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Chauhan S, Najaf SS, Gergely L, Kinga KA, Karsai I, Prémusz V. Impact of 10 Weeks of Yoga Intervention on Mental Health and Overall Well-Being Among Medical Students: GSY Study. Sports (Basel) 2025; 13:114. [PMID: 40278740 PMCID: PMC12031128 DOI: 10.3390/sports13040114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2025] [Revised: 04/06/2025] [Accepted: 04/08/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND the purpose of this study was to explore the effect of 10 weeks of yoga intervention on the mental health outcomes (stress, anxiety, and depression), quality of life, emotional regulation, and quality of sleep of medical students. METHOD In the current experimental study, 220 medical students, with a mean age of 21.36 ± 2.20 years, participated in a 10-week yoga intervention at the University of Pécs. Data were collected before and after the intervention using the validated questionnaires DASS-21, WHOQOL-BREF, PSQI, and DERS. The distribution of data was checked using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. A paired sample T-test was used to compare the mean of the continuous variable. Stepwise linear regression was used to assess the association between mental health outcomes and quality-of-life variables. RESULTS The present study shows a significant reduction in (p < 0.001), depression (p < 0.001), and anxiety (p < 0.001) for participants, and overall quality of life (p < 0.001), quality of sleep (p < 0.001), and emotional regulation (p < 0.001) significantly improved after the intervention. The stepwise linear regression shows a strong association between higher levels of anxiety (β = 0.608, R2 = 0.366) and depression (β = 0.608, R2 = 0.392), with higher stress levels and improvement in environmental conditions being associated with a decrease in stress levels (β = -0.392, R2 = 0.087). CONCLUSIONS the current study shows that yoga significantly improved the mental health and well-being of medical students, improving quality of life, quality of sleep, and emotional regulation. REGISTERED CLINICAL TRIAL NCT06661603.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Chauhan
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, H-7621 Pécs, Hungary
- Physical Education and Exercise Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- GSY—Goodbye Stress with Yoga Project, University of Pécs, H-7621 Pécs, Hungary
- Evidence-Based Medicine, Epistudia, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sachal Sadiq Najaf
- GSY—Goodbye Stress with Yoga Project, University of Pécs, H-7621 Pécs, Hungary
- Evidence-Based Medicine, Epistudia, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Lukács Gergely
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, H-7621 Pécs, Hungary
- Physical Education and Exercise Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Király Anita Kinga
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, H-7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - István Karsai
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, H-7621 Pécs, Hungary
- Physical Education and Exercise Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- GSY—Goodbye Stress with Yoga Project, University of Pécs, H-7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viktoria Prémusz
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, H-7621 Pécs, Hungary
- GSY—Goodbye Stress with Yoga Project, University of Pécs, H-7621 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, H-7621 Pécs, Hungary
- Physical Activity Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Kumari A, Pal A, Dada R. Effects of Yogic Practices Synchronized With Bandha and Kumbhaka on Biological and Psychological Factors of Aging in COVID-19-Recovered Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Cureus 2024; 16:e71884. [PMID: 39559592 PMCID: PMC11573461 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.71884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2024] [Indexed: 11/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Accelerated biological aging and age-associated diseases are strong risk factors for mortality and morbidity. Oxidative stress (OS) and anemia are possible pathophysiological causes of the various organ dysfunctions observed during COVID-19, decreasing health and life span. Ancient Yogic science seems to optimize all dimensions of human existence. As mentioned in ancient Yogic scriptures and documented in various studies, Yoga has been found to control accelerated biological aging and associated diseases. The study's objective was to authenticate and look into the effect of Yogic practices specifically synchronized with Kumbhaka and Bandha on markers of accelerated aging. Methods This randomized controlled trial was carried out in Mahendergarh city of Haryana on COVID-19-recovered adults aged between 30 and 60 years; 126 adults were randomized into two groups from Mahendergarh city: a control group (CG), 61 adults, and the experimental group (EG), 65 adults. During the final analysis, 56 adults in the experimental group received Yogic intervention for 120 days, and 61 adults remained the same in the control group during the intervention period. Consenting participants were randomized using computer-generated block randomization. The Yogic intervention was done 60 minutes/day five days a week for six months. Both groups' laboratory tests were carried out, which included malondialdehyde (MDA) level, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione (GSH) levels, hemoglobin (Hgb) level, body mass index (BMI), mental stress (perceived stress), and quality of life (QOL), which were estimated before and after the Yogic intervention. Results Yoga practice for 120 days (three mandals) in the experimental group has significantly reduced MDA level (p = 0.03) and perceived stress level (Perceived Stress Scale {PSS}) (p = 0.047), and BMI decreased in the Yoga group from 24.2 ± 4.8 to 23.6 ± 4.8, but no significant difference was observed in the values of BMI (p = 0.54). Improved antioxidant levels such as GSH level (p = 0.02), serum ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)/TAC activity (p = 0.04), and Hgb level (p = 0.02) were reported; with this, improved quality of life, World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) Physical (p = 0.03), WHOQOL Psychological (p = 0.02), WHOQOL Social (p = 0.04), and WHOQOL Environment (p = 0.006), has been observed in the experimental group, whereas in the control group, we observed no significant difference in MDA level (p = 0.38), GSH level (p = 0.97), TAC level (p = 0.96), Hgb level (p = 1), BMI (p = 0.85), PSS (p = 0.83), and quality of life, WHOQOL Physical (p = 0.37), WHOQOL Psychological (p = 0.88), WHOQOL Social (p = 0.96), and WHOQOL Environment (p = 0.32). Conclusion These findings suggest that Yoga synchronized with Kumbhaka and Bandha may be a useful strategy for lowering oxidative stress and mental stress and improving antioxidant defense, hemoglobin level, and overall quality of life in COVID-19-recovered people, which might help reverse the biological decline of the human body and mind. The results of this study show that Yoga may break the link between old age and ill health. Hence, Yoga (with Bandha and Kumbhaka) may be the most reproducible way to extend the life span of humans, as mentioned in ancient Yogic scriptures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Kumari
- Yoga Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, IND
| | - Ajay Pal
- Yoga Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, IND
| | - Rima Dada
- Anatomy, Laboratory for Molecular Reproduction and Genetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, IND
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Bentley TGK, D’Andrea-Penna G, Rakic M, Arce N, LaFaille M, Berman R, Cooley K, Sprimont P. Breathing Practices for Stress and Anxiety Reduction: Conceptual Framework of Implementation Guidelines Based on a Systematic Review of the Published Literature. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1612. [PMID: 38137060 PMCID: PMC10741869 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety and stress plague populations worldwide. Voluntary regulated breathing practices offer a tool to address this epidemic. We examined peer-reviewed published literature to understand effective approaches to and implementation of these practices. PubMed and ScienceDirect were searched to identify clinical trials evaluating isolated breathing-based interventions with psychometric stress/anxiety outcomes. Two independent reviewers conducted all screening and data extraction. Of 2904 unique articles, 731 abstracts, and 181 full texts screened, 58 met the inclusion criteria. Fifty-four of the studies' 72 interventions were effective. Components of effective and ineffective interventions were evaluated to develop a conceptual framework of factors associated with stress/anxiety reduction effectiveness. Effective breath practices avoided fast-only breath paces and sessions <5 min, while including human-guided training, multiple sessions, and long-term practice. Population, other breath paces, session duration ≥5 min, and group versus individual or at-home practices were not associated with effectiveness. Analysis of interventions that did not fit this framework revealed that extensive standing, interruptions, involuntary diaphragmatic obstruction, and inadequate training for highly technical practices may render otherwise promising interventions ineffective. Following this evidence-based framework can help maximize the stress/anxiety reduction benefits of breathing practices. Future research is warranted to further refine this easily accessible intervention for stress/anxiety relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya G. K. Bentley
- Health and Human Performance Foundation, Los Angeles, CA 90272, USA (R.B.); (K.C.)
