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Gholami Shahrebabak M, Kouchaki H, Gholami Shahrebabak A, Ravankhah M, Abdollahi M, Akbari M, Lankarani KB. Systematic review and meta-analysis of cytomegalovirus-associated adverse outcomes and healthcare resource utilization in hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Int J Colorectal Dis 2025; 40:101. [PMID: 40272527 PMCID: PMC12021708 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-025-04886-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2025] [Indexed: 04/25/2025]
Abstract
PURPOSE Serious complications and unplanned healthcare utilization are reported among inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) hospitalizations with associated cytomegalovirus (CMV). The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the in-hospital outcomes of CMV-related hospitalization in IBD patients. METHODS Electronic databases were systematically searched in PubMed, Web of Science (ISI), Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar until February 2024. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Cochran's Q test and I2 statistics were applied to evaluate potential heterogeneity across eligible studies. The random-effects model obtained pooled odds ratio (OR) estimates and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Sixteen articles were included in the meta-analysis, encompassing 5120 IBD patients diagnosed with comorbid CMV infection. Our findings indicated that compared to IBD patients without CMV, those with both CMV and IBD had a longer hospital length of stay (LOS) (8.65 days longer; 95% CI: 6.96, 10.34; P < 0.01), a greater colectomy risk (OR = 2.26; 95% CI: 1.53, 3.34; P < 0.01), and higher in-hospital mortality (OR = 2.83; 95% CI: 1.92, 4.16; P < 0.01). However, the difference in hospital charges between the two groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.78). Sensitivity analysis using the leave-one-out approach revealed significant changes in hospital costs after excluding certain studies. Additionally, subgroup analyses showed significant differences based on IBD subtypes for surgery risk and LOS. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that CMV infection is associated with poorer outcomes in hospitalized IBD patients, highlighting the importance of early detection and appropriate management of CMV infection in this population to improve clinical outcomes and reduce healthcare resource utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Gholami Shahrebabak
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hosein Kouchaki
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- USERN Office, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Azam Gholami Shahrebabak
- Department of Pediatrics, Afzalipour Hospital, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ravankhah
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mozhan Abdollahi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Akbari
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 8th Floor, Building No. 2, Zand Avenue, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Kamran B Lankarani
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 8th Floor, Building No. 2, Zand Avenue, Shiraz, Iran.
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Kwon J, Fluxá D, Farraye FA, Kröner PT. Cytomegalovirus-related colitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Int J Colorectal Dis 2022; 37:685-691. [PMID: 35132443 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-022-04099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to examine the role of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which remains highly debated. METHODS Retrospective, observational study using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) 2015-2017. Patients with ICD9/10CM codes for Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and CMV colitis were included in the study. The primary outcome was the odds of CMV colitis in patients with IBD compared to patients without IBD. Secondary outcomes were differences in inpatient morbidity, mortality, resource utilization, colectomy rates, hospital length of stay (LOS), and inflation-adjusted total hospitalization costs. RESULTS A total of 992,445 patients with IBD were identified, out of which 520 (0.05%) had associated CMV colitis. Patients with IBD had significantly higher odds of CMV colitis compared to patients without IBD (aOR: 19.76, p < 0.01), having an even greater association with UC (aOR: 31.13, p < 0.01). CMV colitis in patients with CD was associated with a significant increase in odds of mortality, shock, and ICU stay, while patients with UC had higher odds of colectomy. The patients with IBD and CMV colitis had higher odds of acute kidney injury, multiorgan failure, markedly increased additional hospital costs, and LOS compared to patients with IBD and no CMV colitis. CONCLUSION IBD has a significant association with CMV colitis, and the presence of CMV colitis in patients with IBD was associated with higher mortality, morbidity, and hospital costs. Prospectively designed studies may better elucidate the risk factors and impact of CMV colitis on patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| | - Daniela Fluxá
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Francis A Farraye
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Paul T Kröner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Luangsirithanya P, Treewaree S, Pongpaibul A, Pausawasdi N, Limsrivilai J. Cytomegalovirus enterocolitis with subsequent diagnosis of coexisting new-onset inflammatory bowel disease: Two case reports and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24914. [PMID: 33663126 PMCID: PMC7909229 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastrointestinal (GI) cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection coexisting with or followed by a diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is infrequently reported. Not recognizing this condition may delay IBD diagnosis in patients with GI-CMV disease who do not or partially respond to antiviral agents, which could consequently result in unsatisfied treatment outcomes. PATIENT CONCERNS Two immunocompetent patients with no known underlying GI conditions presented with acute bloody diarrhea. The first patient developed diarrhea and hematochezia after admission to intensive care unit (ICU) because of severe alcoholic pancreatitis for 10 days duration. Computed tomography abdomen showed segmental jejunal thickening. The other patient presented with a 1-week history of severe bloody diarrhea which required ICU admission. Colonoscopy showed multiple ulcers along terminal ileum and colon. DIAGNOSIS These 2 patients were initially diagnosed with CMV jejunitis and ileocolitis, respectively, based on endoscopic and histopathologic findings. Both had partial response to treatment with 3 weeks of intravenous ganciclovir. Crohn disease was suspected because of persistent ulcerations on the follow-up endoscopy with the presence of pathological features of chronic inflammation and disappearance of previously detected CMV-infected cells. INTERVENTION Both patients were treated with systemic corticosteroids and azathioprine. OUTCOMES Both patients had complete clinical improvement. Prednisolone could be tapered off in 6 months. Follow-up video capsule endoscopy (VCE) at 6 months showed improvement of mucosal inflammation and ulcers, but neither were completely healed in the first patient. Follow-up colonoscopy at 6 months showed complete resolution of ulcers and inflammation in the second patient. LESSONS IBD should be suspected in patients with a diagnosis of GI-CMV disease who are immunocompetent and have a partial response to antiviral agents. This clinical scenario could be caused by either CMV infection activating immune response resulting in IBD onset, or CMV infection superimposed on pre-existing latent IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ananya Pongpaibul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Dawood M, Tauseef A, Patel J. Cytomegalovirus infection in the setting of occult ulcerative colitis: case report and review of the literature. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2018; 8:382-385. [PMID: 30559952 PMCID: PMC6292355 DOI: 10.1080/20009666.2018.1554100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CMV can infect a variety of organs including gastrointestinal tract, meninges, eyes and other organs depending upon the nature of immune system but it can also manifest as a flare-up in ulcerative colitis patients. It usually presents as loose stools, bright red blood in the stool and weight loss in the patient. In the setting of an Immunocompetent patient, CMV colitis has been diagnosed in patients with occult inflammatory bowel disease. It is usually diagnosed on histology secondary to endoscopic biopsy. We herein report a case of a 73 years old female with CMV colitis found to have underlying ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Dawood
- Internal Medicine, Greater Baltimore Medical Centre, Towson, USA
| | - Abubakar Tauseef
- Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Janki Patel
- Internal Medicine, Greater Baltimore Medical Centre, Towson, USA
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Abstract
We report this case of a 21-year-old immunocompetent man presenting with ulcerative colitis and superimposed Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) colitis. He presented for the first time with symptoms of blood-mixed diarrhoea and raised inflammatory markers. His endoscopic and histological appearances were found to be due to ulcerative colitis for which he was started on standard therapy with intravenous steroids. In spite of this, he continued to be symptomatic and his inflammatory markers continued to rise. A virology screen done showed evidence of previous EBV infection, and in view of poor response to immunosuppression, a superimposed infection was suspected. EBV DNA PCR done on colonic biopsies was found to be positive and the patient was started on intravenous ganciclovir to which he responded well. This case highlights the importance of considering a superimposed infection in patients with poor initial response to steroid therapy in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Afzal
- Gastroenterology, Royal Oldham Hospital, Oldham, Oldham, UK
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Khan TV, Toms C. Cytomegalovirus Colitis and Subsequent New Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in an Immunocompetent Host: A Case Study and Literature Review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2016; 17:538-43. [PMID: 27460032 PMCID: PMC4968430 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.898005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Male, 40 Final Diagnosis: CMV colitis Symptoms: Abdominal pain • diarrhea • jaundice Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Flexible sigmoidoscopy • colonoscopy Specialty: Family Medicine
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Affiliation(s)
- Tipu V Khan
- Ventura County Medical Center, Family Medicine Residency Program, University of California, Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Ventura, CA, USA
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Hirayama Y, Ando T, Hirooka Y, Watanabe O, Miyahara R, Nakamura M, Yamamura T, Goto H. Characteristic endoscopic findings and risk factors for cytomegalovirus-associated colitis in patients with active ulcerative colitis. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2016; 8:301-309. [PMID: 27014426 PMCID: PMC4804188 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v8.i6.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To identify characteristic endoscopic findings and risk factors for cytomegalovirus (CMV)-associated colitis in patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC).
