• Autoimmune diseases
• B regulatory cells
• Cytokines. T regulatory cells
• Giant cell arteritis
• Helminth
• Inflammation
• Murine model
• Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine

• Humans
• Animals
• Autoimmune Diseases/drug therapy
• Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
• Tuftsin/therapeutic use
• Tuftsin/pharmacology
• Autoimmunity/drug effects
• Phosphorylcholine/analogs & derivatives
• Phosphorylcholine/therapeutic use
• Phosphorylcholine/pharmacology
• Helminths/immunology
• Helminths/drug effects
• Mice
• Immunomodulating Agents/therapeutic use
• Immunomodulating Agents/pharmacology

• ELISA: Multiple sclerosis
• Toxoplasma gondii
• Toxoplasma-IgG
• Toxoplasma-IgM

• Ascaris suum
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• autoimmunity
• helminth products
• hygiene hypothesis

• dextran sulfate sodium salt (DXT)
• flora
• inflammatory bowel disease
• metabolism
• schistosoma soluble egg antigen

• Helminth therapy
• Immune system
• Inflammatory bowel disease

• Helminth
• Hygiene hypothesis
• Lupus
• Parasite
• SLE
• Systemic lupus erythematosus

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-related inflammation is closely associated with the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer. IBD is generally treated with 5-aminosalicylic acid and immune-modulating medication, but side effects and limitations of these therapies are emerging. Thus, the development of novel preventative or therapeutic approaches is imperative. Here, we constructed a dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced IBD mouse model that was infected with monosexual Schistosoma japonicum cercariae (mSjci) at day 1 or administered dexamethasone (DXM) from days 3 to 5 as a positive control. The protective effect of mSjci on IBD mice was evaluated through their assessments of their clinical signs, histopathological lesions and intestinal permeability. To uncover the underlying mechanism, the Th1/Th2 balance and Treg cell population were also examined. Additionally, the alterations in the gut microbiota were assessed to investigate the interaction between the mSjci-modulated immune response and pathogenic microbiome. Mice treated with DSS and mSjci showed fewer IBD clinical signs and less impaired intestinal permeability than DSS-treated mice. Mechanistically, mSjci modulated the Th1/Th2 balance by repressing IFN-γ production, promoting IL-10 expression and enhancing the Treg subset population. Moreover, mSjci notably reshaped the structure, diversity and richness of the gut microbiota community and subsequently exerted immune-modulating effects. Our findings provide evidence showing that mSjci might serve as a novel and effective protective strategy and that the gut microbiota might be a new therapeutic target in IBD.

• Schistosoma japonicum
• Th1/Th2
• gut microbiota
• inflammatory bowel disease
• monosexual cercariae

• colitis
• inflammatory bowel disease
• phosphorylcholine
• tuftsin

• 1 CSRD VA

The ability of helminth parasite infections to manipulate the immune system of their host towards T regulatory responses has been proposed to suppress the inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective and therapeutic effect of Syphacia obvelata in the treatment of experimental DSS -induced colitis. 50 male C57BL/6 mice were divided into 5 groups: healthy uninfected controls, DSS colitis, receiving only S. obv, preventive (S. obv + DSS) and therapeutic group (DSS + S.obv). Colitis intensity was investigated by measuring body weight changes, stool consistency/bleeding and colon length. To evaluate the immune responses induced by this nematode, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-17, IFN-γ and expressing of FoxP3⁺ T cells were measured in mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer’s patches cells. Mice in preventive and therapeutic groups treated with S. obv egg significantly ameliorated the severity of the DSS colitis, indicated by the reduced disease manifestations, improved histopathological scores correlated with the up regulation of Treg responses and down regulation of proinflammatory cytokines. S. obv can prevention and reverse on-going murine DSS colitis. The data suggest that induction of Tregs and change in cytokine profiles during helminthic therapies were responsible for reversed inflammatory events in IBD.

• Biome Depletion Theory
• Hymenolepis diminuta
• Necator americanus
• Old Friends Hypothesis
• Trichuris suis ova
• helminth therapy

Recently, several papers referred to the association of different bacteria with lupus in mice and humans. This is the first report to demonstrate the effect of a compound derived from helminths on the induction of remission in mice with lupus and its association with a bacterial change. We show that several genera, including Akkermansia, are associated with clinical and serological parameters of lupus, while other genera, including butyrate-producing bacteria, are associated with amelioration of disease following tuftsin and phosphorylcholine treatment.