| | - Gina D’Andrea-Penna
- Health and Human Performance Foundation, Los Angeles, CA 90272, USA (R.B.); (K.C.)
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Marina Rakic
- Health and Human Performance Foundation, Los Angeles, CA 90272, USA (R.B.); (K.C.)
| | - Nick Arce
- Health and Human Performance Foundation, Los Angeles, CA 90272, USA (R.B.); (K.C.)
| | - Michelle LaFaille
- Health and Human Performance Foundation, Los Angeles, CA 90272, USA (R.B.); (K.C.)
| | - Rachel Berman
- Health and Human Performance Foundation, Los Angeles, CA 90272, USA (R.B.); (K.C.)
| | - Katie Cooley
- Health and Human Performance Foundation, Los Angeles, CA 90272, USA (R.B.); (K.C.)
| | - Preston Sprimont
- Health and Human Performance Foundation, Los Angeles, CA 90272, USA (R.B.); (K.C.)
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
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Vollbehr NK, Schmidt AT, Bartels-Velthuis AA, Ostafin BD, Hoenders HJR. The ethics of yoga in (mental) healthcare: Beyond the traditional Eightfold path. Complement Ther Med 2023; 77:102979. [PMID: 37640167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2023.102979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nina K Vollbehr
- Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Andreas T Schmidt
- University of Groningen, Faculty of Philosophy, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Agna A Bartels-Velthuis
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Brian D Ostafin
- University of Groningen, Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - H J Rogier Hoenders
- Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, Faculty of Religon, Culture and Society, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Paley CA, Johnson MI. Perspective on salutogenic approaches to persistent pain with a focus on mindfulness interventions. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1188758. [PMID: 37706030 PMCID: PMC10495576 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1188758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we provide a unique perspective on the use of mindfulness interventions in a whole health framework embedded within the theory of salutogenesis and the concept of painogenic environments. We argue that mindfulness is a valuable tool to bridge exploration of inner experiences of bodily pain with socio-ecological influences on thoughts and emotions. We outline research from neuroimaging studies that mindfulness techniques mediate neural processing and neuroplastic changes that alleviate pain and related symptoms. We also review evidence examining behavioural changes associated with mindfulness meditation providing evidence that it promotes self-regulatory activity, including the regulation and control of emotion and catalysation of health behaviour changes; both of which are important in chronic illness. Our viewpoint is that mindfulness could be a core element of salutogenic approaches to promote health and well-being for people living with pain because it rebuilds a fractured sense of cohesion. Mindfulness empowers people in pain to embrace their existence; shifting the focus away from pain and giving their lives meaning. We propose that integrating mindfulness into activities of daily living and individual or community-based activities will promote living well in the modern world, with or without pain; thus, promoting individual potential for fulfilment. Future research should consider the effects of mindfulness on people with pain in real-life settings, considering social, environmental, and economic factors using a broader set of outcomes, including self-efficacy, sense of coherence and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole A. Paley
- Centre for Pain Research, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Academic Unit of Palliative Care, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mark I. Johnson
- Centre for Pain Research, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Zok A, Matecka M, Zapala J, Izycki D, Baum E. The Effect of Vinyasa Yoga Practice on the Well-Being of Breast-Cancer Patients during COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3770. [PMID: 36834464 PMCID: PMC9967391 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vinyasa yoga practice improves body fitness and potentially positively affects practitioners' well-being and health. Due to the diverse intensity of practice and positions customized to the practitioner's needs, it can also support cancer patients. Undertaking physical activity that has a potentially positive effect on well-being and health was particularly important during the self-isolation that followed the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of three-month mild and moderate intensity vinyasa yoga practice on breast-cancer patients' stress perception, self-confidence, and sleep quality during COVID-19 induced self-isolation. METHODS Female breast-cancer patients participated in twelve-weeks of online vinyasa practice during the COVID-19 induced self-isolation period. Meetings were held once a week, where 60-min vinyasa yoga sequences were followed by 15 min of relaxation. Patients completed pre- and post-intervention surveys to evaluate changes in the following outcomes: stress perception, self-confidence, and sleep quality. Forty-one female patients enrolled in the Vinyasa course completed the pre-intervention survey, while 13 attended all the meetings and completed the post-intervention survey. RESULTS The effect of the twelve-week yoga and relaxation practice significantly reduced sleep problems and stress of oncological patients. The participants also declared an improvement in their general well-being and self-acceptance. CONCLUSION Dynamic forms of yoga combined with mindfulness techniques can be applied to patients treated for oncological diseases. It contributes to improving their well-being. However, in-depth studies are needed to analyze the complexity of this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zok
- Department of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
- Division of Philosophy of Medicine and Bioethics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Matecka
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Zapala
- Department of Postgraduate Studies, SWPS University, 03-815 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Dariusz Izycki
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Baum
- Department of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
- Division of Philosophy of Medicine and Bioethics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
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Pathania M. Effect of 4-day Online Breath Meditation Workshop on Ballistocardiography-based Sleep and Cardiac Health Assessments among Medical Professionals of a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India during COVID-19. JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICIANS OF INDIA 2022; 70:11-12. [DOI: 10.5005/japi-11001-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bentley TGK, Seeber C, Hightower E, Mackenzie B, Wilson R, Velazquez A, Cheng A, Arce NN, Lorenz KA. Slow-Breathing Curriculum for Stress Reduction in High School Students: Lessons Learned From a Feasibility Pilot. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2022; 3:864079. [PMID: 36189008 PMCID: PMC9397716 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.864079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Nearly one in three US adolescents meet the criteria for anxiety, an issue that has worsened with the COVID-19 pandemic. We developed a video-based slow diaphragmatic breathing stress-reduction curriculum for high school students and evaluated its feasibility, tolerability, and preliminary effectiveness. Methods This cluster-randomized feasibility pilot compared 5-min slow diaphragmatic breathing for 5 weeks with treatment-as-usual control among four 12th-grade public high school classes. Students individually participated after school during COVID-19-related hybrid teaching, with slow diaphragmatic breathing three times/week and breath science education once/week. Feasibility was based on completion of breathing exercises, breath science education, and preliminary effectiveness assessments, and ease/tolerability was based on qualitative assessments. Preliminary effectiveness was measured with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and a timed-exhale carbon dioxide tolerance test (CO2TT) of physiological stress response. Descriptive statistics and repeated analysis of variance were performed to quantify and compare outcomes between time periods. Human subjects research approval was granted through Western IRB–Copernicus Group (WCG IRB) [ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT05266833.] Results Forty-three students consented to participate. Breath practice compliance ranged from 29 to 83% across classes and weeks, and decreased on average over the 5 weeks. Compliance with the breath science videos ranged from 43 to 86%, and that with the weekly STAI-State and CO2TT measures varied from 36 to 86%. Compliance with ease/tolerability assessments ranged from 0 to 60%. Preliminary effectiveness assessments' compliance varied across classes from 83 to 89% during baseline, and 29 to 72% at follow-up. The curriculum was rated as somewhat-to-definitely useful/beneficial, and definitely-to-very easy/tolerable. Students reported enjoying the diaphragmatic breathing, CO2TT, and breath science education; some found the extended exhales challenging and the curriculum and assessments time-consuming. Preliminary effectiveness analyses indicated no significant changes in STAI or CO2TT from baseline to followup or from before to after breathing exercises (p > 0.05 for all). Conclusions Implementation of this 5-week slow breathing curriculum was feasible and tolerable to this cohort. Compliance, tolerability, and effectiveness may be improved with in-class participation. Future research on simple and accessible slow-breathing exercises is warranted to address today's adolescent stress-management crisis. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT05266833
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya G. K. Bentley
- The Health and Human Performance Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Tanya G. K. Bentley
| | | | - Emily Hightower
- The Health and Human Performance Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Brian Mackenzie
- The Health and Human Performance Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rob Wilson
- The Health and Human Performance Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Aly Velazquez
- The Health and Human Performance Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Anna Cheng
- The Health and Human Performance Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas N. Arce
- The Health and Human Performance Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kent A. Lorenz
- Department of Kinesiology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Lee JN, Whang MC, Kang BG. Process Design for Optimized Respiration Identification Based on Heart Rate Variability for Efficient Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Biofeedback. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:2087. [PMID: 35206277 PMCID: PMC8871855 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is a phenomenon in which the heart rate (HR) changes with respiration, increasing during inspiration and decreasing during expiration. RSA biofeedback training has an effect in relieving negative mental conditions, such as anxiety and stress. Respiration is an important indicator affecting the parasympathetic activation within the body during RSA biofeedback training. Although there are existing studies that consider individual differences when selecting optimized respiration using heart rate variability, the studies that use the high frequency components of HRV, which is an indicator of parasympathetic activation, are insufficient. For this reason, this paper proposes a process to identify optimized respiration for efficient RSA feedback, consisting of three steps: (1) application, (2) optimization, and (3) validation. In the application phase, we measured PPG data against various respiratory cycles based on the HF components of HRV and calculated the proposed heart stabilization indicator (HSI) from the data. Then, we determined the optimized respiration cycle based on the HSI in the optimization step. Finally, we analyzed seven stress-related indices against the optimized respiration cycle. The experimental results show that HSI is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system activation, and the proposed method could help to determine the optimal respiratory cycle for each individual. Lastly, we expect that the proposed design could be used as an alternative to improving the efficiency of RSA biofeedback training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Nyun Lee
- Research Institute of Industrial Technology Convergence, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan 15588, Korea;
| | - Min-Cheol Whang
- Department of Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, University of Sangmyung, Seoul 03016, Korea;
| | - Bong-Gu Kang
- Research Institute of Industrial Technology Convergence, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan 15588, Korea;
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Gibson J. Mindfulness, Interoception, and the Body: A Contemporary Perspective. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2012. [PMID: 31572256 PMCID: PMC6753170 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness is often used as an umbrella term to characterize a large number of practices, processes, and characteristics. Critics argue that this broad definition has led to misinformation, misunderstanding, and a general lack of methodologically rigorous research. Some of the confusion surrounding mindfulness is also believed to stem from an undifferentiated use of the term mindfulness and meditation. Mindfulness and all other forms of meditation have been shown to modulate the insula, which is the primary hub for interoception. Some have argued that interoception is foundational to mindfulness and may be the primary mechanism by which one benefits from the practice. However, much like the mindfulness literature, interoception remains broadly defined often without precision and with domain-specific meanings and implications. Research demonstrates that the insula and surrounding neural circuits are believed to be responsible for a number of other functions beyond interoception including attention, awareness, and all subjective experiences, much of which has been linked to the mindfulness literature. It has been assumed that mindfulness produces these neuroplasticity and functional effects. There is evidence that mindfulness and some of its benefits may be better described as increased interoception as a result of the neuroplasticity changes in the insula, and the development of the insula and surrounding neural circuits may cultivate dispositional mindfulness. The purposes of this article are to (1) highlight that it may be more accurate to link many of the identified benefits in the mindfulness literature to interoception and its neurological correlates and (2) propose attentional style as a means to clarify some of the confusion surrounding mindfulness, interoception, and meditation. Different meditations require different attentional styles. Attention can be analogous to a focal point with each focal point providing a unique perspective. Given that all meditative techniques modulate the insula, each meditation can provide a unique perspective from which to investigate complex interoceptive signals that may be unavailable from other meditative traditions. It may prove more useful to anchor scientific findings in the concrete body as a means to investigate those rather than a set of abstract, broadly defined meditative techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gibson
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, United States