METHODS: A total of 149 UC patients admitted to the Department of Gastroenterology, Nagoya University Hospital, from January 2004 to December 2013 with exacerbation of UC symptoms were enrolled in this retrospective study. All medical records, including colonoscopy results, were reviewed. CMV infection was determined by the presence of CMV antigen, CMV inclusion bodies in biopsy specimens, or positive specific immunohistochemical staining for CMV. Multivariate analysis was used to identify independent risk factors for CMV colitis.
RESULTS: Multivariate analysis indicated independent associations with the extent of disease (pancolitis) and use of > 400 mg corticosteroids for the previous 4 wk. In contrast, no association was seen with sex, age at UC diagnosis, immunomodulator use, or infliximab use. Punched-out ulceration was also significantly associated with CMV infection in patients with active UC (odds ratio = 12.672, 95%CI: 4.210-38.143).
CONCLUSION: Identification of a total corticosteroid dose > 400 mg for 4 wk, extensive colitis and a specific endoscopic finding of punched-out ulcer might facilitate the more rapid diagnosis and timely initiation of antiviral therapy for CMV-associated colitis in patients with active UC.
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Cakir M, Ersoz S, Akbulut UE. Disseminated cytomegalovirus infection and protein losing enteropathy as presenting feature of pediatric patient with Crohn's disease. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2015; 18:60-5. [PMID: 25866735 PMCID: PMC4392002 DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2015.18.1.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a pediatric patient admitted with abdominal pain, diffuse lower extremity edema and watery diarrhea for two months. Laboratory findings including complete blood count, serum albumin, lipid and immunoglobulin levels were compatible with protein losing enteropathy. Colonoscopic examination revealed diffuse ulcers with smooth raised edge (like "punched out holes") in the colon and terminal ileum. Histopathological examination showed active colitis, ulcerations and inclusion bodies. Immunostaining for cytomegalovirus was positive. Despite supportive management, antiviral therapy, the clinical condition of the patient worsened and developed disseminated cytomegalovirus infection and the patient died. Protein losing enteropathy and disseminated cytomegalovirus infection a presenting of feature in steroid-naive patient with inflammatory bowel disease is very rare. Hypogammaglobulinemia associated with protein losing enteropathy in Crohn's disease may predispose the cytomegalovirus infection in previously healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Cakir
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Safak Ersoz
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ulas Emre Akbulut
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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Taherkhani R, Farshadpour F, Makvandi M, Hamidifard M, Esmailizadeh M, Ahmadi B, Heidari H. Determination of cytomegalovirus prevalence and glycoprotein B genotypes among ulcerative colitis patients in ahvaz, iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e17458. [PMID: 25793098 PMCID: PMC4353060 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.17458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a common pathogen which usually remains asymptomatic in the healthy adults; however, it can cause a symptomatic disease in the immunocompromised patients. The risk of infection with HCMV increases in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients as a result of receiving immunosuppressive agents. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the prevalence and the glycoprotein B genotypes of HCMV among the patients with HCMV disease superimposed on an UC flare that required hospitalization in Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz, Iran, during 2010- 2012. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this case-control study, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded intestinal tissue samples were taken from 98 patients with UC disease including 53 males and 45 females (mean age ± standard deviation, 38.95 ± 17.93) and 67 control patients with noninflammatory disease who were referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital during 2010-2012. Detection of HCMV genome in intestinal samples was carried out by seminested polymerase chain reaction. Glycoprotein B genotypes were determined by sequencing. RESULTS Among 98 patients with UC, only 12 (12.2%) patients were positive for HCMV genome, while the HCMV genome was not detected in any of the controls. (P = 0.002). The distribution of HCMV gB genotypes in 12 CMV-positive UC patients was as follow: gB1, 11 (91.7%) and gB3, 1 (8.3%). The most prevalent genotype in CMV-positive UC patients was gB1. CONCLUSIONS In this study, high prevalence of 91.7% HCMV gB1 genotype was predominant among HCMV-positive UC patients, which suggests that there might be an association between HCMV gB genotype 1 and UC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Taherkhani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, IR Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farshadpour
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, IR Iran
| | - Manoochehr Makvandi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Mojtaba Hamidifard
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Mahdi Esmailizadeh
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Bijan Ahmadi
- Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Hamid Heidari
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
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do Carmo AM, Santos FM, Ortiz-Agostinho CL, Nishitokukado I, Frota CS, Gomes FU, de Arruda Leite AZ, Pannuti CS, Boas LSV, Teixeira MG, Sipahi AM. Cytomegalovirus infection in inflammatory bowel disease is not associated with worsening of intestinal inflammatory activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111574. [PMID: 25387236 PMCID: PMC4227676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus is highly prevalent virus and usually occurs in immunocompromised patients. The pathophysiology and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease often induce a state of immunosuppression. Because this, there are still doubts and controversies about the relationship between inflammatory bowel disease and cytomegalovirus. AIM Evaluate the frequency of cytomegalovirus in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and identify correlations. METHODS Patients with inflammatory bowel disease underwent an interview, review of records and collection of blood and fecal samples. The search for cytomegalovirus was performed by IgG and IgM blood serology, by real-time PCR in the blood and by qualitative PCR in feces. Results were correlated with red blood cell levels, C-reactive protein levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rates and fecal calprotectin levels for each patient. RESULTS Among the 400 eligible patients, 249 had Crohn's disease, and 151 had ulcerative colitis. In the group of Crohn's disease, 67 of the patients had moderate or severe disease, but 126 patients presented with active disease, based on the evaluation of the fecal calprotectin. In patients with ulcerative colitis, only 21 patients had moderate disease, but 76 patients presented with active disease, based on the evaluation of the fecal calprotectin. A large majority of patients had positive CMV IgG. Overall, 10 patients had positive CMV IgM, and 9 patients had a positive qualitative detection of CMV DNA by PCR in the feces. All 400 patients returned negative results after the quantitative detection of CMV DNA in blood by real-time PCR. Analyzing the 19 patients with active infections, we only found that such an association occurred with the use of combined therapy (anti-TNF-alpha + azathioprine). CONCLUSION The findings show that latent cytomegalovirus infections are frequent and active cytomegalovirus infection is rare. We did not find any association between an active infection of CMV and inflammatory bowel disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Medeiros do Carmo
