evidence implicates the GI microbiota in defining states of health and disease. Here, we review the literature in adult and pediatric GI microbiome studies, the emerging links between microbial community structure, function, infection and disease, and the approaches to manipulate this crucial ecosystem to improve host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei E Fujimura
- Colitis and Crohn's Disease Center, Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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13
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Elkins CA, Muñoz ME, Mullis LB, Stingley RL, Hart ME. Lactobacillus-mediated inhibition of clinical toxic shock syndrome Staphylococcus aureus strains and its relation to acid and peroxide production. Anaerobe 2008; 14:261-7. [PMID: 18926917 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory activities of 39 strains representing 20 different species of Lactobacillus toward a menstrual toxic shock syndrome (TSS) Staphylococcus aureus archetype strain MN8 were investigated. Nearly every strain (38 of 39) produced an inhibitory effect under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions when assayed on agar medium. In addition, the MN8 inhibition was conserved against at least 10 other clinical TSS S. aureus isolates and, interestingly, required actively growing cultures of Lactobacillus (verified with a two-well co-culture system in broth medium). This general uniform inhibition could be ameliorated by organic buffer (PIPES) supplied in the growth medium and, with only one exception, MRS medium adjusted with non-organic acid (HCl) failed to support growth of TSS strains at or below pH 5.5. By comparison, the vast majority of lactobacilli in this study decreased culture pH to a range of 4-5. Hydrogen peroxide production by the lactobacilli was also assessed and verified by two different methodologies revealing a broad spectrum of phenotypes that, contrary to reports touting its effectiveness, did not seem to correspond with our inhibition studies. Furthermore, resistances to peroxide by MN8, other TSS strains, and a subset of lactobacilli used in this study were nearly identical whereas the S. aureus collection was slightly more sensitive to racemic lactic acid than the lactobacilli. Collectively, these data suggest that the underlying inhibition toward Staphylococcus is generally conserved in Lactobacillus sp. and is related to a common factor in this genus involving promotion of acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Elkins
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Drive, Jefferson, AR 72079-9502, USA.
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14
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Wise DJ, Greenway T, Li MH, Camus AC, Robinson EH. Effects of variable periods of food deprivation on the development of enteric septicemia in channel catfish. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2008; 20:39-44. [PMID: 18536501 DOI: 10.1577/h07-008.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), caused by the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri, is the most significant bacterial disease affecting channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Withholding feed during outbreaks of ESC is a widely accepted industry practice used to control losses from the disease. Scientific evidence concerning the validity of the practice is contradictory. Two studies were conducted to further evaluate the survival of channel catfish fingerlings following variable periods of feed deprivation before and after exposure to E. ictaluri in controlled aquarium experiments. In the first study, feed was withheld for varying time periods before bacterial challenge. After bacterial challenge, feed was either withheld or fish were fed daily. The second study utilized fish fed daily or fish deprived of feed 7 d before bacterial challenge. Daily feeding was resumed 4, 48, and 96 h after fish were exposed to E. ictaluri. In both experiments, the prechallenge feed treatments did not affect mortality. In contrast, withholding feed after bacterial challenge reduced mortalities by 52% in experiment 1 and by 45% in experiment 2. The highest mortality was observed when fish were fed immediately after immersion exposure and the lowest when fish were completely denied feed or fed daily starting 96 h after challenge. This reduction in mortality occurred when the concentration of E. ictaluri in aquarium water was negligible. These data suggest that when E. ictaluri is present in the water, feeding fish increases mortality by enhancing oral exposure to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Wise
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Post Office Box 197, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776, USA.
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15
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Van Coillie E, Goris J, Cleenwerck I, Grijspeerdt K, Botteldoorn N, Van Immerseel F, De Buck J, Vancanneyt M, Swings J, Herman L, Heyndrickx M. Identification of lactobacilli isolated from the cloaca and vagina of laying hens and characterization for potential use as probiotics to control Salmonella Enteritidis. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 102:1095-106. [PMID: 17381753 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To select Lactobacillus strains from laying hens for potential use as probiotic to control Salmonella Enteritidis infection. METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred and eighty-six lactobacilli were isolated from the cloaca and vagina of laying hens, and identified at the species level by a polyphasic taxonomic approach. All isolates belonged to the Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri or Lactobacillus salivarius phylogenetic groups, with the L. reuteri group being the most predominant group. Based on genetic diversity, about 50 representative strains were selected and tested for in vitro properties that could be predictive for probiotic activity in laying hens. Salmonella inhibition was shown to be species dependent, and correlated to some extent with the production of lactic acid. A selection of strains was evaluated in a S. Enteritidis challenge experiment. Two strains, L. reuteri R-17485 and Lactobacillus johnsonii R-17504 significantly decreased the colonization of chicks by S. Enteritidis in caeca, liver and spleen. CONCLUSIONS Lactobacilli isolated from laying hens were observed to inhibit Salmonella growth in vitro, most probably through production of lactic acid, and to decrease in vivo the S. Enteritidis colonization of chicks. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The data demonstrate that Lactobacillus isolates from laying hens may have probiotic potential in reducing S. Enteritidis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Van Coillie
- Flemish Government, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Unit Technology and Food, Melle, Belgium.