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Abstract
Context: Reliable quantitative measure of meditation is still elusive. Although electroencephalogram (EEG) and heart rate variability (HRV) are known as quantitative measures of meditation, effects of meditation on EEG and HRV may well take long time as these measures are involuntarily controlled. Effect of mediation on respiration is well known; however, quantitative measures of respiration during meditation have not been studied. Aims: Breath rate variability (BRV) as an alternate measure of meditation even over a short duration is proposed. The main objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that BRV is a simple measure that differentiates between meditators and nonmeditators. Settings and Design: This was a nonrandomized, controlled trial. Volunteers meditate in their natural habitat during signal acquisition. Subjects and Methods: We used Photo-Plythysmo-Gram (PPG) signal acquisition system from BIO-PAC and recorded video of chest and abdomen movement due to respiration during a short meditation (15 min) session for 12 individuals (all males) meditating in a relaxed sitting posture. Seven of the 12 individuals had substantial experience in meditation, while others are controls without any experience in meditation. Respiratory signal from PPG signal was derived and matched with that of the video respiratory signal. This derived respiratory signal is used for calculating BRV parameters in time, frequency, nonlinear, and time-frequency domain. Statistical Analysis Used: First, breath-to-breath interval (BBI) was calculated from the respiration signal, then time domain parameters such as standard deviation of BBI (SDBB), root mean square value of SDBB (RMSSD), and standard deviation of SDBB (SDSD) were calculated. We performed spectral analysis to calculate frequency domain parameters (power spectral density [PSD], power of each band, peak frequency of each band, and normalized frequency) using Burg, Welch, and Lomb–Scargle (LS) method. We calculated nonlinear parameters (sample entropy, approximate entropy, Poincare plot, and Renyi entropy). We calculated time frequency parameters (global PSD, low frequency-high frequency [LF-HF] ratio, and LF-HF power) by Burg LS and wavelet method. Results: The results show that the mediated individuals have high value of SDSD (+24%), SDBB (+29%), and RMSSD (+26%). Frequency domain analysis shows substantial increment in LFHF power (+73%) and LFHF ratio (+33%). Nonlinear parameters such as SD1 and SD2 were also more (>20%) for meditated persons. Conclusions: As compared to HRV, BRV can provide short-term effect on anatomic nervous system meditation, while HRV shows long-term effects. Improved autonomic function is one of the long-term effects of meditation in which an increase in parasympathetic activity and decrease in sympathetic dominance are observed. In future works, BRV could also be used for measuring stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Soni
- Department of Applied Mechanics, IIT Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Wooten SV, Cherup N, Mazzei N, Patel S, Mooney K, Rafiq A, Signorile JF. Yoga Breathing Techniques Have No Impact on Isokinetic and Isoinertial Power. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 34:430-439. [PMID: 30142133 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Wooten, SV, Cherup, N, Mazzei, N, Patel, S, Mooney, K, Rafiq, A, and Signorile, JF. Yoga breathing techniques have no impact on isokinetic and isoinertial power. J Strength Cond Res 34(2): 430-439, 2020-As an exercise discipline, yoga incorporates breathing (pranayama) and posture (asana) techniques to facilitate improvements in flexibility, strength, and meditation. Both techniques have been used to enhance muscular strength and power output. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of various yoga breathing techniques on lower-limb power output. Thirty-two individuals (15 men and 17 women) participated in the study. All subjects performed a baseline 1 repetition maximum (1RM) on a pneumatic leg press machine and isokinetic testing on a Biodex 4 dynamometer. Participants then performed 3RM power tests at 50% of 1RM on the pneumatic leg press machine using 3 different yoga breathing techniques (Ujjayi, Bhastrika, and Kapalabhati) and normal breathing (control) across all repetitions. After power testing, participants completed an isokinetic test on the Biodex 4 dynamometer using their dominant leg. Subjects had their knee placed at a predetermined starting position (90°) and executed knee extension at 3 randomized testing speeds (60, 180, and 300°·s). The implementation of specific breathing protocols before and during the leg press produced no significant differences in power output. For isokinetic power measured at 60, 180, and 300°·s, there was a significant difference among testing speeds (η = 0.639; p < 0.0001) and a significant sex × speed interaction (η = 0.064; p < 0.0001), where men consistently demonstrated greater isoinertial power, isokinetic power, isokinetic torque, and isokinetic work than women. No other significant differences or interactions were detected. The differences between our study and others, which have concluded that adopting specific breathing techniques can enhance core stability and force production during lifting, may be attributable to the acute nature of the design, the novice participants who had insufficient time to practice the breathing techniques or testing protocols, and the use of tests that isolated specific muscle groups. Nonetheless, the current findings do not support the use of yoga breathing techniques as a method to enhance power output, whether used before or during power performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah V Wooten
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Research and Active Aging, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Nicholas Cherup
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Research and Active Aging, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Nicolle Mazzei
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Research and Active Aging, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Shareen Patel
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Research and Active Aging, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | | | - Ali Rafiq
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Research and Active Aging, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Joseph F Signorile
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Research and Active Aging, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida.,Center on Aging, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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The effect of movement-focused and breath-focused yoga practice on stress parameters and sustained attention: A randomized controlled pilot study. Conscious Cogn 2018; 65:109-125. [PMID: 30099318 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Yoga-based practices (YBP) typically involve a combination of movement sequences, conscious regulation of the breath, and techniques to engage attention. However, little is known about whether effects of YBP result from the synergistic combination of these components, or whether a subset may yield similar effects. In this study we compared the effect of a movement-focused practice and a breath-focused practice on stress parameters (perceived stress and salivary cortisol) and sustained attention (response inhibition) in yoga naïve university students. While participants of both programs showed a reduction in perceived stress and salivary cortisol, only the breath-focused group showed improvements in sustained attention. In addition, improvement in sustained attention was correlated with reduction in perceived stress but not with reduction in salivary cortisol. We discuss these findings in the context of a theoretical framework outlining bottom-up neurophysiological and top-down neurocognitive mechanisms hypothesized to be engaged by YBP.