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo – LIM 07, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Maria Santos
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo – LIM 07, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmen Lucia Ortiz-Agostinho
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo – LIM 07, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iêda Nishitokukado
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo – LIM 07, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cintia S. Frota
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo – LIM 07, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavia Ubeda Gomes
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo – LIM 07, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Zonetti de Arruda Leite
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo – LIM 07, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Sérgio Pannuti
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical e Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitarias (LIM-HC) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucy Santos Vilas Boas
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical e Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina (LIM-HC), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Magaly Gemio Teixeira
- Departamento de Cirurgia do Serviço de Cirurgia do Cólon Reto e Ânus, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aytan Miranda Sipahi
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo – LIM 07, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Looking for endoscopic features of cytomegalovirus colitis: a study of 187 patients with active ulcerative colitis, positive and negative for cytomegalovirus. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19:1156-63. [PMID: 23619714 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0b013e31828075ce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is frequently detected in ulcerative colitis (UC) lesions of steroid-refractory patients. This has led to the suspicion that CMV might cause colitis and steroid refractoriness. METHODS During 2003 and 2011, 187 consecutive patients were divided into group I (n = 105), corticosteroid-free and thiopurine-free in the past 6 months, and group II (n = 82), all corticosteroid refractory. The combination of serum CMV immunoglobulin (Ig)M, CMV IgG, CMV antigenemia (Ag), and real-time polymerase chain reaction assays were performed to identify CMV(+) patients. RESULTS In group I, 79 patients were CMV IgG(+) and 26 patients were CMV IgG(-) and CMV IgM(-). In group II, 61 patients were CMV IgG(+), 1 CMV IgM(+), and 20 CMV IgG(-) and CMV IgM(-). All CMV IgG(+) patients were screened for CMV Ag. In group I, 6 of the 79 CMV IgG(+) patients were CMV Ag(+). In group II, 27 patients were CMV Ag(+). Colonoscopy was performed in all patients before screening for CMV. Similar colonoscopic features including punched out ulcers, geographic ulcers, and irregular ulcers were found in both CMV(+) and CMV(-) patients, without any striking difference between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS CMV reactivation might be encouraged by immunosuppressive drugs, like corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and therefore, patients with UC are at a high risk of CMV reactivation, potentially exacerbating UC. However, this study of 187 patients, CMV(+) and CMV(-), could not find colonoscopic features unique to CMV, except that CMV might be one factor for steroid refractoriness, and UC exacerbation.
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Chiba M, Abe T, Tsuda S, Ono I. Cytomegalovirus infection associated with onset of ulcerative colitis. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:40. [PMID: 23375026 PMCID: PMC3598764 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2009, a trigger role of cytomegalovirus (CMV) was shown in the development of ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice. Fifteen cases of synchronous onset of CMV colitis and UC have been reported in literature. A careful prospective and retrospective survey identified CMV colitis in newly diagnosed UC patients at 4.5% (3/65 cases) and 8.2% (5/61 cases), respectively. This means that a majority of synchronous CMV colitis may be missed in newly diagnosed UC patients in routine practice. Such a case is presented. Case presentation A 50-year-old woman, with a history of right partial mastectomy two years ago, had a persistent high fever for 9 days, after which a thickness of the colonic wall was detected on abdominal ultrasonography. Laboratory data showed inflammation and 2% atypical lymphocytes with the normal number of white blood cells. Although there was no bloody stool, fecal occult blood was over 1000 ng/ml. Colonoscopy showed diffuse inflammation in the entire large bowel and pseudomembranes in the sigmoid colon. The diagnosis was UC with antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Metronidazole followed by sulfasalazine resulted in defervescence and improvement in laboratory data of inflammation. It took one month for normalization of fecal occult blood. Endoscopic remission was simultaneously confirmed. Later, it was found that a report of positive CMV antigenaemia (2/150,000) had been missed. Reevaluation of biopsy specimens using a monoclonal antibody against CMV identified positive cells, although inclusion bodies were not found in hematoxylin and eosin sections. Finally, the case was concluded to be synchronous onset of CMV colitis and UC. Conclusion Synchronous CMV colitis is not routinely investigated in newly diagnosed UC patients. Together with a recent observation in animal studies, it is plausible that a subset (a few to several per cent) of UC patients develop synchronous CMV infection. Further studies are needed to elucidate the plausibility.
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Garrido E, Carrera E, Manzano R, Lopez-Sanroman A. Clinical significance of cytomegalovirus infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:17-25. [PMID: 23326158 PMCID: PMC3545225 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is common in humans. The virus then enters a “latency phase” and can reactivate to different stimuli such as immunosuppression. The clinical significance of CMV infection in inflammatory bowel disease is different in Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). CMV does not interfere in the clinical course of CD. However, CMV reactivation is frequent in severe or steroid-resistant UC. It is not known whether the virus exacerbates the disease or simply appears as a bystander of a severe disease. Different methods are used to diagnose CMV colitis. Diagnosis is classically based on histopathological identification of viral-infected cells or CMV antigens in biopsied tissues using haematoxylin-eosin or immunohistochemistry, other tests on blood or tissue samples are currently being investigated. Polymerase chain reaction performed in colonic mucosa has a high sensitivity and a positive result could be associated with a worse prognosis disease; further studies are needed to determine the most appropriate strategy with positive CMV-DNA in colonic mucosa. Specific endoscopic features have not been described in active UC and CMV infection. CMV colitis is usually treated with ganciclovir for several weeks, there are different opinions about whether or not to stop immunosuppressive therapy. Other antiviral drugs may be used. Multicenter controlled studies would needed to determine which subgroup of UC patients would benefit from early antiviral treatment.
