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Santos-López G, Panduro A, Sosa-Jurado F, Fierro NA, Lira R, Márquez-Domínguez L, Cerbón M, Méndez-Sánchez N, Roman S. Advances in the Elimination of Viral Hepatitis in Mexico: A Local Perspective on the Global Initiative. Pathogens 2024; 13:859. [PMID: 39452730 PMCID: PMC11510378 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13100859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2024] [Revised: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis (A-E) presents a major global health challenge. In 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched an initiative to eliminate viral hepatitis, with the aim of reducing new infections by 90% and deaths by 65% by 2030. Mexico is one of 38 focus countries identified by the WHO, collectively accounting for 80% of global infections and deaths. While hepatitis B and C are commonly diagnosed in Mexico, routine diagnosis for hepatitis D and E is lacking, with no specific epidemiological data available. In 2020, Mexico implemented the National Hepatitis C Elimination Program, focusing on preventing new infections, reducing complications like cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, ensuring access to treatment, and improving patient care. However, this program has not been extended to hepatitis B and E. Addressing the challenges of viral hepatitis control in Mexico requires increased resource allocation, expanded diagnosis, vaccination for hepatitis A and B, and treatment coverage for hepatitis B and C, along with multisectoral engagement. This work provides an overview of Mexico's response to the global initiative, highlighting its progress, challenges, and areas of opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Santos-López
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Metepec 74360, Mexico; (F.S.-J.); (L.M.-D.)
- National Network of Viral Hepatitis Researchers, Mexico City, Mexico; (A.P.); (N.A.F.); (R.L.); (M.C.); (N.M.-S.)
| | - Arturo Panduro
- National Network of Viral Hepatitis Researchers, Mexico City, Mexico; (A.P.); (N.A.F.); (R.L.); (M.C.); (N.M.-S.)
- Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Fray Antonio Alcalde, Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico
| | - Francisca Sosa-Jurado
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Metepec 74360, Mexico; (F.S.-J.); (L.M.-D.)
- National Network of Viral Hepatitis Researchers, Mexico City, Mexico; (A.P.); (N.A.F.); (R.L.); (M.C.); (N.M.-S.)
| | - Nora A. Fierro
- National Network of Viral Hepatitis Researchers, Mexico City, Mexico; (A.P.); (N.A.F.); (R.L.); (M.C.); (N.M.-S.)
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Rosalía Lira
- National Network of Viral Hepatitis Researchers, Mexico City, Mexico; (A.P.); (N.A.F.); (R.L.); (M.C.); (N.M.-S.)
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica Oncológica Genómica, Hospital Gineco Pediatría 3A, OOAD Cd Mx Norte, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 07760, Mexico
| | - Luis Márquez-Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Metepec 74360, Mexico; (F.S.-J.); (L.M.-D.)
- National Network of Viral Hepatitis Researchers, Mexico City, Mexico; (A.P.); (N.A.F.); (R.L.); (M.C.); (N.M.-S.)
| | - Marco Cerbón
- National Network of Viral Hepatitis Researchers, Mexico City, Mexico; (A.P.); (N.A.F.); (R.L.); (M.C.); (N.M.-S.)
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Nahum Méndez-Sánchez
- National Network of Viral Hepatitis Researchers, Mexico City, Mexico; (A.P.); (N.A.F.); (R.L.); (M.C.); (N.M.-S.)
- Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City 14050, Mexico
| | - Sonia Roman
- National Network of Viral Hepatitis Researchers, Mexico City, Mexico; (A.P.); (N.A.F.); (R.L.); (M.C.); (N.M.-S.)
- Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Fray Antonio Alcalde, Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico
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Palma-Lara I, Ortiz-López MG, Bonilla-Delgado J, Pérez-Escobar J, Godínez-Aguilar R, Luévano-Contreras C, Espinosa-García AM, Pérez-Durán J, García Alonso-Themann P, Nolasco-Quiroga M, Flores-Estrada J, Carpinteyro-Espin P, Juárez-Ascencio D, Nieto-Velazquez NG, Palacios-Reyes C. A landscape of liver cirrhosis and transplantation in Mexico: Changing leading causes and transplant as response. Ann Hepatol 2024; 30:101562. [PMID: 39278408 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2024.101562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis causes include alcoholism, viral infections (hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV)), alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), and metabolic dysfunction associated with steatotic liver disease (MASLD), among others. Cirrhosis frequency has increased in recent years, with a prevalence of 1395 cases per 100,000 and a mortality rate of 18 per 100,000, which corresponded to 1,472,000 deaths during 2017. In Mexico, liver disease is a public health problem since it was associated to 41,890 deaths in 2022, including liver cirrhosis (>25,000) and ALD (14,927). This represents 114 daily deaths due to these causes, and corresponds to the 4th or 5th place of all causes. The global prevalence of MASLD is estimated to affect 25% of the world's population, while in the pediatric population it could be higher. In Mexican population it is more prevalent since estimations were around 41.3% in 2023. Alcohol consumption, a global health issue due to its high prevalence and associated morbidities, is associated to ALD in 32.9%, with a mortality rate of 23.9%, primarily due to liver-related causes. In Mexico, ALD is present in 23% of all cirrhosis cases, already surpassed by hepatitis B cases in 2009. HCV and HBV frequencies changed due to programs implementing screening detection, vaccines and direct-acting antivirals during the last years. A switch of causes has occurred, increasing MASLD and diminishing viral causes. Efficient performed liver transplantation has grown as a response to increasing cirrhosis cases, including recent authorized centers. These efforts are necessary, whereas preventive strategies should be implemented according to leading causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Icela Palma-Lara
- Laboratorio de Morfología Celular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico.
| | | | - José Bonilla-Delgado
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Ixtapaluca 56530, Mexico; Departamento de Biotecnología, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey, Toluca de Lerdo 50110, Mexico.
| | - Juanita Pérez-Escobar
- Servicio de Trasplantes, División de Cirugía, Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, Mexico.
| | | | - Claudia Luévano-Contreras
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus León, Guanajuato 37000, México.
| | | | - Javier Pérez-Durán
- Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, México.
| | | | - Manuel Nolasco-Quiroga
- Coordinación de Enseñanza e Investigación, Clínica Hospital Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Huauchinango 73177, Mexico.
| | | | | | | | | | - Carmen Palacios-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Morfología Celular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; División de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, Mexico; Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus León, Guanajuato 37000, México.
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Sedeño-Monge V, Laguna-Meraz S, Santos-López G, Panduro A, Sosa-Jurado F, Jose-Abrego A, Meléndez-Mena D, Muñoz-Ramírez MA, Cosme-Chávez M, Roman S. A comprehensive update of the status of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Mexico-A systematic review and meta-analysis (2008-2019). Ann Hepatol 2021; 20:100292. [PMID: 33259949 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2020.100292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES HCV infection is targeted by the WHO's Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis to be reduced notably by 2030. However, renovated epidemiological data is needed to line up with such goals. Herein, we provide an updated review of incidence, prevalence, genotypes (GTs), and risk factors (RFs) of HCV infection in Mexico to build elimination strategies. MATERIAL AND METHODS HCV incidence was charted using the cumulative new cases/year at week 52. Prevalence, GTs, and RFs data from low-risk (LR-G) and high-risk (HR-Gs) groups were searched in PubMed/MEDLINE/Medigraphic/Scielo databases from January 2008 to December 2019 as per PRISMA guidelines. Weighted mean prevalence (WMP) was estimated; GTs and RFs were registered. RESULTS In this study, 25,247 new cases were reported. Ten states accumulated 76.32% of HCV incidence that peaked in men at 50-59 years and women at 60-64 years. Thirty-four studies revealed a WMP between 0.774%-2.5% in LR-Gs and 11.8%-39.6% in HR-Gs that included mainly prison inmates, drug users, and dialyzed patients. GT1 and GT2 were predominant; GT3a emerged. Subtypes 1a and 1b circulate differentially, whereas novel GT2 subtypes appeared. Unsafe blood transfusion was infrequent in younger groups, but parenteral/intravenous transmission through drug-related risk behaviors has arisen. CONCLUSIONS HCV transmission increased notably among LR-Gs and HR-Gs in Mexico. Novel genotypes/subtypes emerged as well as risky behavioral routes of transmission. A national elimination strategy will require pro-active screening in designated risk groups, research in molecular epidemiology, medical training, robust epidemiological databases, and antiviral treatment available to all eligible HCV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Sedeño-Monge
- Decanato de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Saul Laguna-Meraz
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Fray Antonio Alcalde, Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Santos-López
