• Diabetes
• Dyslipidemia
• GLP1 receptor agonist
• Ischemic heart disease
• Oral semaglutide
• RLP cholesterol

• MASH
• MASLD
• bempedoic acid
• diabetes
• ezetimibe
• fibrate
• sex difference
• statin

• Biomarkers
• Lipidomics
• Risk factors
• Sudden sensorineural hearing loss

• Humans
• Female
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Biomarkers/blood
• Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/blood
• Lipid Metabolism
• Lipidomics
• Adult
• Hearing Loss, Sudden/blood
• Glycerophospholipids/blood
• Aged
• Phosphatidylethanolamines/blood
• Phosphatidylethanolamines/metabolism
• Phosphatidylcholines/blood
• Phosphatidylcholines/metabolism
• Lysophosphatidylcholines/blood
• Sphingomyelins/blood
• Sphingomyelins/metabolism
• Lysophospholipids

• 82171139 National Natural Science Foundation of China
• 18DZ2260200 Shanghai Municipal Commission of Science and Technology

• Liraglutide
• Metalloproteinase
• Vascular density
• Visceral adipose tissue

• apoptosis
• diabetes
• empagliflozin
• inflammation
• metformin
• nephropathy

• Metformin/pharmacology
• Metformin/therapeutic use
• Benzhydryl Compounds/pharmacology
• Benzhydryl Compounds/therapeutic use
• Animals
• Glucosides/pharmacology
• Glucosides/therapeutic use
• Glucosides/administration & dosage
• Male
• Rats, Sprague-Dawley
• Rats
• Diabetic Nephropathies/drug therapy
• Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
• Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
• Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
• Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
• Drug Therapy, Combination
• Blood Glucose
• Kidney/drug effects
• Kidney/pathology

• MCTA
• MRI
• PET
• USG
• vulnerable plaque characterization

• autophagy
• diseases
• endocytosis
• endophilin
• function

• Endocytosis/physiology
• Protein Isoforms/metabolism
• Biology

• Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province

• autophagy
• autophagy-related gene
• cardiovascular disease
• crosstalk
• potential target
• signaling pathway

• National Natural Science Foundation of China

• Biodistribution
• Genotoxicology
• HIV reservoirs
• In vivo imaging
• Long-acting antiretroviral
• NanoART
• Nanomedicine
• Preclinical

• amputation
• diabetic foot ulcer
• high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
• risk factor

• cardiovascular disease
• hypertriglyceridemia
• lipid-lowering
• residual risk
• triglyceride-rich lipoprotein

• National Natural Science Foundation of China

This study investigated the effects of fine-grinding wheat bran on pregnant sow body condition, lipid metabolism, inflammatory response, and gut microbiota. In this study, wheat bran was crushed into three particle sizes. A total of 60 Landrace × Yorkshire second parity sows were allotted to two groups: CWB (a diet containing coarse wheat bran with particle size of 605 μm) and FWB (a diet containing fine wheat bran with particle size of 438 μm). Fine-grinding wheat bran had higher soluble dietary fiber concentration, swelling capacity, water-holding capacity, and fermentability than coarse wheat bran. Pregnant sows fed FWB throughout pregnancy had lower body weight and fat deposition than sows fed CWB. And the piglet body weight at birth of the FWB group was remarkably increased. Serum concentrations of lipids (triglycerides, total cholesterol, and free fatty acid), interleukin 6, leptin, and resistin were decreased on day 90 of pregnancy by fine wheat bran supplementation. Feeding FWB significantly decreased abundance of Firmicutes and dramatically increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes at phylum level. At genus level, the abundance of Terrisporobacter was decreased in FWB feeding sows, but the abundance of Parabacteroides was increased. Fecal total short-chain fatty acids, propionate, and butyrate contents were markedly increased in the FWB group. The results suggested that the physicochemical properties of finely ground wheat bran had been improved. Dietary supplementation with fine wheat bran changed the gut microbiota structure and enhanced the short-chain fatty acids level, which improved the maternal body condition, metabolic and inflammatory status, and reproductive performance in sows.