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Pola S, Patel D, Ramamoorthy S, McLemore E, Fahmy M, Rivera-Nieves J, Chang JT, Evans E, Docherty M, Talamini M, Sandborn WJ. Strategies for the care of adults hospitalized for active ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10:1315-1325.e4. [PMID: 22835577 PMCID: PMC4226798 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon; as many as 25% of patients with this disease require hospitalization. The goals of hospitalization are to assess disease severity, exclude infection, administer rapidly acting and highly effective medication regimens, and determine response. During hospitalization, patients should be given venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and monitored for the development of toxic megacolon. Patients who do not respond to intravenous corticosteroids should be considered for rescue therapy with infliximab or cyclosporine. Patients who are refractory to medical therapies or who develop toxic megacolon should be evaluated promptly for colectomy. Patients who do respond to medical therapies should be discharged on an appropriate maintenance regimen when they meet discharge criteria. We review practical evidence-based management principles and propose a day-by-day algorithm for managing patients hospitalized for ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Pola
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego Health System, La Jolla, CA, USA
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15
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Abstract
Diarrhea is a common problem in patients with immunocompromising conditions. The etiologic spectrum differs from patients with diarrhea who have a normal immune system. This article reviews the most important causes of diarrhea in immunocompromised patients, ranging from infectious causes to noninfectious causes of diarrhea in the setting of HIV infection as a model for other conditions of immunosuppression. It also deals with diarrhea in specific situations, eg, after hematopoietic stem cell or solid organ transplantation, diarrhea induced by immunosuppressive drugs, and diarrhea in congenital immunodeficiency syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Krones
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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16
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Nowacki TM, Bettenworth D, Ross M, Heidemann J, Lehmann PV, Lügering A. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-Specific Perforin and Granzyme B ELISPOT Assays Detect Reactivation of CMV Infection in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cells 2012; 1:35-50. [PMID: 24710412 PMCID: PMC3901090 DOI: 10.3390/cells1020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in the pathogenesis and exacerbation of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) has been unresolved. Typically, the CMV genome remains dormant in infected cells, but a breakdown of immune surveillance can lead to re-activation of viral replication in the gut mucosa, which is not necessarily associated with viremia or changes in antibody titers. We hypothesized that the detection of CMV-specific CD8 effector T cells should permit the distinction between dormant and active CMV infection. As CD8 effector T cells, unlike memory CD8 T cells, have perforin (PFN) and granzyme B (GzB) preformed in their cytoplasmic granules, we employed single cell resolution ELISPOT assays to measure the CMV antigen-triggered release of these molecules by CD8 T cells isolated from subjects with IBD, and age-matched healthy controls. The frequencies of CMV-specific (GzB) and PFN-producing CD8 T cells were increased in IBD patients compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, the increased CMV reactivity was associated with active IBD disease and with longer disease duration. Notably, PCR on serum frequently failed to detect CMV DNA during flares. The data show that during active IBD there is a flare of CD8 T cell activity against CMV in a substantial proportion of IBD patients, suggesting CMV reactivation that serum PCR does not detect. While it remains open whether CMV reactivation is a cause or consequence of IBD, our data suggest that monitoring CMV antigen-specific effector CD8 T cells with GzB and PFN ELISPOT analysis can provide novel insights into the role of CMV infection in IBD. Additionally, our data have implications for the fields of transplantation, HIV, cancer, and autoimmune diseases, in all of which patient care critically depends on sensitive and reliable detection of a reactivation of CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M Nowacki
- Department of Medicine B, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany.
| | | | - Matthias Ross
- Department of Medicine B, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany.
| | - Jan Heidemann
- Department of Medicine B, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany.
| | - Paul V Lehmann
- Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122-5350, USA.
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Criscuoli V, Rizzuto MR, Montalbano L, Gallo E, Cottone M. Natural history of cytomegalovirus infection in a series of patients diagnosed with moderate-severe ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:633-8. [PMID: 21350712 PMCID: PMC3040335 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i5.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the natural history of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in a series of 28 ulcerative colitis patients in whom the search for HCMV was positive.
METHODS: A series of 85 patients with moderate-severe ulcerative colitis flare-up were evaluated for a HCMV search by performing a haematoxylin and eosin stain, immunohistochemical assay and nested polymerase chain reaction on rectal biopsies. Among 85 screened patients (19 of whom were steroid resistant/dependant), 28 were positive for HCMV; after remission the patients were followed up clinically and histologically.
RESULTS: Among the 22 patients with complete follow-up, in 8 (36%) patients HCMV-DNA persisted in the intestinal specimens. Among the HCMV positive patients, 4 (50%) experienced at least one moderate-severe flare-up of colitis without evidence of peripheral HCMV. Among the 14 HCMV negative patients, 3 with pouches developed pouchitis and 5 out of 11 (45%) experienced a colitis flare-up.
CONCLUSION: Our preliminary results suggest that HCMV may remain in the colon after an acute colitis flare-up despite remission; it seems that the virus is not responsible for the disease relapse.
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18
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Lawlor G, Moss AC. Cytomegalovirus in inflammatory bowel disease: pathogen or innocent bystander? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:1620-7. [PMID: 20232408 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in exacerbations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains a topic of ongoing debate. Current data are conflicting as to whether CMV worsens inflammation in those with severe colitis, or is merely a surrogate marker for severe disease. The interpretation of existing results is limited by mostly small, retrospective studies, with varying definitions of disease severity and CMV disease. CMV colitis is rare in patients with Crohn's disease or mild-moderate ulcerative colitis. In patients with severe and/or steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis, local reactivation of CMV can be detected in actively inflamed colonic tissue in about 30% of cases. Where comparisons between CMV+ and CMV- steroid-refractory patients can be made, most, but not all, studies show no difference in outcomes according to CMV status. Treatment with antiviral therapy has allowed some patients with severe colitis to avoid colectomy despite poor response to conventional IBD therapies. This article reviews the immunobiology of CMV disease, the evidence for CMV's role in disease severity, and discusses the outcomes with antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Lawlor
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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19
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Cytomegalovirus infection in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:1059-65. [PMID: 20112061 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-010-1126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reported prevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection with active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is highly variable, and whether CMV negatively impacts the clinical course is controversial. AIMS The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of CMV in patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD) and compare the course of disease in patients with and without CMV. METHODS Consecutive patients with acute exacerbations of active IBD colitis had immunohistochemistry staining for CMV antigen performed on archived specimens. Clinical features were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS Twelve (10%) of 122 UC patients had CMV, and 0/20 patients with CD had CMV. Of 12 UC patients with CMV infection, seven were not taking steroids or immunosuppressives at their index flare. UC patients with CMV were more likely to have leukocytosis (OR = 5.3, 95% CI 1.5-18.2), require hospitalization (OR = 4.9, 95% CI 1.2-19.0), and be hospitalized > or =7 days (OR = 5.0, 95% CI 1.6-21.3) compared to patients without CMV. Of 12 UC patients with CMV, ten (83%) were treated for their index flare with steroids or 6-mercaptopurine. Only one patient (8%) was treated for CMV infection which occurred 14 months after index endoscopy. Over the 6 months after the index flare, UC patients with CMV had a higher frequency of IBD-related hospitalizations compared to patients without CMV (50 vs. 24%, P = 0.021), but none required surgery or died. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of CMV with active UC was 10%. Although CMV infection may be a marker of disease severity, our results suggest it does not cause severe morbidity or mortality in a general population of patients with a UC flare.
