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Pi F, Tang G, Xie C, Cao Y, Yang S, Wei Z. A retrospective study analyzing if lymph node ratio carbon nanoparticles predict stage III rectal cancer recurrence. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1238300. [PMID: 38023220 PMCID: PMC10643199 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1238300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lymph node ratio has garnered increasing attention as a prognostic marker for rectal cancer; however, few studies have investigated the relationship between lymph node ratio and rectal cancer recurrence. Additionally, Carbon Nanoparticle tracking is a safe and effective strategy for locating tumors and tracking lymph nodes. However, no studies have reported the relationship between Carbon Nanoparticles and rectal cancer recurrence. Methods Patients with stage III rectal cancer who underwent radical resection between January 2016 and 2020 were analyzed. The primary outcome was tumor recurrence. 269 patients with stage III rectal cancer were included in this study. The effects of lymph node ratio, Carbon Nanoparticles, and other clinicopathological factors on rectal cancer recurrence were assessed using univariate, multivariate analyses and the t-test. Results Univariate analysis determined tumor recurrence using cytokeratin 19 fragment, CA-199, CEA, N-stage, positive lymph nodes, total lymph nodes, and lymph node ratio(positive/total); with the lymph node ratio being the most relevant. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis determined lymph node ratio =0.38 as the optimal cutoff value. The analysis of lymph node ratio ≥0.38 and <0.38 showed statistical differences in three indicators: tumor recurrence, CEA, and use of Carbon Nanoparticles. Conclusion Lymph node ratio is a strong predictor of stage III rectal cancer recurrence and may be considered for inclusion in future tumor-node-metastasis staging and stage III rectal cancer stratification. In addition, we found that Carbon Nanoparticles use significantly increased total lymph nodes and decreased lymph node ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhengqiang Wei
- Department Of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Eren T, Tigrel LZ, Gapbarov A, Aydemir MA, Seneldir H, Ekinci O, Alimoglu O. Prognostic value of the lymph node ratio in surgically treated stage III colorectal cancer patients with high numbers of harvested lymph nodes. Acta Chir Belg 2023; 123:535-543. [PMID: 35849005 DOI: 10.1080/00015458.2022.2103247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lymph node ratio (LNR), defined as the number of positive lymph nodes (LN) divided by the total number of harvested LN, has been demonstrated to be an independent factor in the prognosis of surgically treated colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. This study aims to establish the prognostic value of LNR in stage III CRC patients with high numbers of LN removed. METHODS Stage III CRC patients who underwent curative resections over an 8-year period were included to the study. Demographics, clinicopathological features, surgical as well as recurrence and survival outcomes were recorded and statistically analyzed. Calculations for LNR were carried out as a function of percentage rates and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to determine its effect on disease-free and overall survival. RESULTS Among a total of 493 surgically treated CRC cases, 104 patients were included to the study consisting of 68 (65.4%) men and 36 (34.6%) women with a median age of 64 (inter-quartile range: 55-74) years. The mean number of harvested LN was 31.6 ± 21.0 (range: 12-103). Multivariate Cox regression analyses proved LNR to be a significant factor in both disease-free and overall survival (p = 0.007 and p = 0.003, respectively). Forward elimination analyses showed that a 1% increase in LNR resulted with a 2% increase in both the risks of recurrence and mortality. CONCLUSIONS The LNR may be assessed as an adjunct to the current staging systems for the prediction of oncological outcomes and survival of surgically treated stage III CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunc Eren
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Leyla Zeynep Tigrel
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aman Gapbarov
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Ali Aydemir
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hatice Seneldir
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Ekinci
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Orhan Alimoglu
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Maertens V, Stefan S, Mykoniatis I, Siddiqi N, David G, Khan JS. Robotic CME in obese patients: advantage of robotic ultrasound scan for vascular dissection. J Robot Surg 2023; 17:155-161. [PMID: 35428945 PMCID: PMC9939489 DOI: 10.1007/s11701-022-01398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Complete mesocolic excision (CME) in right-sided colon cancers appears to confer oncological benefits compared to conventional colectomy. Identification of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) remains challenging. We describe the novel use of intra-operative robotic ultrasound scan (rUSS) in obese patients (BMI ≥ 29). All consecutive patients having robotic CME for colon cancer between 2014 and 2017 were included in this retrospective cohort study. Data were recorded on an ethics approved prospective database and included patient demographics, clinical and oncological outcomes. Patients were divided into group 1 (BMI ≤ 28) and group 2 (BMI ≥ 29). SMV first approach was employed in all cases and SMV detection was aided using rUSS in group 2. Primary outcome was postoperative morbidity. Secondary outcomes included conversion rate, operative time and length of stay (LOS). 41 (group 1, median 66 years) were compared to 32 patients (group 2, median 63 years). There were no conversions to laparoscopy or laparotomy. Median operative times for group 2 were 30 min longer (186 vs. 216 min, p = 0.05). Overall morbidity was similar (20% vs. 19% in group 1 and 2, p = 0.26). There was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to LOS (median 7 vs. 6 days, p = 0.48), readmissions (2 vs. 5, p = 0.13), R0 resection rate (98% vs. 94%, p = 0.43) and lymph node harvest (median 31 vs. 30, p = 0.28).CME can be technically more challenging than conventional colectomy in obese patients and is associated with longer operative times. The use of rUSS in obese patients can help to identify SMV and allow safer dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Maertens
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Portsmouth Hospitals University, NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Samuel Stefan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Portsmouth Hospitals University, NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Ioannis Mykoniatis
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Portsmouth Hospitals University, NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Najaf Siddiqi
- University Hospital Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole, Dorset, UK
| | - Gerald David
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Portsmouth Hospitals University, NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Jim S Khan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Portsmouth Hospitals University, NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK.