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Virología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Metepec, Atlixco, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Arturo Panduro
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Fray Antonio Alcalde, Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Francisca Sosa-Jurado
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Virología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Metepec, Atlixco, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Alexis Jose-Abrego
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Fray Antonio Alcalde, Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Daniel Meléndez-Mena
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Centro Médico Nacional "General de División Manuel Ávila Camacho", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, Puebla, Mexico; Centro Interdisciplinario de Posgrados, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Mexico
| | - Marco A Muñoz-Ramírez
- Decanato de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Monserrat Cosme-Chávez
- Decanato de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Sonia Roman
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Fray Antonio Alcalde, Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Ramírez-Zamudio LC, Castillo-Barradas M. Seroprevalence of the hepatitis C virus in healthcare personnel of the IMSS. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGÍA DE MÉXICO 2021; 86:335-339. [PMID: 34393076 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Healthcare workers (HCWs) are considered an at-risk population for hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission. Seroprevalence of HCV in Mexico is 1.4% and is similar in HCWs at 0.5-2%. AIM To determine the seroprevalence of HCV in HCWs at the Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional La Raza (HECMNR) and correlate the positive cases with the viral load. MATERIALS AND METHODS An observational, longitudinal, descriptive study was conducted on HCWs at the HECMNR that voluntarily answered a risk factor questionnaire and gave a capillary blood sample for detecting antibodies to HCV. Anti-HCV antibody detection was performed through the rapid colloidal gold-enhanced immunochromatographic assay for the qualitative identification of antibodies to HCV. When positive, quantitative HCV RNA PCR testing was carried out. RESULTS A total of 391 rapid anti-HCV tests were performed and the mean participant age was 32 years. A total of 214 (54.73%) of the HCWs belonged to clinical services, 120 (30.69%) to surgical services, and 57 (14.57%) to the nursing service; 254 (64.96%) participants were medical residents and 137 (35%) were staff personnel. The most prevalent risk factors were accidental puncture wounds (n = 261, 66.75%) and dental procedures (n = 229, 58.56%). Four samples (1.02%) were positive for anti-HCV antibodies and the HCV RNA PCR test was not positive in any of the samples. CONCLUSIONS HCWs did not have a greater seroprevalence for HCV, compared with the general population, and no cases of viremia were reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Ramírez-Zamudio
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - M Castillo-Barradas
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Mexico City, Mexico
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Ramírez-Zamudio LC, Castillo-Barradas M. Seroprevalence of the hepatitis C virus in healthcare personnel of the IMSS. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA DE MEXICO (ENGLISH) 2020; 86:S0375-0906(20)30092-6. [PMID: 32919793 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmx.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Healthcare workers (HCWs) are considered an at-risk population for hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission. Seroprevalence of HCV in Mexico is 1.4% and is similar in HCWs at 0.5-2%. AIM To determine the seroprevalence of HCV in HCWs at the Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional La Raza (HECMNR) and correlate the positive cases with the viral load. MATERIALS AND METHODS An observational, longitudinal, descriptive study was conducted on HCWs at the HECMNR that voluntarily answered a risk factor questionnaire and gave a capillary blood sample for detecting antibodies to HCV. Anti-HCV antibody detection was performed through the rapid colloidal gold-enhanced immunochromatographic assay for the qualitative identification of antibodies to HCV. When positive, quantitative HCV RNA PCR testing was carried out. RESULTS A total of 391 rapid anti-HCV tests were performed and the mean participant age was 32 years. A total of 214 (54.73%) of the HCWs belonged to clinical services, 120 (30.69%) to surgical services, and 57 (14.57%) to the nursing service; 254 (64.96%) participants were medical residents and 137 (35%) were staff personnel. The most prevalent risk factors were accidental puncture wounds (n = 261, 66.75%) and dental procedures (n = 229, 58.56%). Four samples (1.02%) were positive for anti-HCV antibodies and the HCV RNA PCR test was not positive in any of the samples. CONCLUSIONS HCWs did not have a greater seroprevalence for HCV, compared with the general population, and no cases of viremia were reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Ramírez-Zamudio
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - M Castillo-Barradas
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Ciudad de México, México