The hygiene hypothesis claims that the lack of exposure to microorganisms in developed countries correlates with a rise in the incidence of autoimmune diseases. It was also found that helminths are able to modulate the immune response in hosts in order to survive. Consequently, several successful trials using helminths as a treatment for autoimmune patients have been reported. The helminth derivative, phosphorylcholine (PC), was discovered as an immunomodulatory molecule. We have recently shown in a murine model that when a conjugate of tuftsin and PC, termed TPC, is prophylactically administered before the onset of glomerulonephritis, it attenuates the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The current study aimed to examine the TPC effect on the gut microbiome in a mouse model of lupus. TPC treatment altered the gut composition in the mice with active lupus, in correlation with a significant decrease in glomerulonephritis, followed by an increased level of anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 (IL-10), decreased levels of proinflammatory mediators, and expansion of the T regulatory cell population. Importantly, we found that TPC treatment altered the mouse gut microbiome composition, in correlation with a significant decrease in protein secretion and improved disease parameters. The major effects of TPC treatment on the gut microbiome included decreased abundances of Akkermansia and increased abundance of several genera, including Turicibacter, Bifidobacterium, unclassified Mogibacteriaceae, unclassified Clostridiaceae, Adlercreutzia, Allobaculum, and Anaeroplasma. Overall, our results associate microbial changes with the immunomodulation of glomerulonephritis in mice with lupus.

IMPORTANCE Recently, several papers referred to the association of different bacteria with lupus in mice and humans. This is the first report to demonstrate the effect of a compound derived from helminths on the induction of remission in mice with lupus and its association with a bacterial change. We show that several genera, including Akkermansia, are associated with clinical and serological parameters of lupus, while other genera, including butyrate-producing bacteria, are associated with amelioration of disease following tuftsin and phosphorylcholine treatment.

• helminth
• lupus
• microbiome

• S. japonicum
• China
• IL-10
• IL-12
• IL-17
• Schistosomiasis
• antinuclear antibodies
• autoimmune disease

• Autoimmunity
• Cytokines
• Dendritic cells
• Echinococcus granulosus
• Immunity
• Lymphocytes

To elucidate the impact of Schistosoma (S.) japonicum infection on inflammatory bowel disease by studying the effects of exposure to S. japonicum cercariae on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis.

Infection was percutaneously established with 20 ± 2 cercariae of S. japonicum, and colitis was induced by administration of 3% DSS at 4 wk post infection. Weight change, colon length, histological score (HS) and disease activity index (DAI) were evaluated. Inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-10 and IFN-γ, were tested by a cytometric bead array and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Protein and mRNA levels of IRE1α, IRE1β, GRP78, CHOP, P65, P-P65, P-IκBα and IκBα in colon tissues were examined by Western blot and RT-PCR, respectively. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling positive cells, cleaved-caspase 3 expression and Bcl2/Bax were investigated to assess the apoptosis in colon tissues.

Mice infected with S. japonicum cercariae were less susceptible to DSS. Mice infected with S. japonicum cercariae and treated with DSS showed decreased weight loss, longer colon, and lower HS and DAI compared with mice treated with DSS alone. A substantial decrease in Th1/Th2/Th17 response was observed after infection with S. japonicum. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway were reduced in mice infected with S. japonicum cercariae and treated with DSS, along with ameliorated celluar apoptosis, in contrast to mice treated with DSS alone.

Exposure to S. japonicum attenuated inflammatory response in a DSS-induced colitis model. In addition to the Th1/Th2/Th17 pathway and NF-κB pathway, ER stress was shown to be involved in mitigating inflammation and decreasing apoptosis. Thus, ER stress is a new aspect in elucidating the relationship between helminth infection and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which may offer new therapeutic methods for IBD.