• fine-grinding wheat bran
• gut microbiota
• inflammation
• lipid metabolism
• pregnant sow

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) can be defined as changes in the functions and structures of the tissues resulting from the restoration of blood after a period of ischemia. This study aimed to assess the potential protective effect of Fimasartan (angiotensin receptor antagonist) in the bilateral renal IRI in male rats through its potential effect on renal functions, modulation of the inflammatory cascade, oxidative stress, and apoptotic effect. The animals were equally assigned into four groups. The sham (negative control) group was exposed to surgical conditions without induction of IRI. The control group was exposed to ischemia by occluding the renal pedicles by clamps for 30 min, followed by restoration of blood for 2h. The vehicle-treated group received dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) by intraperitoneal injection (IP) 30 minutes before clamping. Fimasartan-treated group: rats pretreated with Fimasartan a dose of 3 mg/kg IP; this was half hour before occluding the renal pedicles. Animals were then exposed to 30 min ischemia (clamping the renal pedicles) followed by 2h reperfusion by releasing the clamps. Blood samples were collected to examine the levels of serum urea and creatinine. Renal tissue was used to measure the levels of cytokines (TNFα, IL-6) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the levels of Bax, caspase 3, and Bcl-2. Histopathological analyses were performed to detect the parenchymal injury. The present study shows that pretreatment with Fimasartan improves kidney function through its effects on oxidative stress, cytokines, and apoptotic markers.

• AKI – acute kidney injury
• ARB – angiotensin II receptor blocker
• Bcl-2
• Fimasartan
• IP – intraperitoneal
• IRI – ischemia-reperfusion injury
• ROS – reactive oxygen species
• TAC – total antioxidant capacity
• caspase 3
• oxidative stress
• renal ischemia

Little is currently known on the role of T-cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) expression in Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (TIGIT+Tregs) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the role and alterations of TIGIT+Tregs in ACS patients.

We enrolled 117 subjects, including 61 ACS patients, 26 chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) patients, and 30 control subjects without coronary artery disease. The quantification of TIGIT+Tregs was determined by flow cytometry; serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were also measured.

TIGIT+Tregs expression was significantly lower in ACS patients compared with CCS and control patients (P<0.05). The expression of TIGIT+Tregs was comparable in patients with and without traditional risk factors (P>0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that TIGIT+Tregs levels are independent predictors of ACS (P<0.01). Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed the expression levels of TIGIT+Tregs had a discriminative power for ACS (P<0.01). IL-6 levels were increased (P<0.01), while TGF-β was decreased in ACS patients compared with CCS and control patients (P<0.01). Meanwhile, an inverse correlation between IL-6 and TIGIT+Tregs was observed (P<0.01), while a positive correlation between TGF-β and TIGIT+Tregs was found (P<0.05).

TIGIT+Tregs levels are significantly reduced in ACS, accompanied by upregulated IL-6 and downregulated TGF-β expression. The downregulated TIGIT+Tregs are independent predictors of ACS. These findings suggest that TIGIT+Tregs may have an anti-inflammatory and protective effect on ACS, and its decreased expression may be associated with atherosclerotic plaque destabilization.

• atherosclerosis
• dyslipidemia
• gut microbiota
• lipid metabolism
• metabolism
• microbiome
• probiotic

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cause of cerebral infarction, which could lead to endothelial dysfunction, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidized low density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL).AF is associated with higher mortality and more severe neurologic disability. Statins may exert neuroprotective effects that are independent of LDL-C lowering. The purpose of our study was to investigate whether prestroke statins use could reduce plasma Ox-LDL levels and improve clinical outcomes in patients with AF-related acute ischemic stroke (AIS).

This was a multicenter prospective study that involved four medical centers, 242 AIS patients with AF were identified, who underwent a comprehensive clinical investigation and a 72 h-Holter electrocardiogram monitoring. All patients were divided into two groups: prestroke statins use and no prestroke statins use groups, who were followed up for 3 months. Plasma Ox-LDL levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on admission and at 3 months. The outcome was death, major disability (modified Rankin Scale score ≥ 3), and composite outcome (death/major disability) at 3 months after AIS.