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Frankeberger J, Cepeda A, Natera-Rey G, Valdez A. Safer Crack Kits and Smoking Practices: Effectiveness of a Harm Reduction Intervention among Active Crack Users in Mexico City. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:592-600. [PMID: 30654689 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2018.1528460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crack cocaine use has increased rapidly throughout Mexico, coinciding with rising HIV and HCV infections among vulnerable groups. Due to the increased risk of infection among crack users, harm reduction approaches have been identified to reduce the spread of disease. However, Mexico has yet to adopt these techniques for crack users. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of a pilot crack kit distribution program on risky smoking behaviors of active crack users in an impoverished colonia of Mexico City, Mexico. METHODS Fifty crack kits, containing safer smoking paraphernalia and related health items (i.e., condoms, alcohol wipes, etc.), were distributed to active crack users. A sample of 58 crack users were surveyed prior to the intervention and 35 were successfully relocated and surveyed three months after the intervention. Surveys assessed drug use, crack kit utilization, and smoking practices. RESULTS Findings indicate that crack kit utilization was high throughout the sample. Use of risky or unsafe paraphernalia decreased, specifically the use of cans as pipes (Z = -2.653, p = .008). Similarly, Pyrex pipe use increased significantly (Z = -3.132, p = .002). Sharing of paraphernalia also decreased throughout the sample. CONCLUSION These findings identify the potential benefits in reducing risky smoking behaviors of crack kit distribution programs in Mexico City. This evidence supports expansion of crack kit programs in Mexico and similar impoverished regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Frankeberger
- a Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA, USA
| | - Alice Cepeda
- a Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA, USA
| | | | - Avelardo Valdez
- a Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA, USA
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Silverman-Retana O, Serván-Mori E, McCoy SI, Larney S, Bautista-Arredondo S. Hepatitis C antibody prevalence among Mexico City prisoners injecting legal and illegal substances. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 181:140-145. [PMID: 29054033 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is highly prevalent among prisoners and this prevalence estimates reach 64% among prisoners who inject illicit drugs. Prisons are important sites for HCV transmission in the absence of access to sterile injecting equipment; hence, it can be transmitted between prisoners who share contaminated needles and syringes. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of risk factors for anti-HCV prevalence, with particular interest on injecting behavior, and to assess correlates of anti-HCV positivity among Mexico City prisoners. METHODS Cross-sectional study based on information -collected in three male and two female prisons in Mexico City during 2010-2011- about sexually transmitted infections, socio-demographics, criminal history, substance use, vitamin injection, tattooing, among others (n=3,910). Weighted multivariable adjusted logistic regression models were estimated to assess the overall and differential odds for anti-HCV due to injecting behavior. RESULTS Overall prevalence of anti-HCV was 3.3%. This figure rose to 43.1% among prisoners with a history of illicit drug injection. Prisoners with history of vitamin injection showed a similar prevalence of anti-HCV (43.8%). After stratifying by substance injected, the adjusted odds ratio was 9.8 (95% CI: 4.0, 23.8) for illicit drug injection and 11.9 (95% CI: 5.8, 23.8) for illicit drug and vitamin injection. CONCLUSION Based on data from the most populous prisons in Mexico City, this study showed that anti-HCV is highly prevalent among prisoners with history of injecting behavior. In this sense, injecting behavior per-se, independent of the substance used, is associated with increased odds of anti-HCV positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Silverman-Retana
- Center for Health System Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México; Aarhus University, Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Building 1260, Batholins Allé 2, 8000 Aarhuc C, Denmark.
| | - Edson Serván-Mori
- Center for Health System Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
| | - Sandra I McCoy
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 779 University Hall, MC 7360, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Sarah Larney
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales. Sydney NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Sergio Bautista-Arredondo
- Center for Health System Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico, Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera C.P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
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The Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in Mazandaran Province, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.40750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Panduro A, Roman S. Need of righteous attitudes towards eradication of hepatitis C virus infection in Latin America. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:5137-42. [PMID: 27298556 PMCID: PMC4893460 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i22.5137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, we have expanded our knowledge on numerous facets of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Beginning with its discovery and viral life cycle, its impact on health, the development of liver disease and currently, effective antiviral treatments. The latter point has become of great interest throughout the developed world, where the possible eradication of HCV through specific strategies to reach all HCV-infected people has been announced. However, this scenario is very different in the countries of Latin America (LA), in which < 2% of infected patients requiring treatment have access to HCV medications. It has been estimated that at least ten million Latin Americans may be infected with HCV. Despite the numbers, viral hepatitis does not seem to be considered a health problem in this region of the world. This reality poses a challenge for politicians and governments of these countries, as well as to the pharmaceutical industry, the medical practitioners, and academics in LA. In this editorial, we state the need for alterations in the attitudes of the integral players involved in this situation. A recognition shift could help to create preventive strategies of viral hepatitis and to advocate for accessibility to new HCV treatments.
