• Caryocar brasiliense
• cosmetics
• sustainability

• 88887.644722/2021-00 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes-Brazil)

• beef
• by-products
• chemometrics
• crude palm oil
• fatty acid profiles
• sustainability

• none Increased Production Efficiency and Meat Quality of Native Beef and Buffalo Research Group, Khon Kaen University

• biohydrogenation
• cholesterol
• conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)
• goat
• omega 3
• perilla

• Animals
• Milk/chemistry
• Goats/physiology
• Goats/metabolism
• Rumen/metabolism
• Rumen/drug effects
• Fatty Acids/metabolism
• Fatty Acids/analysis
• Diet/veterinary
• Female
• Animal Feed/analysis
• Fermentation
• Perilla frutescens/chemistry
• Dietary Supplements/analysis
• Plant Oils/chemistry
• Hydrogenation
• Lactation/drug effects

• 119O929 Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
• Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey

• Blood pressure
• Body weight
• Conjugated linoleic acid
• Lipid profile
• Meta-analysis

• Humans
• Linoleic Acids, Conjugated/administration & dosage
• Linoleic Acids, Conjugated/pharmacology
• Linoleic Acids, Conjugated/therapeutic use
• Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control
• Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology
• Dietary Supplements
• Heart Disease Risk Factors
• Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
• Body Mass Index
• Body Weight
• Risk Factors
• Blood Pressure/drug effects
• Female
• Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
• Male
• Middle Aged

• Aroma
• Cold-pressed
• HS-GC-IMS
• Passion fruit seed oil
• Volatile compounds

• Coridius chinensis
• Anti-inflammatory activity
• Antioxidant activity
• Edible insects
• Traditional medicine

• Animals
• Humans
• Edible Insects
• Antioxidants
• Heteroptera
• Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
• India

• Cancer
• Cheese
• Meta-analysis
• Milk
• Pancreas
• Yogurt

Single cell oil (SCO) produced by oleaginous yeasts is considered as a sustainable source for biodiesel and oleochemicals since its production does not compete with food or feed and high yields can be obtained from a wide variety of carbon sources, e.g., acetate or lignocellulose. Downstream processing is still costly preventing the broader application of SCO. Direct transesterification of freeze-dried biomass is widely used for analytical purposes and for biodiesel production but it is energy intensive and, therefore, expensive. Additionally, only fatty acid esters are produced limiting the subsequent applications. The harsh conditions applied during direct esterification might also damage high-value polyunsaturated fatty acids. Unfortunately, universal downstream strategies effective for all yeast species do not exist and methods have to be developed for each yeast species due to differences in cell wall composition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate three industrially relevant cell disruption methods combined with three extraction systems for the SCO extraction of two novel, unconventional oleaginous yeasts, Saitozyma podzolica DSM 27192 and Apiotrichum porosum DSM 27194, based on cell disruption efficiency, lipid yield, and oil quality. Bead milling (BM) and high pressure homogenization (HPH) were effective cell disruption methods in contrast to sonification. By combining HPH (95% cell disruption efficiency) with ethanol-hexane-extraction 46.9 ± 4.4% lipid/CDW of S. podzolica were obtained which was 2.7 times higher than with the least suitable combination (ultrasound + Folch). A. porosum was less affected by cell disruption attempts. Here, the highest disruption efficiency was 74% after BM and the most efficient lipid recovery method was direct acidic transesterification (27.2 ± 0.5% fatty acid methyl esters/CDW) after freeze drying. The study clearly indicates cell disruption is the decisive step for SCO extraction. At disruption efficiencies of >90%, lipids can be extracted at high yields, whereas at lower cell disruption efficiencies, considerable amounts of lipids will not be accessible for extraction regardless of the solvents used. Furthermore, it was shown that hexane-ethanol which is commonly used for extraction of algal lipids is also highly efficient for yeasts.