- Faculty of Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Social Work, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
- Queen Alexandra Hospital, Southwick Hill Road, Cosham, Portsmouth, PO6 3LY, UK.
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Jia G, Lei P, Zhang Y, Zheng Z, Fang J, Yang X, Wei H, Chen T. New staging systems for left-sided colon cancer based on the number of retrieved and metastatic lymph nodes provide a more accurate prognosis. Pathol Oncol Res 2023; 29:1610874. [PMID: 36910015 PMCID: PMC9998476 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2023.1610874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: We aimed to explore reasonable lymph node classification strategies for left-sided colon cancer (LCC) patients. Methods: 48,425 LCC patients from 2010 to 2015 were identified in the US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. We proposed an innovative revised nodal (rN) staging of the 8th American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Tumor/Node/Metastasis (TNM) classification based on the cut-off value of retrieved lymph nodes and survival analyses in patients with LCC. Log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS) stage is a numerical classification strategy obtained by a formula that incorporates the numbers of retrieved and positive lymph nodes. To develop the TrN or TLODDS classification, patients with similar survival rates were grouped by combining T and rN or LODDS stage. The TrN or TLODDS classification was further evaluated in a validation set of 12,436 LCC patients from 2016 to 2017 in the same database and a Chinese application set of 958 LCC patients. Results: We developed novel TrN and TLODDS classifications for LCC patients that incorporated 7 stages with reference to the AJCC staging system. In comparison to the 8th AJCC TNM and TrN classifications, TLODDS classification demonstrated significantly better discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.650 vs. 0.656 vs. 0.661, p < 0.001), better model-fitting (Akaike information criteria, 309,287 vs. 308,767 vs. 308,467), and superior net benefits. The predictive performance of the TrN and TLODDS classifications was further verified in the validation and application sets. Conclusion: Both the TrN and TLODDS classifications have better discriminatory ability, model-fitting, and net benefits than the existing TNM classification, and represent an alternative to the current TNM classification for LCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiru Jia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Purun Lei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongheng Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiafeng Fang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbo Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tufeng Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Wang Y, Cai H, Zhang Y, Zhuang J, Liu X, Guan G. A modified mTNM staging system based on lymph node ratio for colon neuroendocrine tumors: A recursive partitioning analysis. Front Surg 2022; 9:961982. [PMID: 36338645 PMCID: PMC9634476 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.961982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the current tumor-lymph node-metastasis (TNM) staging system for colon neuroendocrine tumors, lymph node status is divided into N1 and N0. An assessment of the lymph node ratio (LNR) and a proposal for a modified mTNM staging system were the objectives of this study. METHODS Selecting the optimal cut-off value of LNR was done using X-tile. A Cox regression model and the Kaplan-Meier method were performed to calculate patient cancer-specific survival in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results cohort. Recursive partitioning analysis was used to improve TNM staging. RESULTS The study included 674 patients. The current TNM staging system showed inadequate discriminatory power between stage I and stage II patients (p = 0.088). The optimal cut-off value was determined as 0.6 for LNR. Based on multivariate Cox regression analysis, the modified mN classification could be classified into mN 0 (LNR = 0.00), mN 1 (LNR = 0.01-0.60), and mN 2 (LNR > 0.60), and was found to be an independent factor affecting prognosis (p < 0.001). Using the American Joint Committee on Cancer T and modified mN classifications, the modified mTNM system was constructed, and it exhibited better prognostic discriminatory power ability than the traditional TNM system (C-index: 0.587 vs. 0.665). CONCLUSIONS Our study determined that LNR is a prognostic factor in colon NET patients. In addition, to more accurately assess the prognosis of colon NET patients, we proposed a modified mTNM staging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huajun Cai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yiyi Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinfu Zhuang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guoxian Guan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,Correspondence: Guoxian Guan
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Oncological outcomes of open, laparoscopic and robotic colectomy in patients with transverse colon cancer. Tech Coloproctol 2022; 26:821-830. [PMID: 35804251 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-022-02650-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Literature concerning surgical management of transverse colon cancer is scarce, since many key trials excluded transverse colon cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical and oncological outcomes comparing open, laparoscopic and robotic transverse colon cancer resection. METHODS Consecutive patients who underwent elective surgery for transverse colon cancer between December 2005 and July 2021 were included. Data were kept in a prospective database approved by the institutional ethics committee. Primary outcome was overall and disease-free survival. Secondary outcomes included complications, operative time, length of stay and lymph node harvest. Statistical analysis was corrected for age and tumour localisation. RESULTS Two hundred and forty-six (38 robotic, 71 open and 137 laparoscopic resections) were recruited in this study. There were five conversions during laparoscopic procedures. Operative time was significantly shorter in robotic vs laparoscopic procedures (195 vs 238 min, p = 0.005) and length of stay was shorter in robotic vs laparoscopic and open group (7 vs 9 vs 15 days, p < 0.001). There was no difference in overall complications. R0 resections were similar. Lymph node harvest was highest in the robotic group vs. laparoscopic or open (32 vs. 29 vs. 21, p < 0.001). Overall survival was 97%, 85% and 60% (p < 0.001) and disease-free survival was 91%, 78% and 56% (p < 0.001) for the robotic, laparoscopic and open groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Minimally invasive surgery for transverse colon cancer is safe and offers good clinical and oncological outcomes. Robotic resection is associated with significantly shorter operating times, higher lymph node harvest, lower conversion rate and does not increase morbidity. Differences in disease-free and overall survival should be further explored in randomised controlled trials.