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Hepatitis C virus infection in patients and family members attending two primary care clinics in Puebla, Mexico. Ann Hepatol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1665-2681(19)30976-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Spradling PR, Xing J, Phippard A, Fonseca-Ford M, Montiel S, Guzmán NL, Campuzano RV, Vaughan G, Xia GL, Drobeniuc J, Kamili S, Cortés-Alcalá R, Waterman SH. Acute viral hepatitis in the United States-Mexico border region: data from the Border Infectious Disease Surveillance (BIDS) Project, 2000-2009. J Immigr Minor Health 2014; 15:390-7. [PMID: 22447176 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-012-9604-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the characteristics of acute viral hepatitis cases in the United States (US)-Mexico border region. We analyzed characteristics of acute viral hepatitis cases collected from the Border Infectious Disease Surveillance Project from January 2000-December 2009. Over the study period, 1,437 acute hepatitis A, 311 acute hepatitis B, and 362 acute hepatitis C cases were reported from 5 Mexico and 2 US sites. Mexican hepatitis A cases most frequently reported close personal contact with a known case, whereas, US cases most often reported cross-border travel. Injection drug use was common among Mexican and US acute hepatitis B and C cases. Cross-border travel during the incubation period was common among acute viral hepatitis cases in both countries. Assiduous adherence to vaccination and prevention guidelines in the US is needed and strategic implementation of hepatitis vaccination and prevention programs south of the border should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Spradling
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop G37, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Panduro A, Maldonado-Gonzalez M, Fierro NA, Roman S. Distribution of HBV genotypes F and H in Mexico and Central America. Antivir Ther 2013; 18:475-84. [PMID: 23792777 DOI: 10.3851/imp2605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of HBV genotypes is associated with populations of specific geographical regions of the world. We show data from the GenBank sequence database and medical reports, which indicate that HBV genotype H (HBV/H) is mainly distributed in Mexico, whereas HBV genotype F (HBV/F) is distributed in countries from Central America. The phylogenetic analysis and historical records suggest that HBV/H has been present in Mexico even before the arrival of the Spaniards. Interestingly, occult hepatitis B is a common finding in both natives and patients with chronic liver disease in Mexico. This suggests that an immunogenic background could be important during the natural history of liver diseases. The estimated large number of HBV/H-infected patients in Mexico does not correlate with the total number of patients with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis reported in the country. This may be because of the fact that HBV infection is often masked by alcoholic liver disease, HCV coinfection and/or obesity. Here, we analyse the data concerning the distribution of HBV/F and HBV/H genotypes in Central America and Mexico. Specifically, we focus on the effect of molecular epidemiology and pathogenesis of HBV/H. These recent findings reveal new areas of study with therapeutic potential in viral liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Panduro
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara 'Fray Antonio Alcalde' and University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.
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Fuentes-González AM, Contreras-Paredes A, Manzo-Merino J, Lizano M. The modulation of apoptosis by oncogenic viruses. Virol J 2013; 10:182. [PMID: 23741982 PMCID: PMC3691765 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming viruses can change a normal cell into a cancer cell during their normal life cycle. Persistent infections with these viruses have been recognized to cause some types of cancer. These viruses have been implicated in the modulation of various biological processes, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The study of infections caused by oncogenic viruses had helped in our understanding of several mechanisms that regulate cell growth, as well as the molecular alterations leading to cancer. Therefore, transforming viruses provide models of study that have enabled the advances in cancer research. Viruses with transforming abilities, include different members of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) family, Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Human T-cell Leukemia virus (HTLV-1), Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV). Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a tightly regulated process that plays an important role in development and homeostasis. Additionally, it functions as an antiviral defense mechanism. The deregulation of apoptosis has been implicated in the etiology of diverse diseases, including cancer. Oncogenic viruses employ different mechanisms to inhibit the apoptotic process, allowing the propagation of infected and damaged cells. During this process, some viral proteins are able to evade the immune system, while others can directly interact with the caspases involved in apoptotic signaling. In some instances, viral proteins can also promote apoptosis, which may be necessary for an accurate regulation of the initial stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Mariana Fuentes-González
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. San Fernando 22, col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