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Praveena SM, Asha G, Sunita M, Anju J, Ratna B. Yoga Offers Cardiovascular Protection in Early Postmenopausal Women. Int J Yoga 2018; 11:37-43. [PMID: 29343929 PMCID: PMC5769197 DOI: 10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_69_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Postmenopause, an estrogen deficient state comes with increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Yoga has been described as having a beneficial effect on heart rate variability (HRV), a marker for cardiac autonomic activity which can assess cardiovascular risk, in various populations. AIM the aim of the study was to study the effect of 3-month long Yoga practice on HRV in early postmenopausal women. SETTINGS AND DESIGN A prospective longitudinal study of 67 women within 5 years of menopause between 45 and 60 years of age attending menopause clinic of Department of Gynaecology, Sucheta Kriplani Hospital fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria and consenting were enrolled for the study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS HRV of 37 cases (Yoga group) and 30 controls (non-Yoga group) was recorded pre and 3-month postintervention. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED GraphPad Prism Version 5 software was used. Values are a mean and standard error of mean. Statistical significance was set up at P < 0.05. RESULTS In HRV, frequency domain analysis showed a significant fall in low frequency (LF) in normalized units (nu) and LF: high frequency (HF) ratio and significant rise in HF in nu in the Yoga group (depicting parasympathetic dominance) against a significant rise in LF (nu) and LF: HF ratio and significant fall in HF (nu) in non-Yoga group (indicating sympathetic dominance). Time domain analysis showed a significant decrease in Standard Deviation of NN intervals in Non-Yoga group against nonsignificant changes in Yoga group indicating deterioration in parasympathetic activity in non-Yoga group. CONCLUSIONS Three-month long Yoga practice improved HRV in early postmenopausal women significantly and has the potential to attenuate the CVD risk in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinha M Praveena
- Department of Physiology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Gandhi Asha
- Department of Physiology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Mondal Sunita
- Department of Physiology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Jain Anju
- Department of Biochemistry, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Biswas Ratna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
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Bhaskar L, Kharya C, Deepak KK, Kochupillai V. Assessment of Cardiac Autonomic Tone Following Long Sudarshan Kriya Yoga in Art of Living Practitioners. J Altern Complement Med 2017; 23:705-712. [PMID: 28691853 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2016.0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The breathing processes are known to modulate cardiac autonomic tone and improve psychological status. We investigated cardiac autonomic tone following long Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) using heart rate variability (HRV) and skin conductance level (SCL). METHODS Thirty healthy volunteers (age 28.3 ± 8.4 years; 23 M: 7 F) participated in the study. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and SCL were recorded for 5 min each, before and after long SKY. Long SKY is a combination of pranayama and cyclic rhythmic breathing and is performed by following the guided audio instructions. HRV analysis was used for the assessment of cardiac autonomic tone. Time and frequency domain parameters of HRV were calculated by using RR interval of ECG. SCL was acquired using Galvanic skin response (GSR) amplifier of PowerLab in microSeimens (μS). RESULTS Time domain parameters of HRV, including mean RR interval (p = 0.000), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) (p = 0.037), standard deviation of all NN intervals (SDNN) (p = 0.013), NN50 count divided by the total number of all NN intervals (pNN50) (p = 0.004), and square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent NN intervals (RMSSD) (p = 0.002) increased, and mean heart rate decreased (p = 0.000) following long SKY. In frequency domain analysis, power of low-frequency (LF) component (p = 0.010) and LF/HF ratio (p = 0.008) decreased significantly, whereas power of high frequency (HF) significantly increased (p = 0.010). SCL decreased following long SKY, although it did not attain statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that long SKY induces significant oscillations in cardiac autonomic tone. Parasympathetic activity increases and sympathetic activity decreases and sympathovagal balance improves following long SKY. Decrease in sympathetic activity is also demonstrated by decrease in conductance although it did not reach statistical significance. From this study it can be concluded that long SKY has a beneficial effect on cardiac autonomic tone, and psychophysiological relaxation. It may serve as a tool to improve HRV, which is the marker of cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Bhaskar
- 1 Sri Sri Institute of Advanced Research , Ved Vignan Maha Vidya Peeth, Bengaluru, India
| | - Chhaya Kharya
- 1 Sri Sri Institute of Advanced Research , Ved Vignan Maha Vidya Peeth, Bengaluru, India
| | - K K Deepak
- 2 Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi, India
| | - Vinod Kochupillai
- 1 Sri Sri Institute of Advanced Research , Ved Vignan Maha Vidya Peeth, Bengaluru, India
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16
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Chu IH, Wu WL, Lin IM, Chang YK, Lin YJ, Yang PC. Effects of Yoga on Heart Rate Variability and Depressive Symptoms in Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Altern Complement Med 2017; 23:310-316. [PMID: 28051319 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2016.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of a 12-week yoga program on heart rate variability (HRV) and depressive symptoms in depressed women. METHODS This was a randomized controlled trial. Twenty-six sedentary women scoring ≥14 on the Beck Depression Inventory-II were randomized to either the yoga or the control group. The yoga group completed a 12-week yoga program, which took place twice a week for 60 min per session and consisted of breathing exercises, yoga pose practice, and supine meditation/relaxation. The control group was instructed not to engage in any yoga practice and to maintain their usual level of physical activity during the course of the study. Participants' HRV, depressive symptoms, and perceived stress were assessed at baseline and post-test. RESULTS The yoga group had a significant increase in high-frequency HRV and decreases in low-frequency HRV and low frequency/high frequency ratio after the intervention. The yoga group also reported significantly reduced depressive symptoms and perceived stress. No change was found in the control group. CONCLUSIONS A 12-week yoga program was effective in increasing parasympathetic tone and reducing depressive symptoms and perceived stress in women with elevated depressive symptoms. Regular yoga practice may be recommended for women to cope with their depressive symptoms and stress and to improve their HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hua Chu
- 1 Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan .,2 Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lan Wu
- 1 Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I-Mei Lin
- 3 Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- 4 Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University , Taoyuan County, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Jen Lin
- 1 Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Chen Yang
- 5 Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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17