• Apiotrichum porosum DSM 27194
• Saitozyma podzolica DSM 27192
• cell disruption
• downstream processing
• lipid extraction
• oleaginous yeasts
• single cell oil
• transesterification

A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to predict and identify ways to increase conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) formation in ruminant-derived products to treat human health issues with dietary tannins. The objective was to compare and confirm the effects of dietary tannins on CLA formation by analyzing in vitro and/or in vivo studies. We reported the results of the meta-analysis based on numerical data from 38 selected publications consisting of 3712 treatments. Generally, via multiple pathways, the CLA formation increased when dietary tannins increased. Concurrently, dietary tannins increased Δ⁹ desaturation and the CLA indices in milk and meat (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, with average R² values of 0.23 and 0.44, respectively), but they did not change the rumen fermentation characteristics, including total volatile fatty acids (mmol/L) and their acid components. In vitro observations may accurately predict in vivo results. Unfortunately, there was no relationship between in vitro observations and in vivo results (R² < 0.10), indicating that it is difficult to predict CLA formation in vivo considering in vitro observations. According to the statistical meta-analysis results regarding animal aspects, the ranges of tannin levels required for CLA formation in vitro and in vivo were approximately 0.1–20 g/kg dry matter (DM) (P < 0.001) and 2.1–80 g/kg DM (P < 0.001), respectively. In conclusion, the in vivo method was more suitable for the direct observation of fatty acid transformation than the in vitro method.

• Tephrosia purpurea
• Ayurveda
• ethnomedicine
• pharmacology
• phytochemistry

• Humans
• Medicine, Ayurvedic/methods
• Medicine, Traditional/methods
• Plants/chemistry
• Tephrosia/toxicity

• Beta-carotene
• Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)
• Cow and buffalo ghee
• Ghee extraction methods: direct cream (DC)
• Milk butter (MB)
• Milk skin (MS)
• Principal component analysis (PCA)
• Raman spectroscopy

• Animals
• Cattle
• Ghee/analysis
• Lasers
• Milk/chemistry
• Principal Component Analysis
• Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methods

An experiment to determine the effect of pasture on stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) and micro-RNA (miRNA) 103 expression was carried out on dairy goats. SCD is involved in determining milk content of conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) that are considered an important health factor in human nutrition. The alterations of the normal pathway of expression of miRNAs can have consequences on the normal cellular physiology and lead to different types of pathologies. The pasture significantly affected milk fat as well as fatty acid profile in goats, in particular CLAs showed higher levels in grazing animals with potential beneficial effects on human health. The pasture affected only the SCD trend, while that of miRNA 103 was influenced only by the stage of lactation. Due to the increasing interest of consumers for the healthy aspects of foods of animal origin, there is an important ongoing debate in the scientific community concerning those factors affecting milk quality in terms of human health. To our knowledge, this is the first observation of the effects of pasture on miRNA expression in milk from ruminant species.

The effect of pasture on the stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) and miRNA 103 expression was evaluated on dairy goats divided into two homogeneous groups (G, grazing, and S, stable). Group S was housed in a stall and received alfalfa hay as forage, while group G was led to pasture. The goats of both the groups received the same amount of concentrate. Milk yield did not differ statistically between the groups. Group G showed significantly higher fat (4.10% vs. 2.94%, p < 0.01) and protein percentage (3.43% vs. 3.25%; p < 0.05) than group S. Among milk fatty acids, group S showed significantly higher levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and lower values of mono-unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). The percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) were not different between groups even if pasture significantly affected the percentages of C18:3 and total omega 3. In group G, total CLAs were twice than in group S (0.646% vs. 0.311%; p < 0.01) mainly due to the differences in CLA cis9 trans 11 (0.623% vs. 0.304%; p < 0.01). Milk total CLA in grazing group was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in August according to the highest value of both linoleic and α-linolenic acids in the pasture. In grazing animals, SCD expression decreased from April to June, increased in July and decreased again in August, while it was almost unvaried along the trial in group S. By contrast, the expression of miRNA 103 showed a similar trend for both groups, decreasing from April to June, increasing in July and falling down in August. To our knowledge, this is the first observation of the effects of pasture on miRNA expression in milk from ruminant species.