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Zanghì A, Cavallaro A, Lo Menzo E, Curella Botta S, Lo Bianco S, Di Vita M, Cardì F, Cappellani A. Is there a relationship between length of resection and lymph-node ratio in colorectal cancer? Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2020; 9:234-240. [PMID: 34316373 PMCID: PMC8309683 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goz066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prognosis of colorectal cancer depends on the number of positive lymph nodes (LN+) and the total number of lymph nodes resected (rLN). This represents the lymph-node ratio (LNR). The aim of our study is to assess how the length of the resected specimen (RL) influences the prognostic values of the LNR. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of all the patients operated on for colorectal cancer from 2000 to 2015 at our institution. Pathology details were analysed. The total number of rLN, the number of LN+, and the LNR were calculated and measured against the RL. The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve of patients with LN+ was calculated. Results Of the 670 patients included in our study, 337 were men (50.3%) and the mean age was 69.2 years. The correlation with prognosis of the LNR is greater than that of the LNR adjusted to RL (LNR/RL), both in subjects with positive nodes (n = 312) and in all cases (n = 670). The LNR presents a higher prognostic value than LNR/RL and RL in patients with LN+ except for metastatic recurrence, for which the predictive value appears slightly higher for LNR/RL. The statistical significance of the maximal divergence in Kaplan-Meier survival plots was demonstrated for the LNR (P = 0.043), not for LNR/RL (P = 0.373) and RL alone (P = 0.314). Conclusion An increase in RL causes an increase in the number of harvested lymph nodes without affecting the number of LN+, thus representing a confounding factor that could alter the prognostic value of the LNR. Prospective larger-scale studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Zanghì
- General and Breast Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavallaro
- General and Breast Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuele Lo Menzo
- Department of General Surgery, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL, USA
| | - Serena Curella Botta
- General and Breast Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Lo Bianco
- General and Breast Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Di Vita
- General and Breast Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Cardì
- General and Breast Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cappellani
- General and Breast Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Prognostic Implication of Metastatic Lymph Node Ratio in Colorectal Cancers: Comparison Depending on Tumor Location. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111812. [PMID: 31683773 PMCID: PMC6912301 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The proportion of the number of involved lymph nodes (LNs) to the number of examined LNs—defined as metastatic LN ratio (mLNR)—has been considered as a prognostic parameter. This study aims to elucidate the prognostic implication of the mLNR in colorectal cancer (CRC) according to the tumor location. Methods: We evaluated the correlation between prognoses and the involved and examined LNs as well as mLNR according to the tumor location in 266 surgically resected human CRCs. Besides, to evaluate the optimal cutoff for high and low mLNRs, we investigated the correlation between mLNR and survival according to the various cutoffs. Results: LN metastasis was found in 146 cases (54.9%), and colon and rectal cancers were found in 116 (79.5%) and 30 (20.5%) of the cases, respectively. The mean mLNRs were significantly higher in rectal cancer than in colon cancer (0.38 ± 0.28 vs. 0.21 ± 0.24, P = 0.003). Besides this, the number of involved LNs in rectal cancer was significantly high compared to colon cancer (11.83 ± 10.92 vs. 6.37 ± 7.78, P = 0.014). However, there was no significant difference in the examined LNs between the rectal and colon cancers (31.90 ± 12.28 vs. 36.60 ± 18.11, P = 0.181). In colon cancer, a high mLNR was significantly correlated with worse survival for all cutoffs (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4). However, rectal cancer only showed a significant correlation between high mLNR and worse survival in the subgroup with a cutoff of 0.2. Conclusions: Our results showed that high mLNR was significantly correlated with worse survival. The number of involved LNs and mLNRs were significantly higher in rectal cancer than in colon cancer. The cutoff of 0.2 can be useful for the differentiation of prognostic groups, regardless of tumor location.
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Pyo JS, Kim JH, Lee SY, Baek TH, Kang DW. Metastatic Lymph Node Ratio (mLNR) is a Useful Parameter in the Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer; A Meta-Analysis for the Prognostic Role of mLNR. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:E673. [PMID: 31590275 PMCID: PMC6843621 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55100673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: The presenting study aimed to elucidate the prognostic role of the metastatic lymph node ratio (mLNR) in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), using a meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: Using data from 90,274 patients from 14 eligible studies, we performed a meta-analysis for the correlation between mLNR and survival rate. Besides, subgroup analyses were performed, based on tumor stage, tumor location, and mLNR. Results: A high mLNR showed significant correlation with worse overall survival and disease-free survival rates in CRC patients (hazard ratio (HR), 1.617, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.393-1.877, and HR 2.345, 95% CI 1.879-2.926, respectively). In patients with stage III, who had regional LN metastasis, the HRs were 1.730 (95% CI 1.266-2.362) and 2.451 (95% CI 1.719-3.494) for overall and disease-free survival, respectively. According to tumor location, rectal cancer showed a worse survival rate when compared to colon cancer. In the analysis for overall survival, when mLNR was 0.2, HR was the highest across the different subgroups (HR 5.040, 95% CI 1.780-14.270). However, in the analysis for disease-free survival, the subgroup with an mLNR < 0.2 had a higher HR than the other subgroups (HR 2.878, 95% CI 1.401-5.912). Conclusions: The mLNR may be a useful prognostic factor for patients with CRC, regardless of the tumor stage or tumor location. Further studies are necessary for the detailed criteria of mLNR before its application in daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Soo Pyo
- Department of Pathology, Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35233, Korea.
- Study Group for Meta-Analysis, Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35233, Korea.
| | - Joo Heon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35233, Korea.
| | - Seung Yun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35233, Korea.
| | - Tae Hwa Baek
- Medical Examiner's Office, National Forensic Service, Wonju 26460, Korea.
| | - Dong Wook Kang
- Department of Pathology, Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35233, Korea.