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Telles S, Bhardwaj AK, Gupta RK, Sharma SK, Monro R, Balkrishna A. A Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess Pain and Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based (MRI-Based) Structural Spine Changes in Low Back Pain Patients After Yoga Practice. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:3228-47. [PMID: 27619104 PMCID: PMC5031167 DOI: 10.12659/msm.896599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study aimed at determining whether 12 weeks of yoga practice in patients with chronic LBP and MRI-based degenerative changes would result in differences in: (i) self-reported pain, anxiety, and spinal flexibility; and (ii) the structure of the discs or vertebrae. Material/Methods Sixty-two persons with MRI-proven degenerative intervertebral discs (group mean ±S.D., 36.2±6.4 years; 30 females) were randomly assigned to yoga and control groups. However, testing was conducted on only 40 subjects, so only their data are included in this study. The assessments were: self-reported pain, state anxiety, spinal flexibility, and MRI of the lumbosacral spine, performed using a 1.5 Tesla system with a spinal surface column. The yoga group was taught light exercises, physical postures, breathing techniques, and yoga relaxation techniques for 1 hour daily for 3 months. No intervention was given to the control group except for routine medical care. A repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc analyses (which was Bonferroni-adjusted) was used. The Ethics Committee of Patanjali Research Foundation had approved the study which had been registered in the Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI/2012/11/003094). Results The yoga group showed a significant reduction in self-reported pain and state anxiety in a before/after comparison at 12 weeks. A few patients in both groups showed changes in the discs and vertebrae at post-intervention assessment. Conclusions Within 12 weeks, yoga practice reduced pain and state anxiety but did not alter MRI-proven changes in the intervertebral discs and in the vertebrae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Telles
- Department of Yoga Research, Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar, India
| | | | - Ram K Gupta
- Department of Yoga Research, Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar, India
| | - Sachin K Sharma
- Department of Yoga Research, Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar, India
| | - Robin Monro
- Department of Yoga Therapy, Yoga Biomedical Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Acharya Balkrishna
- Department of Yoga Research, Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar, India
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18
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Hui C, Snider L, Couture M. Self-regulation workshop and Occupational Performance Coaching with teachers: A pilot study. The Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 2016; 83:115-25. [PMID: 27026722 DOI: 10.1177/0008417415627665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Teachers' occupational role and performance can be undermined when working with students with disruptive classroom behaviours. PURPOSE This pilot study aimed to explore the impact of school-based occupational therapy intervention on teachers' classroom management self-efficacy and perceived performance/satisfaction in their management of students with disruptive behaviours. METHOD This pilot study used a multiple-case replication study design. A cohort of regular classroom elementary school teachers (n = 11) participated in a 1-day workshop on sensorimotor strategies for supporting student self-regulation followed by eight individual sessions of Occupational Performance Coaching (OPC). Measurement tools were the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS), and Teachers' Self-Efficacy Scale-Classroom Management. FINDINGS Improvement in teachers' perception of performance, satisfaction, and classroom management was seen. GAS showed clinically significant improvement. Improvements were sustained at 7 weeks follow-up. IMPLICATIONS Preliminary results support the use of sensorimotor education combined with OPC to enable teachers' occupational performance.
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Ceunen E, Vlaeyen JWS, Van Diest I. On the Origin of Interoception. Front Psychol 2016; 7:743. [PMID: 27242642 PMCID: PMC4876111 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the course of a century, the meaning of interoception has changed from the restrictive to the inclusive. In its inclusive sense, it bears relevance to every individual via its link to emotion, decision making, time-perception, health, pain, and various other areas of life. While the label for the perception of the body state changes over time, the need for an overarching concept remains. Many aspects can make any particular interoceptive sensation unique and distinct from any other interoceptive sensation. This can range from the sense of agency, to the physical cause of a sensation, the ontogenetic origin, the efferent innervation, and afferent pathways of the tissue involved amongst others. In its overarching meaning, interoception primarily is a product of the central nervous system, a construct based on an integration of various sources, not per se including afferent information. This paper proposes a definition of interoception as based on subjective experience, and pleas for the use of specific vocabulary in addressing the many aspects that contribute to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ceunen
- Research Group on Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, LeuvenBelgium
- Research Group on Self Regulation and Health, Institute for Health and Behaviour, Integrative Research Unit on Social and Individual Development, FLSHASE, University of Luxembourg, WalferdangeLuxembourg
| | - Johan W. S. Vlaeyen
- Research Group on Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, LeuvenBelgium
| | - Ilse Van Diest
- Research Group on Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, LeuvenBelgium
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20
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Chu IH, Lin YJ, Wu WL, Chang YK, Lin IM. Effects of Yoga on Heart Rate Variability and Mood in Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Altern Complement Med 2015; 21:789-95. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2015.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I-Hua Chu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Jen Lin
- Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lan Wu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
| | - I-Mei Lin
- Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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21
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Schmalzl L, Powers C, Henje Blom E. Neurophysiological and neurocognitive mechanisms underlying the effects of yoga-based practices: towards a comprehensive theoretical framework. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:235. [PMID: 26005409 PMCID: PMC4424840 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During recent decades numerous yoga-based practices (YBP) have emerged in the West, with their aims ranging from fitness gains to therapeutic benefits and spiritual development. Yoga is also beginning to spark growing interest within the scientific community, and yoga-based interventions have been associated with measureable changes in physiological parameters, perceived emotional states, and cognitive functioning. YBP typically involve a combination of postures or movement sequences, conscious regulation of the breath, and various techniques to improve attentional focus. However, so far little if any research has attempted to deconstruct the role of these different component parts in order to better understand their respective contribution to the effects of YBP. A clear operational definition of yoga-based therapeutic interventions for scientific purposes, as well as a comprehensive theoretical framework from which testable hypotheses can be formulated, is therefore needed. Here we propose such a framework, and outline the bottom-up neurophysiological and top-down neurocognitive mechanisms hypothesized to be at play in YBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schmalzl
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA ; VA San Diego Healthcare System La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chivon Powers
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eva Henje Blom
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden ; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