• CLA
• goat
• miRNA
• stearoyl-CoA desaturase

• caciotta cheese
• grape pomace
• polyphenols
• volatile compounds

• cheese
• clinical trial
• conjugated linoleic acids (CLA)
• fatty acids (FA)
• highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA)
• plasma
• ruminant

• Adult
• Cheese/analysis
• Diet
• Fatty Acids, Omega-3/blood
• Female
• Humans
• Linoleic Acids, Conjugated/administration & dosage
• Male
• PPAR alpha/genetics
• PPAR alpha/metabolism

• Desi ghee
• Heating effects
• PCA
• Raman spectroscopy
• Safe temperature range for cooking
• principal component analysis

• Cooking
• Ghee/analysis
• Heating
• Hot Temperature
• Principal Component Analysis
• Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methods

Characterisation and thermal deterioration of desi ghee obtained from buffalo milk is presented for the first time using the potential of Fluorescence spectroscopy. The emission bands in non-heated desi ghee centred at 375 nm is labelled for vitamin D, 390 nm for vitamin K, 440–460 nm for isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), 490 nm for vitamin A and the region 620–700 nm is assigned to chlorophyll contents. Fluorescence emission spectra from all the heated and non-heated ghee samples were recorded using excitation wavelengths at 280, and 410 nm which were found best for getting maximum spectral signatures. Heating of desi ghee affects its molecular composition, however, the temperature range from 140 to 170°C may be defined safe for cooking /frying where it does not lose much of its molecular composition. Further, the rise in temperature induces prominent spectral variations which confirm the deterioration of valuable vitamins, isomers of CLA and chlorophyll contents. Fluorescence emission peak at 552 nm shows oxidation product and an increase in its intensity with the rise in temperature is observed. In order to classify heated samples at different temperatures, principal component analysis (PCA) has been applied on heated and non-heated ghee samples that further elucidated the temperature effects.

• Animals
• Buffaloes
• Cooking
• Ghee/analysis
• Milk
• Temperature

• Bacteria
• Biohydrogenation
• Conjugated fatty acids
• Milk
• Rumen
• Trans fatty acids

• Active peptides
• Anaerobe
• Antibiotic
• Anticancer
• Bacteriocin
• Bacteriotherapy
• Microbiome

• Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism
• Bacteria, Anaerobic/classification
• Bacteria, Anaerobic/metabolism
• Biological Products/metabolism
• Biological Products/therapeutic use
• Health Promotion/methods
• Immunologic Factors/isolation & purification
• Immunologic Factors/metabolism
• Pharmaceutical Preparations/isolation & purification
• Pharmaceutical Preparations/metabolism
• Species Specificity
• Vitamins/isolation & purification
• Vitamins/metabolism

• Animals
• Anti-Obesity Agents/therapeutic use
• Anticarcinogenic Agents/therapeutic use
• Body Composition/drug effects
• Disease Models, Animal
• Humans
• Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use
• Isomerism
• Linoleic Acids, Conjugated/chemistry
• Linoleic Acids, Conjugated/physiology
• Linoleic Acids, Conjugated/therapeutic use
• Lipid Metabolism/drug effects

• Apoptosis
• Conjugated linoleic acids
• Oxidative stress
• Renal function
• Renal ischemia
• Reperfusion injury

• Animals
• Apoptosis/drug effects
• Blood Urea Nitrogen
• Creatinine/blood
• Disease Models, Animal
• Kidney Diseases/etiology
• Kidney Diseases/prevention & control
• Linoleic Acids, Conjugated/pharmacology
• Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects
• Male
• Malondialdehyde/blood
• Oxidative Stress/drug effects
• Phosphorylation
• Rats
• Rats, Wistar
• Reperfusion Injury/complications
• Reperfusion Injury/drug therapy
• Signal Transduction
• Superoxide Dismutase/blood
• TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
• TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
• bcl-2-Associated X Protein/genetics
• bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism

The antiatherogenic effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been demonstrated in animal models. Although there are plenty of in vitro studies that suggest the profitable properties of CLA, the results in humans remain inconsistent.