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Chiu CC, Lin WL, Shi HY, Huang CC, Chen JJ, Su SB, Lai CC, Chao CM, Tsao CJ, Chen SH, Wang JJ. Comparison of Oncologic Outcomes in Laparoscopic versus Open Surgery for Non-Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Personal Experience in a Single Institution. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8060875. [PMID: 31248135 PMCID: PMC6616913 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8060875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The oncologic merits of the laparoscopic technique for colorectal cancer surgery remain debatable. Eligible patients with non-metastatic colorectal cancer who were scheduled for an elective resection by one surgeon in a medical institution were randomized to either laparoscopic or open surgery. During this period, a total of 188 patients received laparoscopic surgery and the other 163 patients received the open approach. The primary endpoint was cancer-free five-year survival after operative treatment, and the secondary endpoint was the tumor recurrence incidence. Besides, surgical complications were also compared. There was no statistically significant difference between open and laparoscopic groups regarding the average number of lymph nodes dissected, ileus, anastomosis leakage, overall mortality rate, cancer recurrence rate, or cancer-free five-year survival. Even though performing a laparoscopic approach used a significantly longer operation time, this technique was more effective for colorectal cancer treatment in terms of shorter hospital stay and less blood loss. Meanwhile, fewer patients receiving the laparoscopic approach developed postoperative urinary tract infection, wound infection, or pneumonia, which reached statistical significance. For non-metastatic colorectal cancer patients, laparoscopic surgery resulted in better short-term outcomes, whether in several surgical complications and intra-operative blood loss. Though there was no significant statistical difference in terms of cancer-free five-year survival and tumor recurrence, it is strongly recommended that patients undergo laparoscopic surgery if not contraindicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Chi Chiu
- Department of General Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying 73657, Taiwan.
- Department of General Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 71005, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Li Lin
- Department of Cancer Center, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying 73657, Taiwan.
| | - Hon-Yi Shi
- Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Department of Business Management, National Sun Yat Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Cheng Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan.
- Department of Senior Services, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 71005, Taiwan.
| | - Jyh-Jou Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying 73657, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Bin Su
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying 73657, Taiwan.
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan.
- Department of Leisure, Recreation and Tourism Management, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 71005, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Cheng Lai
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying 73657, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Ming Chao
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying 73657, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Jung Tsao
- Department of Oncology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying 73657, Taiwan.
| | - Shang-Hung Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70403, Taiwan.
| | - Jhi-Joung Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan.
- AI Biomed Center, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 71005, Taiwan.
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Li Destri G, Barchitta M, Pesce A, Latteri S, Bosco D, Di Cataldo A, Agodi A, Puleo S. Predictive Value of the Number of Harvested Lymph Nodes and Cut-Off for Lymph Node Ratio in the Prognosis of Stage II and III Colorectal Cancer Patients. J INVEST SURG 2019; 32:1-7. [PMID: 28972442 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2017.1369605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Purpose/aim: The appropriate staging of colorectal cancer requires at least 12 lymph nodes to be sampled. We evaluated whether lymph node sampling (LNS) and lymph node ratio (LNR) can predict the prognosis of stage II-III patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a retrospective study on 432 patients classified in LNS ≥12 and LNS <12. Disease-free survival (DFS) was computed using the Kaplan-Meier method. We stratified stage III patients into 4 quartiles base on LNR values. To determine the optimal LNR cut-off, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed. RESULTS There was a positive association between the number of lymph node sampled and the number of metastatic lymph nodes (p < 0.01). Among stage II patients, the DFS was 81% for LNS ≥ 12 and 72% for LNS < 12 (p = 0.158). Among stage III patients, the DFS was 58% (p < 0.001). We found a significant association between LNR quartiles and relapse in stage III patients but only in the LNS ≥ 12 group. ROC curve analysis indicated an ideal LNR cut-off value at 0.194 (sensitivity 65% and specificity 61%). The DFS of patients with LNR below 0.194 was 71%, and that of patients with LNR above 0.194 was 45% (log-rank test, p < 0.001). In the patients with LNS ≥ 12, the cut-off of 0.257 could predict recurrence (specificity 86%). CONCLUSIONS Stage II patients with LNS < 12 tend to have shorter DFS than stage II patients with LNS ≥ 12. In stage III patients, an appropriate LNR cut-off is a better prognostic predictor than LNR quartile, especially in patients with LNS ≥ 12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Li Destri
- a Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technology "G.F. Ingrassia" , University of Catania , Via Santa Sofia 86, Catania , Italia
| | - Martina Barchitta
- a Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technology "G.F. Ingrassia" , University of Catania , Via Santa Sofia 86, Catania , Italia
| | - Antonio Pesce
- a Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technology "G.F. Ingrassia" , University of Catania , Via Santa Sofia 86, Catania , Italia
| | - Saverio Latteri
- a Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technology "G.F. Ingrassia" , University of Catania , Via Santa Sofia 86, Catania , Italia
| | - Dorotea Bosco
- a Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technology "G.F. Ingrassia" , University of Catania , Via Santa Sofia 86, Catania , Italia
| | - Antonio Di Cataldo
- a Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technology "G.F. Ingrassia" , University of Catania , Via Santa Sofia 86, Catania , Italia
| | - Antonella Agodi
- a Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technology "G.F. Ingrassia" , University of Catania , Via Santa Sofia 86, Catania , Italia
| | - Stefano Puleo
- a Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technology "G.F. Ingrassia" , University of Catania , Via Santa Sofia 86, Catania , Italia
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12