• Endoplasmic reticulum stress
• Schistosoma japonicum
• Colitis

• Animals
• Apoptosis/immunology
• Cercaria/immunology
• Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced
• Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology
• Colitis, Ulcerative/prevention & control
• Colon/cytology
• Colon/immunology
• Cytokines/immunology
• Cytokines/metabolism
• Dextran Sulfate/toxicity
• Disease Models, Animal
• Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP
• Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/immunology
• Male
• Mice
• RNA, Messenger/analysis
• Schistosoma japonicum/immunology
• Schistosomiasis japonica/immunology
• Schistosomiasis japonica/parasitology
• Signal Transduction/immunology
• Snails
• T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology

Helminths and bacteria are major players in the mammalian gut ecosystem and each influences the host immune system and health. Declines in helminth prevalence and bacterial diversity appear to play a role in the dramatic rise of immune mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) in western populations. Helminths are potent modulators of immune system and their reintroduction is a promising therapeutic avenue for IMIDs. However, the introduction of helminths represents a disturbance for the host and it is important to understand the impact of helminth reintroduction on the host, including the immune system and gut microbiome. We tested the impact of a benign tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, in a rat model system. We find that H. diminuta infection results in increased interleukin 10 gene expression in the beginning of the prepatent period, consistent with induction of a type 2 immune response. We also find induction of humoral immunity during the patent period, shown here by increased IgA in feces. Further, we see an immuno-modulatory effect in the small intestine and spleen in patent period, as measured by reductions in tissue immune cells. We observed shifts in microbiota community composition during the patent period (beta-diversity) in response to H. diminuta infection. However, these compositional changes appear to be minor; they occur within families and genera common to both treatment groups. There was no change in alpha diversity. Hymenolepis diminuta is a promising model for helminth therapy because it establishes long-term, stable colonization in rats and modulates the immune system without causing bacterial dysbiosis. These results suggest that the goal of engineering a therapeutic helminth that can safely manipulate the mammalian immune system without disrupting the rest of the gut ecosystem is in reach.

• bacteria
• celiac disease
• environmental inducer
• environmental protectors
• gut
• microbiome
• viruses

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by chronic autoinflammation of the joints, with a prevalence of about 1% in Western populations. Evidence in recent years has linked RA to changes in the gut microbiota (dysbiosis). Interestingly, helminths have been shown to have therapeutic activity in RA. Specifically, a glycoprotein containing phosphorylcholine (PC) extracted from helminths was found to have immunomodulatory activity. We have previously developed a novel chimeric compound composed of tuftsin-PC (TPC) that attenuates the joint destruction in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Here, we address the interrelationship between TPC immunomodulatory activity and the gut microbiota in CIA mice. Preventive therapy with TPC in mice with arthritis maintained a physiological arthritis score as well as a steady gut microbial environment, similar to that of healthy controls, in contrast to CIA mice with severe disease. The microbial composition differed significantly between healthy and phosphate-buffered saline-treated CIA mice, enabling classifying test samples by machine learning based on levels of a small number of bacterial species. Using these bacterial biomarkers, all TPC-treated CIA mice were classified as healthy. Thus, we describe a clear correlation between TPC treatment, healthy gut microbial communities, and prevention of arthritis. This is the first study to demonstrate the immunomodulatory effect of helminth derivatives in autoimmune diseases and the link to gut microbiota.

• collagen-induced arthritis
• helminths
• microbiome
• rheumatoid arthritis
• tuftsin-phosphorylcholine

• Helminth therapy
• Inflammation
• Parasite
• Trichuris suis

• Autoimmunity
• obesity
• smoking
• systemic lupus erythematosus

• Cysteine protease inhibitor
• Immunosuppression
• Recombinant cystatin
• Regulatory T cells
• Schistosoma japonicum

• Animals
• Cysteine Proteases/chemistry
• Cysteine Proteases/immunology
• Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/chemistry
• Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/immunology
• Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/metabolism
• Dendritic Cells/enzymology
• Dendritic Cells/immunology
• Female
• Flow Cytometry
• Humans
• Immune Tolerance
• Immunosuppressive Agents/chemistry
• Immunosuppressive Agents/immunology
• Interleukin-4/genetics
• Interleukin-4/immunology
• Lysosomes/chemistry
• Lysosomes/enzymology
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred BALB C
• Schistosoma japonicum/chemistry
• Schistosoma japonicum/genetics
• Schistosoma japonicum/immunology
• Schistosomiasis japonica/enzymology
• Schistosomiasis japonica/genetics
• Schistosomiasis japonica/immunology
• Schistosomiasis japonica/parasitology
• T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
• Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
• Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology

• Autoimmunity
• CD4+ T cells
• Environmental risk factors
• Foxp3+ Tregs
• MS
• Microbiota
• Th17 cells

• Animals
• Environment
• Fatty Acids/adverse effects
• Humans
• Lymphocytes/immunology
• Multiple Sclerosis/etiology
• Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
• Risk Factors

• European Research Council
• Novartis Foundation

• Epidemiology
• Holistic, public health, epistemology
• Infectious disease
• Opisthorchis
• Transdisciplinary

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a major pathogen causing low respiratory tract disease (bronchiolitis), primarily in infants. Helminthic infections may alter host immune responses to both helminths and to unrelated immune triggers. For example, we have previously shown that filarial cystatin (AvCystatin/Av17) ameliorates allergic airway inflammation. However, helminthic immunomodulators have so far not been tested in virus-induced disease. We now report that AvCystatin prevents Th2-based immunopathology in vaccine-enhanced RSV lung inflammation, a murine model for bronchiolitis. AvCystatin ablated eosinophil influx, reducing both weight loss and neutrophil recruitment without impairing anti-viral immune responses. AvCystatin also protected mice from excessive inflammation following primary RSV infection, significantly reducing neutrophil influx and cytokine production in the airways. Interestingly, we found that AvCystatin induced an influx of CD4⁺ FoxP3⁺ interleukin-10-producing T cells in the airway and lungs, correlating with immunoprotection, and the corresponding cells could also be induced by adoptive transfer of AvCystatin-primed F4/80⁺ macrophages. Thus, AvCystatin ameliorates enhanced RSV pathology without increasing susceptibility to, or persistence of, viral infection and warrants further investigation as a possible therapy for virus-induced airway disease.

• Animals
• Bronchiolitis/complications
• Bronchiolitis/immunology
• Bronchiolitis/prevention & control
• Cell Line, Tumor
• Cystatins/immunology
• Cystatins/pharmacology
• Disease Models, Animal
• Eosinophils/drug effects
• Eosinophils/immunology
• Eosinophils/metabolism
• Flow Cytometry
• Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
• Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
• Helminth Proteins/immunology
• Helminth Proteins/pharmacology
• Humans
• Immunologic Factors/pharmacology
• Inflammation/complications
• Inflammation/immunology
• Inflammation/prevention & control
• Interleukin-10/immunology
• Interleukin-10/metabolism
• Mice
• Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/complications
• Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
• Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology
• Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/immunology
• Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/physiology
• T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
• T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
• T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism

• Wellcome Trust
• G1000758 Medical Research Council

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are unique subset of innate-like T cells recognizing glycolipids. iNKT cells can rapidly produce copious amounts of cytokines upon antigen stimulation and exert potent immunomodulatory activities for a wide variety of immune responses and diseases. We have revealed the regulatory effect of iNKT cells on autoimmunity with a serial of publications. On the other hand, the role of iNKT cells in parasitic infections, especially in recently attractive topic “hygiene hypothesis,” has not been clearly defined yet. Bacterial and parasitic cell wall is a cellular structure highly enriched in a variety of glycolipids and lipoproteins, some of which may serve as natural ligands of iNKT cells. In this review, we mainly summarized the recent findings on the roles and underlying mechanisms of iNKT cells in parasite infections and their cross-talk with Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg, and innate lymphoid cells. In most cases, iNKT cells exert regulatory or direct cytotoxic roles to protect hosts against parasite infections. We put particular emphasis as well on the identification of the natural ligands from parasites and the involvement of iNKT cells in the hygiene hypothesis.

• Epidemiology
• Evolution
• Host-parasite
• Infectious disease
• Opisthorchis
• Transmission

The hygiene hypothesis, formulated to explain the increased incidence of allergic and autoimmune diseases observed in industrialized countries, remains controversial. We reflected upon this hypothesis during a medical mission to rural and impoverished villages of central Peru.