One hundred thirty-six patients were in no prestroke statins use group, and 106 in prestroke statins use group. Plasma Ox-LDL levels were significantly lower in prestroke statins use than in no prestroke statins use on admission and at 3 months (P < 0.001). Plasma Ox-LDL levels on admission were associated with 3-month mortality [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 1.05; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.99–1.12; P = 0.047]. In fully adjusted models, prestroke statins use was associated with reduced 3-month mortality [adjusted OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.16–0.91; P = 0.031)], major disability (adjusted OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.15–0.99; P = 0.047), and composite outcome (adjusted OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.17–0.74; P = 0.009).

Prestroke statins use can reduce plasma Ox-LDL levels and improve clinical outcomes in patients with AF-related AIS.

• Acute ischemic stroke
• Atrial fibrillation
• Outcome
• Oxidized low density
• Statins

The risk factors of ischemic heart disease (IHD) specific for women are less well studied. However, knowing the risk factors of IHD for women will empower women themselves to be better informed and thus can help them in decision making concerning their health condition. The objective of this study is to explore the commonly studied risk factors of ischemic heart disease (IHD) among a group of Malaysian women.

A case control study was conducted among 142 newly diagnosed IHD women patients registered in government hospitals in Terengganu, Malaysia and their 1:1 frequency matched population controls. Data on sociodemographic and socioeconomic profile, co-morbidities, lifestyle factors related to physical activities, dietary fat intake, stress, passive smoking history, anthropometric measurements and biochemical markers were obtained.

Middle aged women were recruited with women diagnosed with diabetes (aOR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.11–3.31), having low HDL-C (aOR = 3.30, 95% CI: 1.28–8.27), those with positive family history of IHD (aOR = 1.92, 95% CI:1.13–3.26) and passive smokers (aOR = 2.99, 95% CI:1.81–4.94) were at higher odds of IHD.

The findings are useful for public health interventions and policy making focusing on specific women population.

• IHD
• Malay
• Passive smoking
• Risk factors
• Women

• N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide
• atherosclerotic damage of brachocephalic arteries
• cardiovascular diseases
• rheumatoid arthritis
• traditional risk factors

• STAT3
• atherosclerosis
• endothelial cells
• exosomes
• lipopolysaccharide
• microRNA-223
• monocytes
• paeonol

• Atherosclerosis
• Endocannabinoids
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Probiotics
• Trimethylamine-N-Oxide

• Dan-Lou prescription
• NF-κB
• PPARγ
• TLR4
• oxidative low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)

• Cardiovascular risk
• High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
• Hypovitaminosis D
• Intima–media thickness
• Vitamin D

• Adult
• Biomarkers/analysis
• Blood Glucose/metabolism
• Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology
• Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism
• Cardiovascular Diseases/pathology
• Carotid Intima-Media Thickness
• Cholesterol, HDL/metabolism
• Female
• Follow-Up Studies
• Humans
• Insulin/metabolism
• Metabolic Syndrome/etiology
• Metabolic Syndrome/metabolism
• Metabolic Syndrome/pathology
• Middle Aged
• Premenopause
• Prognosis
• Risk Factors
• Vitamin D/metabolism
• Vitamin D Deficiency/complications
• Vitamins/metabolism
• Women's Health
• Young Adult

• Pathology Section
• T-lymphocytes
• acute coronary syndromes
• inflammation
• statins
• transcription factors

• IgA nephropathy
• metabolite biomarker
• metabolomics
• nuclear magnetic resonance
• urine biomarker

• Adult
• Biomarkers/urine
• Female
• Glomerulonephritis, IGA/metabolism
• Glomerulonephritis, IGA/urine
• Humans
• Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
• Male
• Metabolic Networks and Pathways
• Metabolomics/methods
• Pilot Projects
• Proteinuria/metabolism
• Proteinuria/urine
• Severity of Illness Index

Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in adipocytes can modulate adipokines secretion. The aim of this study was to explore the protective effect of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced ERS-C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) pathway-mediated adipokine secretion. Our results showed that serum adipokines, including visfatin, resistin and TNF-α, correlated inversely with serum HDL cholesterol level in patients with abdominal obesity. In vitro, like ERS inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA), HDL inhibited ox-LDL- or tunicamycin (TM, an ERS inducer)-induced increase in visfatin and resistin secretion. Moreover, HDL inhibited ox-LDL-induced free cholesterol (FC) accumulation in whole cell lysate and in the endoplasmic reticulum. Additionally, like PBA, HDL inhibited ox-LDL- or TM-induced activation of ERS response as assessed by the decreased phosphorylation of protein kinase-like ER kinase and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α and reduced nuclear translocation of activating transcription factor 6 as well as the downregulation of Bip and CHOP. Furthermore, HDL increased scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) expression and SR-BI siRNA treatment abolished the inhibitory effects of HDL on ox-LDL-induced FC accumulation and CHOP upregulation. These data indicate that HDL may suppress ox-LDL-induced FC accumulation in adipocytes through upregulation of SR-BI, subsequently preventing ox-LDL-induced ER stress-CHOP pathway-mediated adipocyte inflammation.