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20
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Cha JM, Lee JI, Choe JW, Joo KR, Jung SW, Shin HP, Choi SI. Cytomegalovirus enteritis causing ileal perforation in an elderly immunocompetent individual. Yonsei Med J 2010; 51:279-83. [PMID: 20191024 PMCID: PMC2824877 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2010.51.2.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is usually subclinical in immunocompetent individuals, however it can be life threatening in an elderly immunocompetent individual. We report a case of CMV enteritis causing ileal perforation in a physically active elderly man. An 88-year-old healthy man presented with abdominal pain and diarrhea. After initial conservative treatment, emergency laparotomy was performed for ileal perforation. The diagnosis of CMV enteritis was based on histological findings revealing many large cells with CMV inclusion bodies in the surgical specimen. In elderly individuals, even though they are immunocompetent, CMV enteritis may result in major complications such as bowel perforation, and it should be included in the differential diagnosis of diarrhea if it is resistant to conventional treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Myung Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, East-West Neo Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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21
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Navaneethan U, Shen B. Secondary pouchitis: those with identifiable etiopathogenetic or triggering factors. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105:51-64. [PMID: 19755972 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2009.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the surgical treatment of choice for the majority of patients with medically refractory ulcerative colitis (UC) or UC with dysplasia, or familial adenomatous polyposis. Various forms of pouchitis frequently occur after surgery. In fact, pouchitis is the most frequent long-term complication of IPAA in patients with UC, with a cumulative prevalence of up to 50%. The etiology and pathogenesis of pouchitis are not entirely clear. It is generally believed that the initiation and development of the disease process of pouchitis is associated with dysbiosis of pouch reservoir, as evidenced by a favorable response to antibiotic therapy. However, the majority of the patients do not show identifiable etiopathogenetic or triggering factors, therefore being labeled to have idiopathic pouchitis. In contrast, a subgroup of patients, particularly those with antibiotic-refractory pouchitis, may have obvious triggering factors for disease flare-up and progression and may be considered to have secondary pouchitis. Therefore, pouchitis can be classified on the basis of etiology into idiopathic and secondary causes. Approximately 20-30% of patients who present with chronic pouchitis have secondary identifiable and triggering factors, including cytomegalovirus or Clostridium difficile infection, ischemia, concurrent immune-mediated disorders, radiation, collagen deposition, and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Careful evaluation of these secondary causes of pouchitis that may contribute to resistance to antibiotics should be performed before the introduction of next-line medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udayakumar Navaneethan
- The Pouchitis Clinic, Digestive Disease Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA
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22
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Onyeagocha C, Hossain MS, Kumar A, Jones RM, Roback J, Gewirtz AT. Latent cytomegalovirus infection exacerbates experimental colitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:2034-42. [PMID: 19815702 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.090471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) severity is positively correlated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. This may reflect CMV triggering and/or exacerbating flares of IBD and/or IBD or immunosuppressive drugs administered to patients with IBD increasing susceptibility to CMV infection. Herein, we performed studies in mice to investigate these possibilities. Mice administered murine CMV (MCMV) developed signs of acute viral infection (malaise and weight loss) and had MCMV loads that were readily detected in numerous organs including the intestine. By 4 weeks, these mice manifested a "latent" infection in which MCMV levels were low but detectable by PCR. Such MCMV infection did not induce acute colitis in either wild-type mice or IL-10(-/-) mice, which are highly prone to developing colitis. However, underlying MCMV infection in an acute or latent state exacerbated the severity of colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Such potentiation of DSS colitis by latent MCMV infection seemed to occur without viral reactivation. Whereas initial MCMV infection induced acute alterations in serum and intestinal cytokines, such cytokine levels returned to baseline before administration of DSS. However, the initial infection resulted in lasting elevation of antibodies to commensal bacterial antigens, suggesting that MCMV infection may have potentiated colitis via priming of the intestinal immune response to gut microbiota. Thus, underlying CMV infection can alter mucosal immunity, potentially increasing the tendency of CMV-infected hosts to develop colitis.
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23
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24
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Systematic review: cytomegalovirus infection in inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol 2009; 43:735-40. [PMID: 18958541 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-008-2246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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25
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Cytomegalovirus infection in inflammatory bowel disease patients undergoing anti-TNFα therapy. J Clin Virol 2008; 43:180-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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26
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Mariguela VC, Chacha SGF, Cunha ADA, Troncon LEDA, Zucoloto S, Figueiredo LTM. Cytomegalovirus in colorectal cancer and idiopathic ulcerative colitis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2008; 50:83-7. [PMID: 18488086 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652008000200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a genus in the family Herpesviridae that has been associated with gastrointestinal syndromes. In this work we looked for a possible association of CMV infection with colorectal cancer and ulcerative colitis (UC). Blood and enteric tissue samples of 14 patients with colorectal cancer and of 21 with UC were subjected to a nested-PCR that amplifies part of the gB gene of CMV and also to immunohistochemistry using a specific monoclonal antibody to IE 76 kDa protein of CMV. CMV was detected by nested-PCR in the blood and/or the enteric tissue of nine (64.3%) colorectal cancer and 16 (76.2%) ulcerative colitis patients. In the immunohistochemistry it was observed that 12 (12/21, 57.1%) positive enteric tissue samples of patients with UC and none from patients with colorectal cancer (0/14) were positive to CMV. The positivity of CMV infections in the UC patient group (12/21, 57.1%) showed by both techniques, was significantly higher (p = 0.015) than that observed for colorectal cancer patients (2/14, 14.3%). These results suggest an association of ulcerative colitis with CMV infection of the enteric tissue.
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27
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Gisbert JP, Gomollón F. [Common errors in the management of the seriously ill patient with inflammatory bowel disease]. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2007; 30:294-314. [PMID: 17493441 DOI: 10.1157/13101982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier P Gisbert
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain.
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28
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Pofelski J, Heluwaert F, Roblin X, Morand P, Gratacap B, Germain E, Brion JP, Salon C, Bonaz B. Le cytomégalovirus et les maladies inflammatoires cryptogénétiques de l’intestin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 31:292-6. [PMID: 17396088 DOI: 10.1016/s0399-8320(07)89376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
CMV infection has been reported in association with some flares of IBD. Its prevalence varies with the method of diagnosis and the severity of IBD. Although the link between CMV and IBD is not clear, the immunomodulator properties of the virus may play a role in the evolution of IBD. Besides the necessity of immunosuppression to treat IBD, inflammation per se can maintain in situ viral replication. Antiviral treatment can be useful in some situations. New molecular methods will permit earlier and more sensitive diagnosis of CMV infection and a better evaluation of treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pofelski
- Département d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, CHU de Grenoble, Cedex.