The mission was carried out in July 2015 to aid three Andean villages located near Cusco, and comprised 10 American physicians, 4 nurses, and 24 students. After recording the vital signs, patients were triaged by nurses based on the major complaint, visited by physicians, and prescribed medications. Physicians wrote their notes on a one-page form and established diagnoses purely on clinical grounds, without laboratory or imaging testing. Physician notes were then analyzed retrospectively in a de-identified and double-blinded fashion.

A total of 1075 patients (357 men and 718 women) were visited during 5 consecutive clinic days, 840 being adults and 235 <18 years of age. The most common complaints were back pain, stomach pain, headache, and vision loss. Osteoarthritis, gastritis, visual disturbances, and parasitic infections dominated the diagnostic categories. Thirty-seven patients (3 %) were diagnosed with an allergic or autoimmune disease, mainly represented by asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, a prevalence that was not significantly lower than that reported in industrialized countries.

Although a study of this nature cannot definitively support or refute the hygiene hypothesis, it does provide a novel snapshot of disease prevalence in rural Andean villages of central Peru. The study could serve as a basis to implement basic public health interventions and prepare for future missions to the same or comparable regions.

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13317-016-0076-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

• Autoimmunity
• Epidemiology
• Hygiene hypothesis

• Colitis
• Dendritic cells
• Helminth antigen
• Hymenolepis diminuta antigen
• IL-10

AIM: To investigate the prevalence and the clinical characteristics of Asian patients with eosinophilic esophagitis.

METHODS: We conducted a systematic search of the PubMed and Web of Science databases for original studies, case series, and individual case reports of eosinophilic esophagitis in Asian countries published from January 1980 to January 2015. We found 66 and 80 articles in the PubMed and Web of Science databases, respectively; 24 duplicate articles were removed. After excluding animal studies, articles not written in English, and meeting abstracts, 25 articles containing 217 patients were selected for analysis.

RESULTS: Sample size-weighted mean values were determined for all pooled prevalence data and clinical characteristics. The mean age of the adult patients with eosinophilic esophagitis was approximately 50 years, and 73% of these patients were male. They frequently presented with allergic diseases including bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy, and atopic dermatitis. Bronchial asthma was the most frequent comorbid allergic disease, occurring in 24% of patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Dysphagia was the primary symptom reported; 44% of the patients complained of dysphagia. Although laboratory blood tests are not adequately sensitive for an accurate diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis, endoscopic examinations revealed abnormal findings typical of this disease, including longitudinal furrows and concentric rings, in 82% of the cases. One-third of the cases responded to proton pump inhibitor administration.

CONCLUSION: The characteristics of eosinophilic esophagitis in Asian patients were similar to those reported in Western patients, indicating that this disease displays a similar pathogenesis between Western and Asian patients.

• Eosinophilic esophagitis
• Allergy
• Prevalence
• Symptom
• Endoscopy
• Asia
• Treatment

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Age Factors
• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Asia/epidemiology
• Asian People
• Asthma/ethnology
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Comorbidity
• Deglutition Disorders/ethnology
• Eosinophilic Esophagitis/diagnosis
• Eosinophilic Esophagitis/ethnology
• Eosinophilic Esophagitis/therapy
• Female
• Humans
• Infant
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Prevalence
• Proton Pump Inhibitors/therapeutic use
• Sex Factors
• Treatment Outcome
• Young Adult

• allergy
• autoantibodies
• autoimmunity
• autoimmune disease
• helminthes
• hygiene hypothesis
• infection
• parasite
• t-regulatory cells
• th1

• Animals
• Antibodies, Helminth/immunology
• Antigens, Helminth/immunology
• Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
• Autoimmunity/immunology
• Helminthiasis/immunology
• Humans
• Hygiene Hypothesis

• Allergic disorders
• Helminths
• Immune
• Modulation
• Parasites

The recruitment of CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺T (T_reg) cells is one of the most important mechanisms by which parasites down-regulate the immune system.