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The prognostic significance of lymph node size in node-positive colon cancer. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201072. [PMID: 30096142 PMCID: PMC6086396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To (i) show the outcome benefits of enlarged lymph nodes in node-positive colon cancer cases, as it was shown previously in negative node cases; (ii) disprove the stage migration theory and (iii) list the factors affecting lymph node size and yield. METHODS A retrospective study including 234 node-positive colon cancer cases was scheduled and performed. All recovered lymph nodes (6969) from 234 cases were microscopically examined in regard to (a) lymph node size (b) presence of metastasis (c) extent of intra-nodal metastasis. On the basis of resulting data, a statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS Metastases occurred in all size categories, though more often in larger lymph nodes. Fifty-one percent of all metastasised nodes were 2 to 6 mm in size. Approximately half of all nodes >10 mm were microscopically free of cancer. Cases with a small lymph node metastasis to lymph node size ratio (MSR) had a better prognosis than others: 85 months (95% CI: 72-97) vs. 67 months (95% CI: 47-88), p <0.001 (mean, overall survival). To differentiate between cases with the same ratio but different absolute lymph nodes sizes, we divided the cases into two groups that differed in their number of moderate to large lymph nodes. The group with more moderate to large lymph nodes showed a clear outcome benefit: 104 months (95% CI: 86-122) vs. 66 months (95% CI: 54-77), p = 0.014 (mean, overall survival). CONCLUSIONS Metastasised lymph nodes affect all size categories, and large lymph nodes are not always metastasised. The combination of enlarged lymph nodes and a small lymph node metastasis to lymph node size ratio (MSR) is associated with a better prognosis than others. When enlarged lymph nodes were considered as surrogate markers of an effective local immune response due to nodal hyperplasia, the immune system could be seen as the confounder affecting both lymph node size and prognosis. Our results are pointing in this direction and, along with other reasons, are challenging the stage migration theory.
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Zhang MR, Xie TH, Chi JL, Li Y, Yang L, Yu YY, Sun XF, Zhou ZG. Prognostic role of the lymph node ratio in node positive colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:72898-72907. [PMID: 27662659 PMCID: PMC5341952 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymph node ratio (LNR) (i.e. the number of metastatic lymph nodes divided by the number of totally resected lymph nodes) has recently emerged as an important prognostic factor in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging system for colorectal cancer does not consider it as a prognostic parameter. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the prognostic role of the LNR in node positive CRC. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library for relevant studies up to November 2015. As a result, a total of 75,838 node positive patients in 33 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Higher LNR was significantly associated with shorter overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.91; 95% CI 1.71–2.14; P = 0.0000) and disease free survival (DFS) (HR = 2.75; 95% CI: 2.14–3.53; P = 0.0000). Subgroup analysis showed similar results. Based on these results, LNR was an independent predictor of survival in colorectal cancer patients and should be considered as a parameter in future oncologic staging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ran Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Digestive Surgery and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian-Hang Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun-Lin Chi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Digestive Surgery and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Digestive Surgery and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lie Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong-Yang Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Sun
- Institute of Digestive Surgery and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oncology, Department of Clinical and Experiment Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Zong-Guang Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Digestive Surgery and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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14
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Yamanashi T, Nakamura T, Sato T, Naito M, Miura H, Tsutsui A, Shimazu M, Watanabe M. Laparoscopic surgery for locally advanced T4 colon cancer: the long-term outcomes and prognostic factors. Surg Today 2017; 48:534-544. [PMID: 29288349 PMCID: PMC5880863 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-017-1621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose For locally advanced pathological T4 (pT4) colon cancer, the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic procedures remain controversial. Therefore, this study aimed to assess short-term and long-term outcomes and to identify the prognostic factors in laparoscopic surgery for pT4 colon cancer. Methods The study group included 130 patients who underwent laparoscopic radical resection for pT4 colon and rectosigmoid cancer from January 2004 through December 2012. The short-term outcomes, long-term outcomes, and prognostic factors in pT4 colon cancer were analyzed. Results The median operative time was 205 min, with a median blood loss of 10 ml. The conversion rate was 3.8%, and 13 patients (10.0%) had postoperative complications. The radial resection margin was positive in 1 patient (0.8%). The median follow-up time was 73 months. The 5-year overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were 77.2 and 63.5%, respectively. On a multivariate analysis, a male sex [hazard ratio (HR) 3.09, p < 0.001], lymph node ratio ≥ 0.06 (HR 2.35, p = 0.021), tumor diameter < 38 mm (HR 2.57, p = 0.007), and right-sided colon cancer (HR 2.11, p = 0.047) were significantly related to a poor OS. Conclusions These results suggest that laparoscopic surgery for pT4 colon cancer is safe and feasible, and the oncological outcomes are acceptable. Based on the present findings, select patients with locally advanced colon cancer should not be excluded from laparoscopic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yamanashi
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Takeo Sato
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masanori Naito
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Miura
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Atsuko Tsutsui
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masashi Shimazu
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
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Abstract
The authors seek to assess whether the lymph node ratio (LNR) could predict the risk of metachronous liver metastases. Using the goal of sampling 12 lymph nodes for a proper staging of colorectal cancer is often “uncommon,” and the LNR is what allows for a better prognosis selection of patients. A homogeneous group of 280 patients, followed up for at least 5 years, was evaluated. To highlight the groups with the highest risk of metachronous liver metastases, patients were divided into 4 quartiles groups in relation to the LNR. The number of lymph nodes sampled in group “Stage I” was significantly lower. Even if statistical significance between the global LNR and the development of liver metastases has not been reached, the subdivision into quartiles has made it possible to highlight that in the more advanced ratio groups, a higher incidence of metachronous liver metastases (P < 0.028) was registered and was a different distribution of patients with or without liver metastasis in function of quartiles (P = 0.01). The LNR has enabled us to prognosticate patients who are at greater risk of developing metachronous liver metastases. The lower lymph node sampling in the patients with less advanced staging (I) and in patients with node-negative cancer (I + II) who developed liver metastases, leads us to believe that some patients have been understaged. We believe that the LNR, especially in cases of adequate lymph node sampling, is a useful gauge to better substratify “node-positive” patients.