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Campollo O, Roman S, Panduro A, Hernandez G, Diaz-Barriga L, Balanzario MC, Cunningham JK. Non-injection drug use and hepatitis C among drug treatment clients in west central Mexico. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 123:269-72. [PMID: 22138538 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence among non-injecting drug treatment clients in the United States, Europe and Asia indicate substantial differences by place. To date, little or no research on HCV and non-injection drug use (NIDU) has been conducted in Mexico. METHODS We examined the prevalence of HCV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and HIV among non-injecting drug users (NIDUs) in community-based drug treatment (N=122) and NIDUs in a prison-based drug treatment program (N=30), both located in west central Mexico. RESULTS Among the community clients, prevalence was 4.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.8-9.2) for HCV, 5.7% for HBV (95% CI: 2.8-11.4), and 1.6% for HIV (95% CI: 0.4-5.8). Among the in-prison clients, prevalence was 40.0% (95% CI: 24.6-57.7) for HCV, 20.0% for HBV (95% CI: 9.5-37.3), and 6.7% for HIV (95% CI: 1.9-21.3). None of the clients were aware of being infected. CONCLUSION The HCV prevalence found for the NIDU community treatment clients ranks among the lower HCV estimates published for NIDUs in treatment to date. The prevalence found for the in-prison clients ranks among the higher, raising a concern of possible elevated HCV infection among NIDUs in the west central Mexico prison--one compounded by the finding that none of this study's clients knew they were HCV positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Campollo
- Center of Studies on Alcohol and Addictions, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Hospital 278, Guadalajara, Jal. 44280, Mexico. renaceboy@hotmail
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Lau-Corona D, Kershenobich D, Gutierrez-Reyes G. The impact of genetic variability on liver disease in the Hispanic/Latin-American population. Autoimmunity 2011; 44:549-54. [PMID: 21864063 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2011.592883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is within the top 10 causes of death in Latin-American countries and recent evidence suggests that Hispanics in the USA have a more aggressive course of many types of liver disease and show lower response to treatment of hepatitis C compared with other ethnic groups. Although environmental factors are very important, they do not appear to fully account for the observed ethnic differences in the incidence of cirrhosis and progression rates. Genome-wide association studies have been a powerful tool to identify genetic variants that directly confer susceptibility to liver disease. Here, we review the current knowledge on genetic variants associated with the most common types of liver disease that may contribute to ancestry-related differences in disease progression and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Lau-Corona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Hospital General de México , Dr Balmis 148, Mexico City 02726 , Mexico.
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Sulbarán MZ, Di Lello FA, Sulbarán Y, Cosson C, Loureiro CL, Rangel HR, Cantaloube JF, Campos RH, Moratorio G, Cristina J, Pujol FH. Genetic history of hepatitis C virus in Venezuela: high diversity and long time of evolution of HCV genotype 2. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14315. [PMID: 21179440 PMCID: PMC3001475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The subtype diversity of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes is unknown in Venezuela. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Partial sequencing of the NS5B region was performed in 310 isolates circulating in patients from 1995 to 2007. In the samples collected between 2005 and 2007, HCV genotype 1 (G1) was the most common genotype (63%), composed as expected of mainly G1a and G1b. G2 was the second most common genotype (33%), being G2a almost absent and G2j the most frequent subtype. Sequence analysis of the core region confirmed the subtype assignment performed within the NS5b region in 63 isolates. The complete genome sequence of G2j was obtained. G2j has been described in France, Canada and Burkina Fasso, but it was not found in Martinique, where several subtypes of G2 circulate in the general population. Bayesian coalescence analysis indicated a most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of G2j around 1785, before the introduction of G1b (1869) and G1a (1922). While HCV G1a and G1b experienced a growth reduction since 1990, coincident with the time when blood testing was implemented in Venezuela, HCV G2j did not seem to reach growth equilibrium during this period. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Assuming the introduction of G2j from Africa during the slave trade, the high frequency of G2j found in Venezuela could suggest: 1- the introduction of African ethnic groups different from the ones introduced to Martinique or 2- the occurrence of a founder effect. This study represents an in-depth analysis of the subtype diversity of HCV in Venezuela, which is still unexplored in the Americas and deserves further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico A. Di Lello
- Cátedra de Virología de la Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yoneira Sulbarán
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CMBC, IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Clarisa Cosson
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CMBC, IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | - Héctor R. Rangel
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CMBC, IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Jean F. Cantaloube
- Unité Emergence et Co-évolution virale, Etablissement Français du Sang Alpes-Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Rodolfo H. Campos
