Pancreatic cancer is a severe disease with high morbidity and mortality. However, the primary molecular mechanisms of pancreatic tumor formation and progression remain unclear. The present study using sequencing technology revealed that the centromere protein M (CENPM) gene was overexpressed in pancreatic cancer tissues. CENPM is one of the components of a complex that plays a central role in kinetochore protein assembly, mitotic progression and chromosome segregation. However, the biological function of CENPM in pancreatic cancer has yet to be determined. Hence, two effective siRNAs were designed to knock down CENPM. Notably, downregulation of CENPM inhibited pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, altered the cell cycle and limited pancreatic cancer cell migration and invasion via the mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway. This research provides new evidence that CENPM overexpression plays a significant role in the progression of pancreatic cancer. Overall, the present findings indicated that CENPM may be a significant biomarker for predicting the development and progression of pancreatic malignancy.

This review aims to outline the most up-to-date knowledge of pancreatic adenocarcinoma risk, diagnostics, treatment and outcomes, while identifying gaps that aim to stimulate further research in this understudied malignancy. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a lethal condition with a rising incidence, predicted to become the second leading cause of cancer death in some regions. It often presents at an advanced stage, which contributes to poor five-year survival rates of 2%-9%, ranking firmly last amongst all cancer sites in terms of prognostic outcomes for patients. Better understanding of the risk factors and symptoms associated with this disease is essential to inform both health professionals and the general population of potential preventive and/or early detection measures. The identification of high-risk patients who could benefit from screening to detect pre-malignant conditions such as pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and mucinous cystic neoplasms is urgently required, however an acceptable screening test has yet to be identified. The management of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is evolving, with the introduction of new surgical techniques and medical therapies such as laparoscopic techniques and neo-adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, however this has only led to modest improvements in outcomes. The identification of novel biomarkers is desirable to move towards a precision medicine era, where pancreatic cancer therapy can be tailored to the individual patient, while unnecessary treatments that have negative consequences on quality of life could be prevented for others. Research efforts must also focus on the development of new agents and delivery systems. Overall, considerable progress is required to reduce the burden associated with pancreatic cancer. Recent, renewed efforts to fund large consortia and research into pancreatic adenocarcinoma are welcomed, but further streams will be necessary to facilitate the momentum needed to bring breakthroughs seen for other cancer sites.

• Pancreatic cancer
• Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
• Pancreatic cancer risk factors
• Pancreatic cancer treatment

• Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
• Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
• Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/diagnosis
• Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/epidemiology
• Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
• Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/therapy
• Chemoradiotherapy, Adjuvant/methods
• Early Detection of Cancer/methods
• Humans
• Incidence
• Mass Screening/methods
• Neoadjuvant Therapy/methods
• Pancreas/pathology
• Pancreas/surgery
• Pancreatectomy/methods
• Pancreatic Neoplasms/diagnosis
• Pancreatic Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
• Pancreatic Neoplasms/therapy
• Precancerous Conditions/diagnosis
• Precancerous Conditions/epidemiology
• Precancerous Conditions/pathology
• Prognosis
• Quality of Life
• Risk Factors
• Survival Rate
• Treatment Outcome

• Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)
• fiducial markers
• fine needle injection (FNI)
• immunotherapy
• pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an almost uniformly lethal disease with less than 5% survival at five years. This is largely due to metastatic disease, which is already present in the majority of patients when diagnosed. Even when the primary cancer can be removed by radical surgery, local recurrence occurs within one year in 50%-80% of cases. Therefore, it is imperative to develop new approaches for the treatment of advanced cancer and the prevention of recurrence after surgery. Tumour-targeted oncolytic viruses (TOVs) have become an attractive therapeutic agent as TOVs can kill cancer cells through multiple mechanisms of action, especially via virus-induced engagement of the immune response specifically against tumour cells. To attack tumour cells effectively, tumour-specific T cells need to overcome negative regulatory signals that suppress their activation or that induce tolerance programmes such as anergy or exhaustion in the tumour microenvironment. In this regard, the recent breakthrough in immunotherapy achieved with immune checkpoint blockade agents, such as anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associate protein 4, programmed death 1 (PD-1) or PD-L1 antibodies, has demonstrated the possibility of relieving immune suppression in PDAC. Therefore, the combination of oncolytic virotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade agents may synergistically function to enhance the antitumour response, lending the opportunity to be the future for treatment of pancreatic cancer.

• Anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associate protein 4
• Anti-programmed death receptor ligand 1
• Anti-programmed death receptor 1
• Immunotherapy
• Oncolytic viruses
• Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
• Pancreatic cancer
• Immune checkpoint blockade inhibitors
• Cancer vaccine

• Animals
• Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
• Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
• Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/immunology
• Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/therapy
• Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/virology
• Combined Modality Therapy
• Host-Pathogen Interactions
• Humans
• Immunotherapy/methods
• Molecular Targeted Therapy
• Oncolytic Virotherapy
• Oncolytic Viruses/immunology
• Oncolytic Viruses/pathogenicity
• Pancreatic Neoplasms/immunology
• Pancreatic Neoplasms/therapy
• Pancreatic Neoplasms/virology
• Treatment Outcome
• Tumor Escape
• Tumor Microenvironment

• oncolytic virus
• pancreatic cancer
• review