• Advanced glycation end-products
• CML
• Chronic kidney disease
• Liquid chromatography/triple-quadruple mass spectrometry
• MG-H1
• Nδ-(5-Hydro-5-methyl-4-imidazolone-2-yl)-ornithine)
• Nε-Carboxymethyl lysine

AIM: To assess the association of a surrogate of fatty liver disease (FLD) with incident type-2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality.

METHODS: In a prospective population-based study on 1822 middle-aged adults, stratified to gender, we used an algorithm of fatty liver index (FLI) to identify associations with outcomes. An index ≥ 60 indicated the presence of FLD. In Cox regression models, adjusted for age, smoking status, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure, we assessed the predictive value of FLI for incident diabetes, coronary heart disease (CHD), and all-cause mortality.

RESULTS: At a mean 8 year follow-up, 218 and 285 incident cases of diabetes and CHD, respectively, and 193 deaths were recorded. FLD was significantly associated in each gender with blood pressure, total cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, uric acid, and C-reactive protein; weakly with fasting glucose; and inversely with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and sex hormone-binding globulin. In adjusted Cox models, FLD was (with a 5-fold HR) the major determinant of diabetes development. Analyses further disclosed significant independent prediction of CHD by FLD in combined gender [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.72, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17-2.53] and men (HR = 2.35, 95%CI: 1.25-4.43). Similarly-adjusted models for all-cause mortality proved, however, not to confer risk, except for a tendency in prediabetics and diabetic women.

CONCLUSION: A surrogate of FLD conferred significant high risk of diabetes and coronary heart disease, independent of some metabolic syndrome traits. All-cause mortality was not associated with FLD, except likely in the prediabetic state. Such a FLI may reliably be used in epidemiologic studies.

• All-cause death
• Coronary heart disease
• Hepatic steatosis
• Metabolic syndrome
• Turkish adult risk factor study

• Adult
• Aged
• Algorithms
• Cause of Death
• Chi-Square Distribution
• Coronary Disease/diagnosis
• Coronary Disease/epidemiology
• Coronary Disease/mortality
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/mortality
• Fatty Liver/diagnosis
• Fatty Liver/epidemiology
• Fatty Liver/mortality
• Female
• Follow-Up Studies
• Humans
• Incidence
• Kaplan-Meier Estimate
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Multivariate Analysis
• Predictive Value of Tests
• Proportional Hazards Models
• Prospective Studies
• Risk Assessment
• Risk Factors
• Time Factors
• Turkey/epidemiology

AIM: To compare and analyze the effects of obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) on the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Chinese subjects.

METHODS: In 2008, a population of 4847 subjects was randomly sampled from 17 medical units for enrollment in this cohort study. Baseline information was obtained via a questionnaire on general information, physical examination (height, weight, and blood pressure), laboratory tests (triglycerides, total cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), uric acid, and creatinine), B-mode ultrasound, and ECG screening. The incidence of T2DM after four years of follow-up was calculated. Numeric variable data was tested for normality, with the data expressed as mean ± SD. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to calculate the cumulative incidence. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze the relative risk (RR) of different body mass index (BMI) levels and NAFLD on T2DM, as well as analyzing the RR adjusted for age, sex, blood pressure, lipids, transaminases, uric acid, and creatinine.