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Marshall RS, Laures-Gore J, DuBay M, Williams T, Bryant D. Unilateral Forced Nostril Breathing and Aphasia—Exploring Unilateral Forced Nostril Breathing as an Adjunct to Aphasia Treatment: A Case Series. J Altern Complement Med 2015; 21:91-9. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2013.0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacqueline Laures-Gore
- Communication Sciences and Disorders Program and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Michaela DuBay
- Communication Sciences and Disorders Program, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Tiffany Williams
- Communication Sciences and Special Education, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Dana Bryant
- Communication Sciences and Special Education, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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Mohapatra B, Shisler Marshall R, Laures-Gore J. Yogic Breathing and Ayurveda in Aphasia: A Case Study. Top Stroke Rehabil 2014; 21:272-9. [DOI: 10.1310/tsr2103-272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Gard T, Noggle JJ, Park CL, Vago DR, Wilson A. Potential self-regulatory mechanisms of yoga for psychological health. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:770. [PMID: 25368562 PMCID: PMC4179745 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Research suggesting the beneficial effects of yoga on myriad aspects of psychological health has proliferated in recent years, yet there is currently no overarching framework by which to understand yoga’s potential beneficial effects. Here we provide a theoretical framework and systems-based network model of yoga that focuses on integration of top-down and bottom-up forms of self-regulation. We begin by contextualizing yoga in historical and contemporary settings, and then detail how specific components of yoga practice may affect cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and autonomic output under stress through an emphasis on interoception and bottom-up input, resulting in physical and psychological health. The model describes yoga practice as a comprehensive skillset of synergistic process tools that facilitate bidirectional feedback and integration between high- and low-level brain networks, and afferent and re-afferent input from interoceptive processes (somatosensory, viscerosensory, chemosensory). From a predictive coding perspective we propose a shift to perceptual inference for stress modulation and optimal self-regulation. We describe how the processes that sub-serve self-regulation become more automatized and efficient over time and practice, requiring less effort to initiate when necessary and terminate more rapidly when no longer needed. To support our proposed model, we present the available evidence for yoga affecting self-regulatory pathways, integrating existing constructs from behavior theory and cognitive neuroscience with emerging yoga and meditation research. This paper is intended to guide future basic and clinical research, specifically targeting areas of development in the treatment of stress-mediated psychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Gard
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA ; Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig Universität Giessen Giessen, Germany ; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jessica J Noggle
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Crystal L Park
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA
| | - David R Vago
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angela Wilson
- Institute for Extraordinary Living, Kripalu Center for Yoga and Health Stockbridge, MA, USA
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Marshall RS, Basilakos A, Williams T, Love-Myers K. Exploring the benefits of unilateral nostril breathing practice post-stroke: attention, language, spatial abilities, depression, and anxiety. J Altern Complement Med 2013; 20:185-94. [PMID: 24116880 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2013.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Unilateral nostril breathing (UNB) is a yogic pranayama technique that has been shown to improve verbal and spatial cognition in neurologically intact individuals. Early study of UNB in healthy individuals has shown benefits for attention and memory. This preliminary study explored whether UNB influenced various measures of attention, language, spatial abilities, depression, and anxiety in post-stroke individuals, both with and without aphasia. DESIGN A within-subjects repeated-measures design was used to determine whether UNB improved cognitive, linguistic, and affect variables in post-stroke individuals. Within-subjects comparisons determined UNB's effects over time, and between-subjects comparison was used to determine whether changes in these variables differed between post-stroke individuals with and without aphasia. SETTING Athens and Atlanta, Georgia. PARTICIPANTS Eleven post-stroke individuals participated in a 10-week UNB program. Five individuals had stroke-induced left hemisphere damage with no diagnosis of aphasia (left hemisphere damage control group; LHD), and six individuals experienced left hemisphere damage with a diagnosis of aphasia (individuals with aphasia group; IWA). MEASURES Individuals were assessed on measures of attention, language, spatial abilities, depression, and anxiety before, during, and after UNB treatment. RESULTS UNB significantly decreased levels of anxiety for individuals in both groups. Performance on language measures increased for the individuals with aphasia. CONCLUSIONS Significant findings for language and affect measures indicate that further investigation regarding duration of UNB treatment and use of UNB treatment alongside traditional speech-language therapy in post-stroke individuals is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Shisler Marshall
- Communication Sciences & Special Education, Biomedical & Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia , Athens, GA
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Abstract
Breathing techniques are regularly recommended for relaxation, stress management, control of psychophysiological states, and to improve organ function. Yogic breathing, defined as a manipulation of breath movement, has been shown to positively affect immune function, autonomic nervous system imbalances, and psychological or stress-related disorders. The aim of this study was to assess and provide a comprehensive review of the physiological mechanisms, the mind–body connection, and the benefits of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in a wide range of clinical conditions. Various online databases searched were Medline, Psychinfo, EMBASE, and Google Scholar. All the results were carefully screened and articles on SKY were selected. The references from these articles were checked to find any other potentially relevant articles. SKY, a unique yogic breathing practice, involves several types of cyclical breathing patterns, ranging from slow and calming to rapid and stimulating. There is mounting evidence to suggest that SKY can be a beneficial, low-risk, low-cost adjunct to the treatment of stress, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, stress-related medical illnesses, substance abuse, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer A Zope
- Department of Periodontology, Maharashtra Institute of Dental Science and Research, Vishvnathpuram, Latur, India
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27
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Papp ME, Lindfors P, Storck N, Wändell PE. Increased heart rate variability but no effect on blood pressure from 8 weeks of hatha yoga - a pilot study. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:59. [PMID: 23398959 PMCID: PMC3599360 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yoga exercises are known to decrease stress and restore autonomic balance. Yet knowledge about the physiological effects of inversion postures is limited. This study aimed to investigate the effects of inversion postures (head below the heart) on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate variability (HRV). METHODS Twelve healthy women and men took part in an 8-week yoga program (60 min once a week). BP was measured with an automatic Omron mx3 oscillometric monitoring device and HRV with a Holter 24-hour ECG at baseline and 8 weeks after the intervention. RESULTS There was no significant effect of inversion postures on BP. Nine out of 12 participants showed a significant increase in HRV (p < 0.05) at night (2 hours) on pNN50% (12.7 ± 12.5 to 18.2 ± 13.3). There were no significant changes in other HRV measures such as NN50, LF, HF, LF/HF ratio, LF normalized units (n.u.), HF n.u. and RMSSD. CONCLUSION Eight weeks of hatha yoga improved HRV significantly which suggests an increased vagal tone and reduced sympathetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian E Papp