In this study, we assessed the impact of CLA supplementation on the levels of atherosclerosis markers – high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA).

Seventy-four adult female subjects with body mass index ≥25 kg/m² were enrolled in the double-blind, placebo-controlled nutritional intervention. The study participants were randomly assigned to receive 3 g/day CLA or placebo (sunflower oil) for 12 weeks. In all subjects, we measured hs-CRP and ADMA concentrations by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

No significant differences were found in hs-CRP and ADMA levels before and after nutritional intervention between both groups. The changes in hs-CRP and ADMA concentration values (Δhs-CRP; ΔADMA median [interquartile range]) did not differ between subjects from the placebo (−0.1 [−0.8 to 0.3]; −0.02 [−0.12 to 0.14]) and CLA (0.2 [−0.7 to 0.9]; 0.04 [−0.14 to 0.13]) groups. The incidence of reduction of hs-CRP or ADMA concentration was not different in subjects of the CLA group compared to those of the placebo group (41.9% vs. 50%, relative risk [RR]=0.8387, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.4887–1.4493, p=0.5232 and 61.3% vs. 56.2%, RR=1.0896, 95% CI=0.7200–1.6589, p=0.6847, respectively).

Twelve weeks of CLA supplementation had no effect on selected markers of atherosclerosis in obese and overweight women.

• asymmetrical dimethylarginine
• atherosclerosis
• conjugated linoleic acid
• high-sensitivity C-reactive protein

Ketogenesis is a secondary metabolic pathway to provide energy to dairy cows during early lactation; however when the production of ketone bodies (acetoacetate, acetone, ß- hydroxybutyrate) is above certain levels a subclinical disorder may appear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between serum concentrations of ß- hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and fatty acid (FA) profile of milk with emphasis in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in a population of early lactation Holstein cows. Fifty cows between parity 1 and 5, ranging from 14 to 21 days in milk, were randomly selected from 3 farms of the central area of Chile for determination of serum BHBA concentrations, milk fat content, and milk FA profiles.

Cows were divided in low (n = 26) and high (n = 24) BHBA groups considering the median value of the serum concentration of BHBA (0.7 mmol/L) (SEM = 0.094). Mean milk fat % was 3.45 % and 3.60 % for cows in the low and high BHBA groups, respectively (P = 0.15). Concentrations of several FA were significantly different between both groups. Specifically, mean CLA concentrations were 0.40 % (4 ± 0.03 g/kg) and 0.33 % (3.3 ± 0.03 g/kg) for the low and high BHBA groups, respectively (P = 0.05).

It is concluded that early postpartum cows with serum BHBA > 0.7 mmol/L tended to have higher milk fat % and had significantly lower concentrations of CLA than early postpartum cows with BHBA ≤ 0.7 mmol/L.

• Conjugated linoleic acid
• Ketone bodies
• ß- hydroxybutyrate

• Asthma
• Conjugated linoleic acid
• Diabetes
• Inflammation
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease
• Obesity

• CLA
• Clinical evidences
• Conjugated linoleic acids
• Review

A series of Ru–MgAl composite oxide catalysts prepared by calcining the ruthenium grafted hydrotalcite-like precursor at various temperatures were used in the hydrogen-free production of conjugated linoleic acid.

• Fatty acid
• Microextraction method
• Milk fat
• Omega-3

• dairy product
• esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
• meta-analysis
• milk