RESULTS: A total of 4736 (97.71%) subjects completed 4-year follow-up, with a median follow-up time of 3.85 years, totaling 17223 person-years. 380 subjects were diagnosed with T2DM, with a cumulative incidence of 8.0%. The cumulative incidence of T2DM in the NAFLD and control groups was 17.4% vs 4.1% (P < 0.001), respectively, while the incidence in overweight and obese subjects was 11.0% vs 15.8% (P < 0.001), respectively. The incidence of T2DM increased with an increase in baseline BMI. Cox regression analysis showed that the risk of T2DM in the NAFLD group (RR = 4.492, 95%CI: 3.640-5.542) after adjustment for age, sex, blood pressure, lipids, ALT, uric acid, and creatinine was 3.367 (2.367-4.266), while the value (RR, 95%CI) in overweight and obese subjects after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, blood pressure, lipids and other factors was 1.274 (0.997-1.629) and 1.554 (1.140-2.091), respectively. Stratification of three BMI levels (BMI < 24 kg/m², 24 kg/m²≤ BMI < 28 kg/m², BMI ≥ 28 kg/m²) showed that the risk of T2DM in the NAFLD group was significantly higher than that in the control group (RR = 3.860, 4.049 and 3.823, respectively).

CONCLUSION: Compared with BMI, NAFLD could be better at forecasting the risk of T2DM in Chinese subjects, and may be a high risk factor for T2DM, independent of overweight/obesity.

• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
• Type 2 diabetes
• Cohort study
• Incidence

• Adult
• Aged
• Body Mass Index
• China/epidemiology
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
• Female
• Health Surveys
• Humans
• Incidence
• Kaplan-Meier Estimate
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/diagnosis
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/epidemiology
• Obesity/diagnosis
• Obesity/epidemiology
• Odds Ratio
• Proportional Hazards Models
• Retrospective Studies
• Risk Factors
• Surveys and Questionnaires
• Time Factors

The literature has shown the efficiency of exercise in the control of type 2 diabetes (T2D), being suggested as one of the best kinds of non-pharmacological treatments for its population. Thus, the scientific production related to this phenomenon has growing exponentially. However, despite its advances, still there is a lack of studies that have carried out a review on the acute effects of physical exercise on metabolic and hemodynamic markers and possible control mechanisms of these indicators in individuals with T2D, not to mention that in a related way, these themes have been very little studied today. Therefore, the aim of this study was to organize and analyze the current scientific production about the acute effects of physical exercise on metabolic and hemodynamic markers and possible control mechanisms of these indicators in T2D individuals. For such, a research with the following keywords was performed: -exercise; diabetes and post-exercise hypotension; diabetes and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption; diabetes and acute effects in PUBMED, SCIELO and HIGHWIRE databases. From the analyzed studies, it is possible to conclude that, a single exercise session can promote an increase in the bioavailability of nitric oxide and elicit decreases in postexercise blood pressure. Furthermore, the metabolic stress from physical exercise can increase the oxidation of carbohydrate during the exercise and keep it, in high levels, the post exercise consumption of O_², this phenomenon increases the rate of fat oxidation during recovery periods after exercise, improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and reduces glycemia between 2-72 h, which seems to be dependent on the exercise intensity and duration of the effort.

• Metabolic diseases
• Hypertension
• Nitric oxide
• Blood glucose
• Oxygen consumption

Obesity has become an important public health issue in Western and developing countries, with well known metabolic and cardiovascular complications. In the last decades, evidence have been growing about the active role of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ in determining these pathological consequences. As a consequence of the expansion of fat depots, in obese subjects, adipose tissue cells develope a phenotypic modification, which turns into a change of the secretory output. Adipocytokines produced by both adipocytes and adipose stromal cells are involved in the modulation of glucose and lipid handling, vascular biology and, moreover, participate to the systemic inflammatory response, which characterizes obesity and metabolic syndrome. This might represent an important pathophysiological link with atherosclerotic complications and cardiovascular events. A great number of adipocytokines have been described recently, linking inflammatory mileu and vascular pathology. The understanding of these pathways is crucial not only from a pathophysiological point of view, but also to a better cardiovascular disease risk stratification and to the identification of possible therapeutic targets. The aim of this paper is to review the role of Adipocytokines as a possible link between obesity and vascular disease.

• Adipocytokines
• Obesity
• Metabolic syndrome
• Coronary artery disease
• Inflammation

• cardiovascular disease
• competing risk model
• fine and gray’s test
• risk factors

• Aged
• Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality
• China/epidemiology
• Cities/statistics & numerical data
• Cohort Studies
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Risk Factors