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16
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Quintyne KI, Woulfe B, Coffey JC, Merrigan A, Gupta RK. Lymph Node Ratio in Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Era: Are We Losing Prognostic Information? Clin Breast Cancer 2016; 17:117-126. [PMID: 27592541 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of involved axillary lymph nodes (LNs) found pathologically is regarded as a significant prognostic factor in early-stage breast cancer (EBC). Recently, there is speculation that LN ratio (LNR) may be a better surrogate at predicting cancer-specific outcome than number of involved LNs. This study investigated prognostic value of LNR, using predetermined cutoff values. METHODS Data included all women diagnosed with node-positive EBC between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2010 (N = 553). Retrospective evaluation for clinical, demographic, and pathologic data was performed. Most had axillary node clearance (ANC) (548/553; 99.1%). Cohorts were divided by LNR risk groups (low: ≤ 0.20; intermediate: 0.21-0.65; high: >0.65). Proportional hazard modeling was undertaken to evaluate whether LNR was associated with overall survival (OS). RESULTS Median follow-up was 59.8 months. LNR distribution was as follows: low, 303/553 (54.8%); intermediate, 160/553 (28.9%); high, 90/553 (16.3%). Kaplan-Meier estimates for OS were stratified by LNR: low-risk group had better outcome for OS (P < .001). Overall 5- and 10-year OS was 63% and 58%, respectively. Number of positive LNs correlated with 10-year OS (66%, 48%, and 48% for patients with N1, N2, and N3 stage, respectively; P < .001). LNR also correlated with 5-year OS (69%, 48%, and 41% for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups, respectively; P < .001). Significantly, LNR on multivariate analysis also formed a prognostic model when combined with age, estrogen receptor status, PgR status and, HER2 status (P < .001). CONCLUSION The Findings support LNR as a predictor for OS in EBC. LNR should be considered an independent prognostic variable to current prognostic instruments already in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Ian Quintyne
- Community Oncology Department, National Cancer Control Programme (NCCP), Dublin, Ireland; Post-Graduate Department, Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Bernie Woulfe
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Stokes Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - John C Coffey
- Post-Graduate Department, Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Department of Surgery, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Anne Merrigan
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Rajnish K Gupta
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Stokes Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Garcia B, Guzman C, Johnson C, Hellenthal NJ, Monie D, Monzon JR. Trends in lymph node excision and impact of positive lymph node ratio in patients with colectomy for primary colon adenocarcinoma: Population based study 1988 to 2011. Surg Oncol 2016; 25:158-63. [PMID: 27566017 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest increased lymph node excision in patients with colon cancer portends improved survival. Guidelines recommend excising 12 or more lymph nodes during colectomy. There is an inverse correlation between the positive lymph node ratio and survival in patients of these patients. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether colon cancer patients have adequate lymph node excision and whether positive lymph node ratio can be used as a guiding factor for their treatment plan. DESIGN Retrospective, Observational. SETTINGS United States, 1988-2011. PATIENTS Utilizing the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry, we identified 318,323 patients who underwent colectomy for colonic adenocarcinoma. Patients were stratified by age, tumor stage, tumor grade, race, ratio of positive nodes, and year of diagnosis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We determined the percentage of patients undergoing lymph node excision and mean number of nodes excised by year of diagnosis. In patients with adequate lymph node excision, positive lymph node ratio versus overall and cancer-specific survival was evaluated. RESULTS 302,620 patients (95%) had at least 1 lymph node excised and 164,583 patients (52%) had 12 or more lymph nodes excised. This correlates to an increase from approximately 30% in 1988 to 80% by 2011. The mean number of nodes excised doubled from 9 to 18 in the entire cohort over the timeframe studied. On multivariate analysis, the 4 year cluster of diagnosis was the largest predictor of receipt of adequate lymph node excision with a 1.68 times higher odds per 4-year increase from 1988 (95% CI 1.67-1.69, p < 0.001). Higher positive lymph node ratio correlated with significantly worse overall and cancer-specific survival in those who had 12 or more lymph nodes excised. At a positive lymph node ratio of 0.16, there is a 15.7% increased rate of cancer specific mortality. CONCLUSIONS Despite improvement in the performance of lymph node excision in patients undergoing colectomy for colon adenocarcinoma since 1988, only 80% of patients had adequate lymph node excision in 2011. Increasing positive lymph node ratio predicts significantly worse cancer-specific survival and a ratio of 0.16 may be considered an indication for a more aggressive therapeutic plan. CATEGORY Colorectal/Anal Neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Garcia
- Columbia-Bassett Medical School Program, Cooperstown, NY, USA
| | - Carlos Guzman
- Department of Surgery, Bassett Healthcare, Cooperstown, NY, USA.
| | | | | | - Daphne Monie
- Columbia-Bassett Medical School Program, Cooperstown, NY, USA
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Dedavid e Silva TL, Damin DC. Lymph node ratio predicts tumor recurrence in stage III colon cancer. Rev Col Bras Cir 2015; 40:463-70. [PMID: 24573624 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-69912013000600008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the lymph node ratio as a predictor for tumor recurrence in stage III colon cancer patients. METHODS Patients with stage III colon cancer who underwent curative resection between January 2005 and December 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. The main outcomes were tumor recurrence and death. The impact of lymph node ratio and other clinicopathological factors on disease-free survival were evaluated by uni- and multivariate analysis. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted in order to identify the best cutoff value for lymph node ratio to predict tumor recurrence. Disease-free survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS Seventy patients were included in the study (50% male). The mean age was 64 years. Univariate analysis identified four factors for tumor recurrence: carcinoembryonic antigen, N stage, number of positive lymph nodes and lymph node ratio. Lymph node ratio was the one with the greatest magnitude of association. Receiver operator characteristic analyzes identified 0.15 as the best cutoff value. Patients with a lymph node ratio < 0.15 had a disease-free survival of 90% in 3 years (versus 64%, p = 0.011). CONCLUSION Lymph node ratio is a strong predictor for tumor recurrence in stage III colon cancer.