We compared the effects of T_reg cells from Trichinella spiralis-infected mice and uninfected mice on experimental allergic airway inflammation in order to understand the functions of parasite-induced T_reg cells. After four weeks of T. spiralis infection, we isolated Foxp3-GFP-expressing cells from transgenic mice using a cell sorter. We injected CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ cells from T. spiralis-infected [Inf(+)Foxp3⁺] or uninfected [Inf(-)Foxp3⁺] mice into the tail veins of C57BL/6 mice before the induction of inflammation or during inflammation. Inflammation was induced by ovalbumin (OVA)-alum sensitization and OVA challenge. The concentrations of the Th2-related cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid and the levels of OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 in the serum were lower in mice that received intravenous application of Inf(+)Foxp3⁺ cells [IV(inf):+(+) group] than in control mice. Some features of allergic airway inflammation were ameliorated by the intravenous application of Inf(-)Foxp3⁺ cells [IV(inf):+(-) group], but the effects were less distinct than those observed in the IV(inf):+(+) group. We found that Inf(+)Foxp3⁺ cells migrated to inflammation sites in the lung and expressed higher levels of T_reg-cell homing receptors (CCR5 and CCR9) and activation markers (Klrg1, Capg, GARP, Gzmb, OX40) than did Inf(-)Foxp3⁺ cells.

T. spiralis infection promotes the proliferation and functional activation of T_reg cells. Parasite-induced T_reg cells migrate to the inflammation site and suppress immune responses more effectively than non-parasite-induced T_reg cells. The adoptive transfer of Inf(+)Foxp3⁺ cells is an effective method for the treatment and prevention of allergic airway diseases in mice and is a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of allergic airway diseases.

Many studies have investigated the down-regulation of the immune system by parasite infection. CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺T (T_reg) cells are key players in parasite-mediated immune downregulation. Our previous study suggested that T_reg cells recruited by Trichinella spiralis infection were the key cells mediating the amelioration of allergic airway inflammation in mice. In the present study, we investigated the functions of parasite-induced T_reg cells using mice expressing GFP-tagged Foxp3. T. spiralis infection increased the number of T_reg cells. Adoptive transfer of the parasite-induced T_reg cells to mice with allergic airway inflammation ameliorated allergic airway inflammation. The transferred cells were recruited to inflammation sites in the lung. Cells from parasite-infected mice expressed higher levels of T_reg-cell homing receptors and activation markers than did cells from uninfected mice. This study might help explain why immune disorders (often of unknown cause) are more prevalent among people in developed countries (areas with low parasite infection) than among those in developing countries (areas with parasite epidemics). Our finding might improve current cell therapy techniques and facilitate the development of new techniques that use parasites or parasite-borne materials to treat diverse immune disorders.

• Adoptive Transfer
• Alum Compounds
• Animals
• Asthma/immunology
• Asthma/prevention & control
• Asthma/therapy
• Cytokines/biosynthesis
• Female
• Forkhead Transcription Factors/analysis
• Hypersensitivity/immunology
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred C57BL
• Ovalbumin/immunology
• T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
• Trichinella spiralis
• Trichinellosis/immunology

• Colitis
• Helminthes
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Phosphorylcholine
• Tuftsin
• Worms

• Autoimmune diseases
• Cytokines
• Helminths
• Immune system
• Inflammation
• Mechanisms

• Helicobacter pylori
• children
• eosinophilic esophagitis

• Colitis
• Helminth-derived molecules
• Helminths
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Innate and adaptive immunity
• Therapy

• Animals
• Clinical Trials as Topic
• Disease Models, Animal
• Humans
• Immune System Diseases/immunology
• Immune System Diseases/therapy
• Immunomodulation/immunology
• Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/immunology
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/therapy
• Therapy with Helminths/methods

• tuberculosis
• cystic fibrosis
• cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance receptor
• respiratory syncytial virus
• rhinovirus
• pertussis
• severe acute respiratory syndrome
• wegener’s granulomatosus
• churg–strauss syndrome
• granulomatosus with polyangiitis
• anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
• mycobacterium tuberculosis
• gene therapy
• vaccines
• vaccination
• biological modulators

• Animals
• Humans
• Respiratory Tract Diseases/diagnosis
• Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology
• Respiratory Tract Diseases/etiology
• Respiratory Tract Diseases/therapy

• Aorta
• Atherosclerosis
• Cholesterol
• Felineus
• Helminth
• Opisthorchis
• Russia