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29
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Rezania D, Ouban A, Marcet J, Kelley S, Coppola D. CMV Colitis Mimicking Recurrent Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Report of Three Cases. Am Surg 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/000313480707300113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The association between cytomegalovirus infection and inflammatory bowel disease challenges both the clinician and the pathologist to establish the correct diagnosis and to prescribe the most appropriate form of therapy. To understand this association the authors report three patients who presented with signs and symptoms mimicking reactivated inflammatory bowel disease who responded poorly to aggressive treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Microscopic examination, in all three cases revealed numerous nuclear and cytoplasmic viral inclusions, as demonstrated by cytomegalovirus immunohistochemistry, as well as histologic findings consistent with inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and/or Crohn's disease). Because the clinical pathologic features of cytomegalovirus colitis and inflammatory bowel disease often overlap, and because of the possible coexistence of cytomegalovirus colitis with idiopathic colitis, the possibility of cytomegalovirus infection should be always considered, so that the most appropriate therapy can be instituted for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorna Rezania
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Jorge Marcet
- Surgery, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Scott Kelley
- Surgery, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
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Abstract
When patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are admitted to the hospital with a flare of acute severe colitis, the possibility of a concurrent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection causing or worsening the colitis is often considered. IBD patients are usually immunosuppressed, and therefore presumably at increased risk for active CMV infection and disease. Multiple techniques are used to diagnose CMV infection, including endoscopy, histology, serology, viral culture, CMV antigen testing, and CMV DNA testing. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) performed on colon biopsy specimens with monoclonal antibodies directed against CMV immediate early antigen is considered by most to be the current gold standard for diagnosis. The prevalence of CMV infection in acute severe colitis appears to be 21-34%, and the prevalence of CMV infection in the steroid refractory subgroup of these patients is 33-36%. After antiviral therapy, colitis remission rates in IBD patients with CMV infection range from 67% to 100%, though CMV histological infection or the presence of circulating virus alone is not always associated with steroid resistance, and may not require antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kandiel
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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31
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Martin SI, Sepehr A, Fishman JA. Primary infection with cytomegalovirus in ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51:2184-7. [PMID: 17120145 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley I Martin
- Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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32
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Criscuoli V, Rizzuto MR, Cottone M. Cytomegalovirus and inflammatory bowel disease: is there a link? World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:4813-8. [PMID: 16937462 PMCID: PMC4087614 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i30.4813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this report is to give an overall view of the epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic features of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A review of published reports on this topic was carried out, with particular attention paid to the selection of patients included in studies and the diagnostic methods employed. CMV is frequently associated with IBD. In some cases, CMV infection is associated with a poor outcome but it is not clear which patients are more likely to be affected and in which stage of the disease. The use of anti-viral therapy in IBD is controversial and an empirical study with controls is needed. The natural history of CMV infection related to the development and treatment of IBD has not been clarified but it is important to take it in consideration because of the possibility of viral persistence in the immunocompromised host and viral interaction with the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Criscuoli
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Palermo, V. Cervello Hospital Via Trabucco 180, Palermo 90100, Italy
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33
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Kojima T, Watanabe T, Hata K, Shinozaki M, Yokoyama T, Nagawa H. Cytomegalovirus infection in ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006; 41:706-11. [PMID: 16716970 DOI: 10.1080/00365520500408584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has been reported as an exacerbating factor in inflammatory bowel disease but the relationship between CMV infection and ulcerative colitis (UC) remains unclear. There has been no detailed research to elucidate the clinicopathologic features of CMV infection in UC using surgical specimens. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinicopathologic features of CMV infection in UC patients who had undergone colectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Surgical specimens taken from UC patients were examined for CMV infection. The patients were divided into three groups: severe, refractory, and UC-associated dysplasia or cancer according to the operative indications. CMV infection rates were evaluated and a comparison of clinical parameters was made between CMV-positive and CMV-negative patients, and the risk factors for CMV infection were analyzed using multivariate analyses. RESULTS It was found that 25% of 32 patients were positive for CMV in the severe UC group; 8.3% of 72 patients were positive for CMV in the refractory UC group. None of the 22 patients was positive for CMV in the UC-associated dysplasia or cancer group. The CMV-positive rate in the severe UC group was significantly higher than that in the other groups (p<0.05). Patients' age at the time of operation was higher in the CMV-positive group than in the CMV-negative group among the patients with severe UC (p<0.01), and age at operation was an independent risk factor for CMV infection. CONCLUSIONS CMV is found more frequently in severe UC than refractory UC and UC-associated cancer or dysplasia. Higher age can be a risk factor for CMV infection in patients with severe UC. However, a high steroid dose may not always be a risk factor for CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Kojima
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Verdonk RC, Dijkstra G, Haagsma EB, Shostrom VK, Van den Berg AP, Kleibeuker JH, Langnas AN, Sudan DL. Inflammatory bowel disease after liver transplantation: risk factors for recurrence and de novo disease. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:1422-9. [PMID: 16686766 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and can recur or develop de novo after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and severity of IBD after liver transplantation and to perform a multivariate analysis for possible risk factors. In this retrospective study, 91 patients transplanted for PSC or AIH, without prior colectomy, were included. Sixty patients were transplanted for PSC, 31 for AIH. IBD activity before and after OLT and other possible risk factors were analysed in a multivariate model. Forty-nine patients (54%) had IBD before OLT. Forty patients (44%) had active IBD after transplantation: recurrence in 32 and de novo in 8. Cumulative risk for IBD after OLT was 15, 39 and 54% after 1, 5 and 10 years, respectively. In 59% of patients with IBD prior to OLT the disease was more active after transplantation. Risk factors for recurrent disease were: symptoms at time of OLT, short interval of IBD before OLT and use of tacrolimus. 5-aminosalicylates were protective. A cytomegalovirus positive donor/negative recipient combination increased the risk for de novo IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Verdonk
- Department of Surgery, Section of Transplant Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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Hussein K, Hayek T, Yassin K, Fischer D, Vlodavsky E, Kra-Oz Z, Hamoud S. Acute cytomegalovirus infection associated with the onset of inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Med Sci 2006; 331:40-3. [PMID: 16415664 DOI: 10.1097/00000441-200601000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A 29-year-old man was admitted with high-grade fever, crampy abdominal pain, and watery diarrhea that had persisted for 2 weeks before his admission. Symptomatic treatment (acetaminophen only) was of no benefit. On physical examination, there was diffuse abdominal tenderness. Laboratory tests showed a leukomoid reaction with atypical lymphocytosis, and serology tests revealed acute cytomegalovirus infection. Abdominal computed tomography and colonoscopy revealed an inflammatory process involving the large intestine. On histologic examinations of intestinal biopsy samples, there was an active inflammation with no inclusion bodies. The patient was treated with ganciclovir with only mild improvement. Adding 5-aminosalicylic acid caused little further improvement. Repeated colonoscopy performed 2 months later showed severe chronic ulcerative colitis. Only the addition of systemic steroids caused complete resolution of the symptoms. On review of the literature (Medline search for cytomegalovirus colitis in immunocompetent patients), 18 cases were found. On follow-up, 10 of these patients were found to have inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khetam Hussein