- Cátedra de Virología de la Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Moratorio
- Departamento de Técnicas Nucleares Aplicadas, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Unidad de Biofísica de Proteínas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Cristina
- Departamento de Técnicas Nucleares Aplicadas, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Flor H. Pujol
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CMBC, IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela
- * E-mail:
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Chang ET, Yang J, Alfaro-Velcamp T, So SKS, Glaser SL, Gomez SL. Disparities in liver cancer incidence by nativity, acculturation, and socioeconomic status in California Hispanics and Asians. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:3106-18. [PMID: 20940276 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asians and Hispanics have the highest incidence rates of liver cancer in the United States, but little is known about how incidence patterns in these largely immigrant populations vary by nativity, acculturation, and socioeconomic status (SES). Such variations can identify high-priority subgroups for prevention and monitoring. METHODS Incidence rates and rate ratios (IRR) by nativity among 5,400 Hispanics and 5,809 Asians diagnosed with liver cancer in 1988-2004 were calculated in the California Cancer Registry. Neighborhood ethnic enclave status and SES were classified using 2000 U.S. Census data for cases diagnosed in 1998-2002. RESULTS Foreign-born Hispanic males had significantly lower liver cancer incidence rates than U.S.-born Hispanic males in 1988-2004 (e.g., IRR = 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.50-0.59 in 1997-2004), whereas foreign-born Hispanic females had significantly higher rates in 1988-1996 (IRR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.18-1.71), but not 1997-2004. Foreign-born Asian males and females had up to 5-fold higher rates than the U.S.-born. Among Hispanic females, incidence rates were elevated by 21% in higher-enclave versus lower-enclave neighborhoods, and by 24% in lower- versus higher-SES neighborhoods. Among Asian males, incidence rates were elevated by 23% in higher-enclave neighborhoods and by 21% in lower-SES neighborhoods. In both racial/ethnic populations, males and females in higher-enclave, lower-SES neighborhoods had higher incidence rates. CONCLUSIONS Nativity, residential enclave status, and neighborhood SES characterize Hispanics and Asians with significantly unequal incidence rates of liver cancer, implicating behavioral or environmental risk factors and revealing opportunities for prevention. IMPACT Liver cancer control efforts should especially target foreign-born Asians, U.S.-born Hispanic men, and residents of lower-SES ethnic enclaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen T Chang
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2201 Walnut Avenue, Suite 300, Fremont, CA 94538, USA.
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Sedeño-Monge V, Santos-López G, Rocha-Gracia RC, Meléndez-Mena D, Ramírez-Mata A, Vallejo-Ruiz V, Reyes-Leyva J. Quantitative analysis of interferon alpha receptor subunit 1 and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 gene transcription in blood cells of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Virol J 2010; 7:243. [PMID: 20849643 PMCID: PMC2949844 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interferon (IFN)-α receptor 1 (ifnar1) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (socs1) transcription levels were quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 59 patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and 17 non-infected individuals. Samples were obtained from patients infected with HCV that were either untreated or treated with IFN-α2 plus ribavirin for 1 year and divided into responders and non-responders based on viral load reduction 6 months after treatment. Ifnar1 and socs1 transcription was quantified by real-time RT-PCR, and the fold difference (2-ΔΔCT) with respect to hprt housekeeping gene was calculated. Results Ifnar1 transcription increased significantly in HCV-infected patients either untreated (3.26 ± 0.31), responders (3.1 ± 0.23) and non-responders (2.18 ± 0.23) with respect to non-infected individuals (1 ± 0.34; P = 0.005). Ifnar1 transcription increased significantly (P = 0.003) in patients infected with HCV genotypes 1a (4.74 ± 0.25) and 1b (2.81 ± 0.25) but not in 1a1b (1.58 ± 0.21). No association was found of Ifnar1 transcription with disease progress, initial viral load or other clinical factors. With respect to socs1 transcription, values were similar for non-infected individuals (1 ± 0.28) and untreated patients (0.99 ± 0.41) but increased in responders (2.81 ± 0.17) and non-responder patients (1.67 ± 0.41). Difference between responder and non-responder patients was not statistically significant. Socs1 transcription increased in patients infected with HCV genotypes 1a and 1b (2.87 ± 0.45 and 2.22 ± 0.17, respectively) but not in 1a1b (1.28 ± 0.40). Socs1 transcript was absent in three patients infected with HCV genotype 1b. A weak correlation between ifnar1 and socs1 transcription was found, when Spearman's correlation coefficient was calculated. Conclusion Our results suggest that HCV infection may up-regulate ifnar1 transcription. HCV genotypes differ in their capacity to affect ifnar1 and socs1 transcription, as well as in the ability to evade the antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Sedeño-Monge
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Virología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec, CP 74360 Metepec, Puebla, México