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Jayasinghe UW, Pathmanathan N, Elder E, Boyages J. Prognostic value of the lymph node ratio for lymph-node-positive breast cancer- is it just a denominator problem? SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:121. [PMID: 25815246 PMCID: PMC4366431 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To examine the prognostic value of lymph node ratio (LNR) for patients with node-positive breast cancer with varying numbers of minimum nodes removed (>5, > 10 and > 15 total node count). Methods This study examined the original histopathological reports of 332 node-positive patients treated in the state of New South Wales (NSW), Australia between 1 April 1995 and 30 September 1995. The LNR was defined as the number of positive lymph nodes (LNs) over the total number of LNs removed. The LNR cutoffs were defined as low-risk, 0.01–0.20; intermediate-risk, 0.21– 0.65; and high-risk, LNR >0.65. Results The median follow-up was 10.3 years. In multivariate analysis, LNR was an independent predictor of 10-year breast cancer specific survival when > 5 nodes were removed. However, LNR was not an independent predictor when > 15 nodes were removed. In a multivariate analysis the relative risk of death (RR) decreased from 2.20 to 1.05 for intermediate-risk LNR and from 3.07 to 2.64 for high-risk while P values increased from 0.027 to 0.957 for intermediate-risk LNR and 0.018 to 0.322 for high-risk with the number of nodes removed increasing from > 5 to > 15. Conclusions Although LNR is important for patients with low node denominators, for patients with macroscopic nodal metastases in several nodes following an axillary dissection who have more than 15 nodes dissected, the oncologist can be satisfied that prognosis, selection of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy fields can be based on the numerator of the positive nodes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40064-015-0865-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upali W Jayasinghe
- Westmead Breast Cancer Institute, Westmead, New South Wales Australia ; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales Australia
| | | | - Elisabeth Elder
- Westmead Breast Cancer Institute, Westmead, New South Wales Australia
| | - John Boyages
- Macquarie University Cancer Institute, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales Australia
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Peng J, Ding Y, Tu S, Shi D, Sun L, Li X, Wu H, Cai S. Prognostic nomograms for predicting survival and distant metastases in locally advanced rectal cancers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106344. [PMID: 25171093 PMCID: PMC4149564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To develop prognostic nomograms for predicting outcomes in patients with locally advanced rectal cancers who do not receive preoperative treatment. Materials and Methods A total of 883 patients with stage II–III rectal cancers were retrospectively collected from a single institution. Survival analyses were performed to assess each variable for overall survival (OS), local recurrence (LR) and distant metastases (DM). Cox models were performed to develop a predictive model for each endpoint. The performance of model prediction was validated by cross validation and on an independent group of patients. Results The 5-year LR, DM and OS rates were 22.3%, 32.7% and 63.8%, respectively. Two prognostic nomograms were successfully developed to predict 5-year OS and DM-free survival rates, with c-index of 0.70 (95% CI = [0.66, 0.73]) and 0.68 (95% CI = [0.64, 0.72]) on the original dataset, and 0.76 (95% CI = [0.67, 0.86]) and 0.73 (95% CI = [0.63, 0.83]) on the validation dataset, respectively. Factors in our models included age, gender, carcinoembryonic antigen value, tumor location, T stage, N stage, metastatic lymph nodes ratio, adjuvant chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy. Predicted by our nomogram, substantial variability in terms of 5-year OS and DM-free survival was observed within each TNM stage category. Conclusions The prognostic nomograms integrated demographic and clinicopathological factors to account for tumor and patient heterogeneity, and thereby provided a more individualized outcome prognostication. Our individualized prediction nomograms could help patients with preoperatively under-staged rectal cancer about their postoperative treatment strategies and follow-up protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Peng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shanshan Tu
- Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Debing Shi
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Sun
- School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xinxiang Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbin Wu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sanjun Cai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Destri GL, Carlo ID, Scilletta R, Scilletta B, Puleo S. Colorectal cancer and lymph nodes: The obsession with the number 12. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:1951-1960. [PMID: 24587671 PMCID: PMC3934465 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i8.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphadenectomy of colorectal cancer is a decisive factor for the prognostic and therapeutic staging of the patient. For over 15 years, we have asked ourselves if the minimum number of 12 examined lymph nodes (LNs) was sufficient for the prevention of understaging. The debate is certainly still open if we consider that a limit of 12 LNs is still not the gold standard mainly because the research methodology of the first studies has been criticized. Moreover many authors report that to date both in the United States and Europe the number “12” target is uncommon, not adequate, or accessible only in highly specialised centres. It should however be noted that both the pressing nature of the debate and the dissemination of guidelines have been responsible for a trend that has allowed for a general increase in the number of LNs examined. There are different variables that can affect the retrieval of LNs. Some, like the surgeon, the surgery, and the pathology exam, are without question modifiable; however, other both patient and disease-related variables are non-modifiable and pose the question of whether the minimum number of examined LNs must be individually assigned. The lymph nodal ratio, the sentinel LNs and the study of the biological aspects of the tumor could find valid application in this field in the near future.