- Centre for Family Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 12, SE-14183, Huddinge, Sweden
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The Cochrane Libraryand procedural pain in children: an overview of reviews. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ebch.1864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Busch V, Magerl W, Kern U, Haas J, Hajak G, Eichhammer P. The Effect of Deep and Slow Breathing on Pain Perception, Autonomic Activity, and Mood Processing—An Experimental Study. PAIN MEDICINE 2012; 13:215-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Yoga breathing is an important part of health and spiritual practices in Indo-Tibetan traditions. Considered fundamental for the development of physical well-being, meditation, awareness, and enlightenment, it is both a form of meditation in itself and a preparation for deep meditation. Yoga breathing (pranayama) can rapidly bring the mind to the present moment and reduce stress. In this paper, we review data indicating how breath work can affect longevity mechanisms in some ways that overlap with meditation and in other ways that are different from, but that synergistically enhance, the effects of meditation. We also provide clinical evidence for the use of yoga breathing in the treatment of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and for victims of mass disasters. By inducing stress resilience, breath work enables us to rapidly and compassionately relieve many forms of suffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Brown
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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31
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Courtney R. The functions of breathing and its dysfunctions and their relationship to breathing therapy. INT J OSTEOPATH MED 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijosm.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sareen S, Kumari V, Gajebasia KS, Gajebasia NK. Yoga: A tool for improving the quality of life in chronic pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:391-7. [PMID: 17230607 PMCID: PMC4065893 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i3.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine the effectiveness of yoga on improving the quality of life in patients of chronic pancreatitis.
METHODS: The patients were randomized to two groups. The control group continued their usual care as directed by their physicians. Patients in the yoga group, in addition, received biweekly yoga sessions for 12 wk. The patients’ demographic and health behaviour variables were assessed before and after the yoga programme using Medical Outcomes Short Form (SF-36) for quality of life, Profile of Mood States for assessing mood and Symptoms of Stress Inventory for measuring stress.
RESULTS: A total of 60 patients were enrolled, with 8 drop-outs.Thirty patients were randomized to the yoga group and 30 to the control group. Significant improvements were seen in overall quality of life, symptoms of stress, mood changes, alcohol dependence and appetite after the 12 wk period apart from the general feeling of well-being and desire to continue with the programme in future in the yoga group, while there was no difference in the control group.
CONCLUSION: Yoga is effective on improving the quality of life in patients of chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder Sareen
- Grantham and District Hospital, United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Grantham NG318DG, 6, Norton Street, Grantham, NG31 6BY, United Kingdom.
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Li QZ, Li P, Garcia GE, Johnson RJ, Feng L. Genomic profiling of neutrophil transcripts in Asian Qigong practitioners: a pilot study in gene regulation by mind-body interaction. J Altern Complement Med 2005; 11:29-39. [PMID: 15750361 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2005.11.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The great similarity of the genomes of humans and other species stimulated us to search for genes regulated by elements associated with human uniqueness, such as the mind-body interaction. DNA microarray technology offers the advantage of analyzing thousands of genes simultaneously, with the potential to determine healthy phenotypic changes in gene expression. The aim of this study was to determine the genomic profile and function of neutrophils in Falun Gong (FLG, an ancient Chinese Qigong) practitioners, with healthy subjects as controls. SUBJECTS AND DESIGN Six (6) Asian FLG practitioners and 6 Asian normal healthy controls were recruited for our study. The practitioners have practiced FLG for at least 1 year (range, 1-5 years). The practice includes daily reading of FLG books and daily practice of exercises lasting 1-2 hours. Selected normal healthy controls did not perform Qigong, yoga, t'ai chi, or any other type of mind-body practice, and had not followed any conventional physical exercise program for at least 1 year. Neutrophils were isolated from fresh blood and assayed for gene expression, using microarrays and RNase protection assay (RPA), as well as for function (phagocytosis) and survival (apoptosis). RESULTS The changes in gene expression of FLG practitioners in contrast to normal healthy controls were characterized by enhanced immunity, downregulation of cellular metabolism, and alteration of apoptotic genes in favor of a rapid resolution of inflammation. The lifespan of normal neutrophils was prolonged, while the inflammatory neutrophils displayed accelerated cell death in FLG practitioners as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Correlating with enhanced immunity reflected by microarray data, neutrophil phagocytosis was significantly increased in Qigong practitioners. Some of the altered genes observed by microarray were confirmed by RPA. CONCLUSION Qigong practice may regulate immunity, metabolic rate, and cell death, possibly at the transcriptional level. Our pilot study provides the first evidence that Qigong practice may exert transcriptional regulation at a genomic level. New approaches are needed to study how genes are regulated by elements associated with human uniqueness, such as consciousness, cognition, and spirituality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Zhen Li
- Microarray Core, Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Brown RP, Gerbarg PL. Sudarshan Kriya yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression: part I-neurophysiologic model. J Altern Complement Med 2005; 11:189-201. [PMID: 15750381 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2005.11.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mind-body interventions are beneficial in stress-related mental and physical disorders. Current research is finding associations between emotional disorders and vagal tone as indicated by heart rate variability. A neurophysiologic model of yogic breathing proposes to integrate research on yoga with polyvagal theory, vagal stimulation, hyperventilation, and clinical observations. Yogic breathing is a unique method for balancing the autonomic nervous system and influencing psychologic and stress-related disorders. Many studies demonstrate effects of yogic breathing on brain function and physiologic parameters, but the mechanisms have not been clarified. Sudarshan Kriya yoga (SKY), a sequence of specific breathing techniques (ujjayi, bhastrika, and Sudarshan Kriya) can alleviate anxiety, depression, everyday stress, post-traumatic stress, and stress-related medical illnesses. Mechanisms contributing to a state of calm alertness include increased parasympathetic drive, calming of stress response systems, neuroendocrine release of hormones, and thalamic generators. This model has heuristic value, research implications, and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Brown
- Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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