- Department of Internal Medicine E, , Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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36
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Verdonk RC, Haagsma EB, Van Den Berg AP, Karrenbeld A, Slooff MJH, Kleibeuker JH, Dijkstra G. Inflammatory bowel disease after liver transplantation: a role for cytomegalovirus infection. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006; 41:205-11. [PMID: 16484126 DOI: 10.1080/00365520500206293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the use of immunosuppressive drugs, recurrent and de novo inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can develop after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of IBD. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CMV infection in the development of IBD after OLT. MATERIAL AND METHODS All 84 patients who underwent transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) or autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in our center between May 1987 and June 2002 and who survived the first year after transplantation were included in the study. Diagnosis of active CMV infection was made using the pp65-antigenemia assay. RESULTS Thirty-one of the 84 patients (37%) had IBD prior to OLT. Eighteen patients (21%) experienced IBD after OLT, either as flare-up (n=12) or de novo (n=6), at a median of 1.4 years (range 0.3 to 6.3) after OLT. Forty-eight percent of all patients experienced CMV infection after OLT, at a median of 27 days (range 8 to 193). CMV infection was primary in half the patients. At 1, 3, and 5 years after OLT, active IBD-free survival without CMV infection was 91, 88, and 88%, respectively. With CMV infection these figures were 93, 82, and 67%. De novo IBD was seen only in those who had experienced a CMV infection (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS In patients transplanted for end-stage PSC or AIH, active IBD, especially de novo IBD, occurred more often in patients who experienced CMV infection in the postoperative period. This finding supports a pathogenic role for CMV in the development of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Verdonk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
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37
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Abstract
Infections have been reported in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), especially in association with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory medications used to treat IBD. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of information on infectious complication risk in patients with IBD. This review describes infectious complications reported in patients with IBD and provides a framework for future studies to assess potential risk factors and incidence for infection. Recommendations are also provided for prevention of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten N Aberra
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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38
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Netto C, Vergara M, Calvet X, Brullet E, Bella R, Musulén E. [Cecal cytomegalovirus infection following appendicectomy in a patient with ulcerative colitis]. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2005; 28:285-8. [PMID: 15871812 DOI: 10.1157/13074064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a patient who, 3 months after being diagnosed with ulcerative colitis, was admitted to hospital because of malaise and right lower abdominal pain. An open appendectomy was performed. Histological study showed ulcerative colitis affecting the appendix. After surgery, the patient presented a refractory outbreak of ulcerative colitis requiring treatment with steroids and cyclosporin A. Despite this treatment, the patient continued to pass abundant fresh blood associated with severe anemia. Colonoscopy showed only granular and congestive cecal mucosa. Biopsies showed intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies with immunohistochemical stains positive for cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Rectorrhagia and anemia quickly disappeared after beginning treatment with ganciclovir. Appendicular ulcerative colitis is not uncommonly associated with distal colitis. In addition, diffuse CMV infection complicating ulcerative colitis treatment is not unusual. By contrast, isolated, segmentary infection by CMV in the proximal colon is extremely rare. Until now, only three patients with localized CMV infection have been described, and all three cases occurred in the context of ileoanal anastomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Netto
- Servei de Medicina, Corporació Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
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39
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Galiatsatos P, Shrier I, Lamoureux E, Szilagyi A. Meta-analysis of outcome of cytomegalovirus colitis in immunocompetent hosts. Dig Dis Sci 2005; 50:609-16. [PMID: 15844689 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-005-2544-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There are only a few anecdotal reports of cytomegalovirus (CMV) colitis in immunocompetent hosts. The impact of the disease in this patient population remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis using individual patient data to determine outcomes of CMV colitis in immunocompetent patients and identify risk factors that might influence prognosis. A literature search was performed from 1980 to 2003 looking for immunocompetent patients with CMV colitis. Immunocompetence was defined as absence of congenital or acquired immune deficiency, transplant, or immunosuppressive medication. Patients were divided by age (<55 versus > or =55) and grouped according to coexisting illnesses. Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted to assess survival. Variables included age, sex, site of acquisition of infection, extent of disease, coexisting illnesses, and treatment modality. A total of 44 patients were identified, with an average age of 61.1. Only 10 were free of any comorbidity. The mean follow-up was 13.4 months. Spontaneous remission occurred in 31.8%, mostly individuals <55 years old. Fourteen deaths occurred, all of which were in patients >55. There was a higher mortality rate among male patients > or =55 (56.9%; P = 0.08), patients with immune-modulating diseases (75.2%; P = 0.10), and those having a colectomy (68.9%; P = 0.09). This analysis underlines the rarity of CMV colitis in patients with an intact immune system. Advanced age, male gender, presence of immune-modulating comorbidities, and need for surgical intervention are factors negatively influencing survival. Conversely, young healthy patients have a good prognosis with no intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polymnia Galiatsatos
- Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B Davis Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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40
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Criscuoli V, Casà A, Orlando A, Pecoraro G, Oliva L, Traina M, Rizzo A, Cottone M. Severe acute colitis associated with CMV: a prevalence study. Dig Liver Dis 2004; 36:818-20. [PMID: 15646428 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2004.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus has been identified as a pathogen that contributes to flares of colitis when detected in colonic specimens of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. AIM To determine the overall prevalence and the role of cytomegalovirus infection in a consecutive series of patients with acute severe colitis admitted to our department from 2000 to 2003. METHODS Among 42 patients (38 with ulcerative colitis and 4 with Crohn's disease) admitted to our hospital for acute severe colitis, we performed proctoscopy and biopsy together with blood sample for cytomegalovirus determination at the time of admission, regardless of their steroid resistance. RESULTS In the 42 patients, we discovered an overall cytomegalovirus infection prevalence of 21.4% (9/42) in our geographical area. In seven patients (16.6%), cytomegalovirus was detected through biopsy. The presence of cytomegalovirus in biopsies was not always predictive of steroid resistance. Three patients with cytomegalovirus in biopsies responded to conventional treatment without needing any antiviral treatment, which suggests that the virus plays only an incidental role. CONCLUSIONS Cytomegalovirus is frequently associated with colitis but it is not always pathogenic. Studies on the genotyping of the virus might explain the diversity of its biological behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Criscuoli
- Department of General Medicine and Pneumology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Loftus
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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42