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Galdeano CM, de Moreno de LeBlanc A, Vinderola G, Bonet MEB, Perdigón G. Proposed model: mechanisms of immunomodulation induced by probiotic bacteria. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:485-92. [PMID: 17360855 PMCID: PMC1865623 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00406-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Choi HS, Kim KM, Kim CH, Kim SM, Oh JS. Hydrogen peroxide producing lactobacilli in women with cervical neoplasia. Cancer Res Treat 2006; 38:108-11. [PMID: 19771268 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2006.38.2.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It is well known that human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical neoplasia, and hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli are the most important microorganisms for maintaining the balance of the vaginal ecosystem. The purpose of our study was to investigate the relationship of hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli, cervical neoplasia and high-risk HPV. MATERIALS AND METHODS We enrolled 1138 women with abnormal cervical smears or cervicograms who were referred to the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Chonnam National University Medical School. In all of them, 1,138 vaginal swabs were collected for the qualitative assay of hydrogen peroxide producing lactobacilli and 150 cervical swabs were used for the HPV hybrid capture II test without regard to the subjects' pregnancy status. In the non-pregnant women, 880 cervical biopsies and/or loop electrosurgical excision procedures were performed for making the histological diagnosis. RESULTS There was no significant difference not only between the distribution of H(2)O(2) producing lactobacilli and the cervical histology, but also between the distribution of H(2)O(2) producing lactobacilli and the positivity for high-risk HPV. CONCLUSIONS Both cervical neoplasia and high-risk HPV may not be influenced by the existence of hydrogen peroxide producing lactobacilli in the vagina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Sun Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
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Abstract
Probiotic agents are live microbes or components of microbes that have a positive effect on the host. They exert their action through interplay with the immune system of the host. Some of this effect is local and some is systemic. The full story is yet to be discovered. Probiotics have a definite positive effect on rotavirus diarrhea, post antibiotic diarrhea and pouchitis. Their exact role in inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, other forms of infectious diarrhea, and prevention of cancer is yet to be determined. This review summarizes the data about probiotics in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Chermesh
- Gastroenterology Department, Rambam Medical Center, P.O.B 9602, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Filoche SK, Anderson SA, Sissons CH. Biofilm growth of Lactobacillus species is promoted by Actinomyces species and Streptococcus mutans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 19:322-6. [PMID: 15327645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2004.00164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability of oral bacteria to integrate within a biofilm is pivotal to their survival. A dependence on the amount of biofilm growth by noncoaggregating Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus plantarum on coculture with Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces gerencseriae, Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella parvula was investigated using an artificial-mouth culture system. Biofilm formation by the lactobacilli in mono-culture was poor. In coculture with Actinomyces species the amount of L. rhamnosus increased 7-20 times and L. plantarum 4-7 times compared to its mono-culture biofilm. S. mutans also promoted substantial biofilm growth of lactobacilli but V. parvula had no effect. We conclude that these Actinomyces species promoted growth of key Lactobacillus species in a biofilm, as did S. mutans to a smaller extent, and that the ability of individual bacteria to form mono-culture biofilms is not necessarily an indicator of their survival and pathogenic potential in a complex multispecies biofilm community.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Filoche
- Dental Research Group, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Wellington School of Medicine, Wellington, New Zealand
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Abstract
This review focuses on the use and potential of Lactobacillus to prevent infections of the urogenital and intestinal tracts. The presence and dominance of Lactobacillus in the vagina is associated with a reduced risk of bacterial vaginosis and urinary tract infections. The mechanisms appear to involve anti-adhesion factors, by-products such as hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocins lethal to pathogens, and perhaps immune modulation or signaling effects. The instillation of Lactobacillus GR-1 and B-54 or RC-14 strains into the vagina has been shown to reduce the risk of urinary tract infections, and improve the maintenance of a normal flora. Ingestion of these strains into the gut has also been shown to modify the vaginal flora to a more healthy state. In addition, these strains inhibit the growth of intestinal, as well as urogenital pathogens, colonize the gut and protect against infections as shown in mice. Other probiotic strains, such as Lactobacillus GG, have been shown to prevent and treat gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus and bacteria. Given that lactobacilli are not the dominant commensals in a gut which comprises around 10(10) organisms, much work is still needed to define the mechanisms whereby GR-1, RC-14, GG and other strains contribute to health restoration and maintenance. Such critically important studies will require the medical science community to show a willingness to turn away from pharmaceutical remedies as the only solution to health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Reid
- Canadian Research and Development Centre for Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the University of Western Ontario, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, Ontario, N6A 4V2, Canada.
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Aroutcheva A, Gariti D, Simon M, Shott S, Faro J, Simoes JA, Gurguis A, Faro S. Defense factors of vaginal lactobacilli. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185:375-9. [PMID: 11518895 DOI: 10.1067/mob.2001.115867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the antagonistic relationship between vaginal lactobacilli and endogenous vaginal microflora. STUDY DESIGN Twenty-two Lactobacillus strains were studied for the production of lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and bacteriocin. RESULTS Under standardized growth conditions, most strains increased their biomass by more than 4 times. Lactobacillus species grew best at a pH > or = 4.5, and growth was retarded at a pH < 4.5. Lactic acid levels were 0.68 to 2.518 mg/mL and were not related to the number of cells or the pH of media. The pH of the media was caused by the secretion of lactic and other organic acids. Approximately 80% of the strains produced H(2)O(2) and were graded as 2+ in one third of the strains and 1+ in others. No statistical correlation was found between H(2)O(2) lactic acid and bacteriocin production. Bacteriocin activity was tested on 4 strains of Gardnerella vaginalis. Approximately 80% of the lactobacilli tested produced bacteriocin that inhibited growth of G vaginalis. Six of the strains did not produce bacteriocin. Thirteen strains produced all 3 defense factors, whereas the others lacked 1 or 2 properties. CONCLUSIONS Lactobacillus species grow best at a pH > 4.5. The pH of the media is dependent on the cell mass and on all organic acids produced by Lactobacillus species. Although all species produce organic acids, not all produce H(2)O(2) and bacteriocin. Not all strains of G vaginalis can be inhibited by lactobacilli-producing bacteriocin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aroutcheva
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rush-Presbyterian, St Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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