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Medani M, Kelly N, Samaha G, Duff G, Healy V, Mulcahy E, Condon E, Waldron D, Saunders J, Coffey JC. An appraisal of lymph node ratio in colon and rectal cancer: not one size fits all. Int J Colorectal Dis 2013; 28:1377-84. [PMID: 23715847 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-013-1707-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymph node ratio (LNR) is increasingly accepted as a useful prognostic indicator in colorectal cancer. However, variations in methodology, statistical stringency and cohort composition has led to inconsistency in respect of the optimally prognostic LNR. OBJECTIVE The aim was to apply a robust regression-based analysis to generate and appraise LNRs optimally prognostic for colon and rectal cancer, both separately and in combination. METHODS LNR was established for all patients undergoing either a colonic (n = 379) or rectal (n = 160) cancer resection with curative intent. The optimal LNR associated with disease-free and overall survival were established using a classification and regression tree technique. This process was repeated separately for patients who underwent either colonic or rectal resection and for the combined cohort. Survival associated with differing LNR was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using a log-rank test. Relationships between LNR, disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were further characterised using Cox regression analysis. All statistical analyses were conducted in the R programming environment, with statistical significance was taken at a level of p < 0.05. RESULTS Optimal LNRs differed between each cohort, when either overall or disease-free survival was considered. LNRs generated from combined cohorts also differed from those generated by individual cohorts. In relation to DFS, LNR values were obtained and included 0.18 for the colon cancer cohort and 0.19 for the rectal and combined colorectal cancer cohorts. In relation to OS, multiple LNR values were obtained for colon and combined cohorts; however, an optimal LNR was not evident in the rectal cancer cohort. Survival patterns according to LNR closely resembled those associated with standard nodal staging. CONCLUSION Application of a data-driven approach based on recursive partitioning generates differing lymph node ratios for colon, rectal and combined colorectal cohorts. In each cohort, LNR was similarly prognostic to standard nodal staging in respect to overall and disease-free survival. Overall survival was associated with a multiplicity of LNR values, whilst disease-free survival was associated with a single LNR only. The paper demonstrates the merits of utilising a data-driven approach to determining lymph node ratios from specific patient cohorts. Utilising such an approach enabled the generation of those LNRs that were most associated with particular survival trends in relation to overall and disease-free survival. These differed markedly for colon cancer, rectal cancer and combined cohorts. In general, the survival patterns associated with LNRs generated were similar to those observed with standard nodal staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Medani
- Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Huebner M, Kendrick M, Reid-Lombardo KM, Que F, Therneau T, Qin R, Donohue J, Nagorney D, Farnell M, Sarr M. Number of lymph nodes evaluated: prognostic value in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2012; 16:920-6. [PMID: 22421988 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-012-1853-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The impact of the number of lymph node (LN) evaluated pathologically on accurate staging is unknown. Our primary aim was to determine a minimum number of evaluated LN needed to provide accurate staging of pancreatic cancer. METHODS Four hundred ninety-nine patients underwent a curative pancreatectomy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma cancer from 1981-2007. The probability of understaging a patient as N0 was estimated based on the number of LN evaluated. The prognostic value of LN ratio (LNR) was assessed. RESULTS Survival for node-negative (pN0) patients with <11 LN examined was worse than for pN0 patients with ≥11 LNs with a hazard ratio (95 % CI) of 1.33 (1.1-1.7, p = 0.01) with 3-year survivals of 32 vs. 50%, respectively. Three-year survival for pN1 patients with <11 nodes evaluated was similar to pN1 patients with ≥11 nodes (25 vs. 30%). LNR ≥ 0.17 predicted worse survival with hazard ratio of 1.76 (1.3-2.4, p = 0.001) than LNR < 0.17; 3-year survivals were 37 vs. 19%. CONCLUSION Patients with "N0" disease with <11 LN evaluated pathologically have worse survival, suggesting that metastatic nodes were missed by evaluating too few nodes. For pN1 patients, LNR stratifies survival of patient cohorts more accurately. Adequate staging of pancreatic cancer requires pathologic evaluation of ≥11 LNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Huebner
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Zhu C, Wu XZ. Proposal of new classification for stage III breast cancer on the number and ratio of metastatic lymph nodes. J Surg Oncol 2012; 106:696-702. [PMID: 22488301 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the retrospective study was to confirm whether the current staging system of stage III was appropriate for breast cancer. METHODS Four hundred fifteen patients with breast cancer in stage III were analyzed. The survival analysis was performed by Kaplan-Meier. RESULTS Survival time of the patients with T1N3M0 was significantly better than the patients with other subgroups of stage IIIC (T2,3,4N3M0) and similar that of patients with T4N0,1,2M0 who formed the stage IIIB group based on pN stage. Tumor size, number of positive lymph nodes and lymph node ratio (LNR) were associated with overall survival (OS). The greatest survival difference was found when 0.60 as the cutoff point of LNR for the patients with current stage IIIC (pN3). rN1 included the patients in pN3 with LNR ≤ 0.60 and rN2 included the patients in pN3 with LNR >0.60. Survival time of the patients with T1,2,3,4N3(rN1)M0 and T1N3(rN2)M0 was differently better than the patients with T2,3,4N3(rN2)M0 and similar that of patients with T4N0,1,2M0. CONCLUSION We suggested current staging system should be modified combining pN with rN. We presumed the patients with T1N3M0 and T2,3,4N3(rN1)M0 disease were excluded from the current stage IIIC and included in stage IIIB group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhu
- Department of Zhong-Shan-Men In-Patient, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
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