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Kambham N, Vij R, Cartwright CA, Longacre T. Cytomegalovirus infection in steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis: a case-control study. Am J Surg Pathol 2004; 28:365-73. [PMID: 15104299 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-200403000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is reported to be a cause of steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis (UC), but the strength of this association has not been tested in a case control study. Controlled studies have also not been performed to determine the sensitivity of available immunohistochemical techniques to detect CMV in this setting. The pathology database at Stanford Hospital was searched for UC patients with a diagnosis of "severe colitis" between the years 1992 and 2002 and medical records were reviewed. Forty patients were identified with refractory UC, defined as poor response to highdose systemic steroids for >2 weeks. Another group of 40 patients with severe, but nonrefractory, UC was case-matched for age and year of biopsy. A series of 40 patients who underwent colectomy for reasons other than inflammatory bowel disease with representative sections of "normal" colon were selected as noncolitis controls. CMV inclusions were detected on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) in 2 of 40 patients with refractory UC, but not in other patients. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) detected CMV in 10 of 40 (25%) patients with refractory UC and 1 of 40 (2.5%) patients with nonrefractory UC (P = 0.007). The CMV-positive cases initially identified on IHC but not on H&E were re-reviewed for viral inclusions on H&E: 3 had rare, but typical, inclusions; 3 had atypical inclusions; and 3 had no inclusions. CMV was not detected by H&E or IHC in 40 noncolitis controls. Of 10 steroid-refractory UC patients with CMV detected, 7 were refractory to cyclosporin or 6-mercaptopurine/azathioprine (70%) and 6 had undergone proctocolectomy (60%) prior to detection of the CMV. Two patients with recognized CMV infection were treated with gancyclovir, improved, and were able to taper off steroids and avoid proctocolectomy. This study provides evidence that unrecognized and therefore untreated CMV infection is significantly associated with steroid-refractory UC. Moreover, IHC is more sensitive than H&E for detection of CMV and should be considered as part of the routine evaluation of steroid-refractory UC patients, before proceeding with other medical or surgical therapy that may be unnecessary once the CMV is treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraja Kambham
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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43
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Sugisaki K, Maekawa S, Mori K, Ichii O, Kanda K, Tai M, Suzuki T, Ochiai H, Ejiri Y, Takahashi M, Hakozaki H. Self-limited colitis during the course of rubella and cytomegalovirus infection in an immunocompetent adult. Intern Med 2004; 43:404-9. [PMID: 15206554 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.43.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of self-limited colitis in cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in an immunocompetent adult. A 22-year-old man developed a high fever and diarrhea. Laboratory data revealed an increased number of lymphocytes and liver damage. Enzyme immunoassays for anti-virus antibodies revealed that the patient was recently infected with CMV and rubella. Colonoscopy revealed severe erosive and edematous mucosa that resembled ulcerative colitis (UC). The symptoms, laboratory data and colonoscopic findings improved without any medical treatment. This case indicates that UC-like self-limited colitis can occur in an immunocompetent individual during the course of CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Sugisaki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Rosai Hospital, 3 Numajiri, Tsuzurimachi, Uchigo, Iwaki 973-8403
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44
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Hommes DW, Sterringa G, van Deventer SJH, Tytgat GNJ, Weel J. The pathogenicity of cytomegalovirus in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and evidence-based recommendations for future research. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004; 10:245-50. [PMID: 15290919 DOI: 10.1097/00054725-200405000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During recent years, a clear association between complicated courses of ulcerative colitis and the presence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been established. The exact pathogenic role of CMV in these patients remains unclear despite a great number of published reports. Therefore, we undertook a systematic review to appraise critically all available evidence in the literature on the role of CMV during inflammatory bowel disease. We identified and analyzed more than 30 case reports and 9 case series. Based on these results, we propose a model for viral replication during inflammation and provide recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Hommes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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45
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Macaigne G, Auriault ML, Boivin JF, Chayette C, Cheaib S, Deplus R. [Acute cytomegalovirus (CMV) recto-colitis mimicking rectal carcinoma without apparent cause of immunodeficiency]. GASTROENTEROLOGIE CLINIQUE ET BIOLOGIQUE 2004; 28:73-6. [PMID: 15041815 DOI: 10.1016/s0399-8320(04)94849-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of the gastrointestinal tract occurs mainly in immunosuppressed patients. We report here the case of a 76-Year-old woman, without obvious cause of immunosuppression, who developed severe proctitis. The clinical course was favourable with ganciclovir therapy. In the absence of controlled data in the field of CMV intestinal infections in immunocompetents, we discuss the potential benefit of an antiviral therapy in those patients who do not recover rapidly and spontaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Macaigne
- Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Hôpital de Lagny-Marne-la-Vallée, 77405 Lagny-sur-Marne Cedex.
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46
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Papadakis KA, Tabibzadeh S. Diagnosis and misdiagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2002; 12:433-49. [PMID: 12486937 DOI: 10.1016/s1052-5157(02)00005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Several diseases can mimic IBD clinically, but careful and repeated evaluations, if necessary, will dramatically decrease the likelihood of misdiagnosis. A careful consideration of patient's clinical, radiographic, endoscopic, and histopathologic features will establish the correct diagnosis in the majority of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos A Papadakis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, D-4063, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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47
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Harris JE, Lammerding AM. Crohn's disease and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: current issues. J Food Prot 2001; 64:2103-10. [PMID: 11770646 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-64.12.2103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease is a chronic debilitating inflammatory bowel disease of unknown etiology. Proposed causes include bacterial or viral infection, diet or exposure to tobacco smoke, genetic abnormality, and immune dysfunction. The bacterium Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) has received much research attention as a potential cause of the disease. Map causes Johne's disease in ruminants. The pathology of Johne's disease superficially resembles that of Crohn's disease in humans. Some researchers have shown evidence of Map in intestinal tissues of Crohn's disease patients. Studies are in progress to investigate the possibility that Map exists in milk from infected cows and survives pasteurization. This is a controversial subject with the potential for media attention and public outcry. We examined the current literature and concluded that insufficient evidence exists at this time to implicate any one factor, including Map in milk, as the definitive cause of Crohn's disease. The high degree of uncertainty in this issue requires regulators to recognize the need for effective risk communication as ongoing research provides additional information about the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Harris
- Microbial Food Safety Risk Assessment Unit, Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Health Canada, Guelph, Ontario.
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48
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Karakozis S, Gongora E, Caceres M, Brun E, Cook JW. Life-threatening cytomegalovirus colitis in the immunocompetent patient: report of a case and review of the literature. Dis Colon Rectum 2001; 44:1716-20. [PMID: 11711750 DOI: 10.1007/bf02234398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus colitis in the immunocompetent patient is an unusual clinical entity. We describe a patient with life-threatening cytomegalovirus colitis in the absence of immune deficiency and review the medical literature available on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karakozis
- Washington Hospital Center, Department of Surgery, Washington, D.C., USA
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49
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Cohen RL, Tepper RE, Urmacher C, Katz S. Kaposi's sarcoma and cytomegaloviral ileocolitis complicating long-standing Crohn's disease in an HIV-negative patient. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96:3028-31. [PMID: 11693345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.04676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A 67-yr-old woman with a 25-yr history of Crohn's disease, maintained on near-continuous corticosteroids (prednisone 10 mg daily) over a 6-yr period, underwent ileocolic resection for obstruction. Pathology revealed Crohn's disease, multiple nodules of Kaposi's sarcoma, and cytomegalic inclusion bodies with confirmation of cytomegalovirus by shell vial immunofluorescence. Testing for HIV serum antibody has been repeatedly negative. Crohn's disease, Kaposi's sarcoma, and cytomegalovirus have been clinically in remission for 5 yr.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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50
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Nishimoto Y, Matsumoto T, Suekane H, Shimizu M, Mikami Y, Iida M. Cytomegalovirus infection in a patient with ulcerative colitis: colonoscopic findings. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 53:816-8. [PMID: 11375602 DOI: 10.1067/mge.2001.114955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Nishimoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
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