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Yue QH, Zhang XQ, Shang Y, Chen YZ, Sun WL, Su MQ, Mu SJ, Hao XK, Hu XB. Anti-HCV reactive volunteer blood donors distribution character and genotypes switch in Xi'an, China. Virol J 2010; 7:186. [PMID: 20698949 PMCID: PMC2924864 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HCV is prevailed in the world as well as in China. Blood transfusion is one of the most common transmission pathways of this pathogen. Although data of HCV infection character were reported during the past years, anti-HCV reactive profile of China donors was not fully clear yet. Furthermore, infection progress was found related to the HCV genotype. Different genotype led to different efficacy when interferon was introduced into HCV therapy. Here we provided character data of HCV infection in China blood donors from the year of 2000 to 2009. The infection rate in local donors was lower than general population and descended from 0.80% to 0.40% or so in recent years. About 83% HCV strains were categorized into genotypes 1b and 2a. But 1b subtype cases climbed and 2a subtype cases decreased. The current study threw more light on HCV infection of blood donors in China, at least in the Northern region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-hong Yue
- Department of Clinic Molecular Research Center& Clinic Diagnostic Laboratory, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 17th Changlexi Road, Xi'an 710032, China
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Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus genotypes in west Mexico. Virus Res 2010; 151:19-25. [PMID: 20347896 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The identification of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and subtypes may be helpful to identify the source of an HCV outbreak among a specific group of individuals within a given country or the pattern of spread throughout nations worldwide. Mexico is a transit country for people who migrate north towards the United States from Central and South America, however, to date, no Mexican HCV sequences have been reported. The present study was conducted to identify the HCV genotypes and subtypes prevalent in Mexico by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis in the NS5B region of the HCV genome. Serum samples from a total of 75 anti-HCV positive patients were included in this study. Out of the 75 samples, 48 cases (64%) were amplifiable in the 5' UTR and 46 (61%) in NS5B region. HCV genotype 1a determined in 54.3% (25/46) was predominant in this cohort, followed by 1b 21.8% (10/46), 2b 13% (6/46), 3a 6.5% (3/46), and 2a 4.4% (2/46). Phylogenetic analysis showed that HCV sequences of genotype 1 (1a and 1b) were clustering more closely to the United States isolates published previously. These results may suggest that both Mexico and the United States share an epidemiological network of HCV genotype 1 while other genotypes represent sporadic infections that are specific to Mexico.
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Abstract
This article reviews the prevalence, disease burden, genotype distribution, and transmission patterns of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus in the 6 World Health Organization regions. The global epidemiology of hepatitis B and C demonstrates a predominantly declining prevalence of the diseases. Improvement in the control of hepatitis B has been largely achieved with implementation of a more universal HBV vaccine program, although a large gap still remains in the effort toward global prevention of hepatitis B. The transmission of hepatitis C has been greatly impacted by mandatory screening of blood donors in most countries in the world, although intravenous drug use continues to be a major source of infection. Public education regarding the risks of exposure to infected paraphernalia as well as household items such as razors is necessary in the continuing effort to curb this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen S Te
- Liver Transplantation, Center for Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 7120, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Sosa-Jurado F, Santos-López G, Guzmán-Flores B, Ruiz-Conde JI, Meléndez-Mena D, Vargas-Maldonado MT, Martínez-Laguna Y, Contreras-Mioni L, Vallejo-Ruiz V, Reyes-Leyva J. Hepatitis C virus infection in blood donors from the state of Puebla, Mexico. Virol J 2010; 7:18. [PMID: 20100349 PMCID: PMC2829021 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Worldwide, 130 million persons are estimated to be infected with HCV. Puebla is the Mexican state with the highest mortality due to hepatic cirrhosis. Therefore, it is imperative to obtain epidemiological data on HCV infection in asymptomatic people of this region. The objective of present study was to analyze the prevalence of antibodies and genotypes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in blood donors from Puebla, Mexico. Results The overall prevalence was 0.84% (515/61553). Distribution by region was: North, 0.86% (54/6270); Southeast, 1.04% (75/7197); Southwest, 0.93% (36/3852); and Central, 0.79% (350/44234). Ninety-six donors were enrolled for detection and genotyping of virus, from which 37 (38.5%) were HCV-RNA positive. Detected subtypes were: 1a (40.5%), 1b (27.0%), mixed 1a/1b (18.9%), undetermined genotype 1 (5.4%), 2a (2.7%), 2b (2.7%), and mixed 1a/2a (2.7%). All recovered donors with S/CO > 39 were HCV-RNA positive (11/11) and presented elevated ALT; in donors with S/CO < 39 HCV-RNA, positivity was of 30.4%; and 70% had normal values of ALT. The main risk factors associated with HCV infection were blood transfusion and surgery. Conclusions HCV prevalence of donors in Puebla is similar to other Mexican states. The most prevalent genotype is 1, of which subtype 1a is the most frequent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Sosa-Jurado
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Virología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, Mexico
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