|
1
|
Cavaliere G, Catapano A, Trinchese G, Cimmino F, Penna E, Pizzella A, Cristiano C, Lama A, Crispino M, Mollica MP. Butyrate Improves Neuroinflammation and Mitochondrial Impairment in Cerebral Cortex and Synaptic Fraction in an Animal Model of Diet-Induced Obesity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010004. [PMID: 36670866 PMCID: PMC9854835 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are characterized by cognitive impairment and behavioural abnormalities. The incidence of NDDs in recent years has increased globally and the pathological mechanism is not fully understood. To date, plentiful evidence has showed that metabolic alterations associated with obesity and related issues such as neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction may represent an important risk factor, linking obesity and NDDs. Numerous studies have indicated a correlation between diet and brain activities. In this context, a key role is played by mitochondria located in the synaptic fraction; indeed, it has been shown that high-fat diets cause their dysfunction, affecting synaptic plasticity. In this scenario, the use of natural molecules that improve brain mitochondrial function represents an important therapeutic approach to treat NDDs. Recently, it was demonstrated that butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid is capable of counteracting obesity in an animal model, modulating mitochondrial function. The aim of this study has been to evaluate the effects of butyrate on neuroinflammatory state, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain cortex and in the synaptic fraction of a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Our data have shown that butyrate partially reverts neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the brain cortex and synaptic area, improving mitochondrial function and efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina Cavaliere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Centro Servizi Metrologici e Tecnologici Avanzati (CeSMA), Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Catapano
- Centro Servizi Metrologici e Tecnologici Avanzati (CeSMA), Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Trinchese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiano Cimmino
- Centro Servizi Metrologici e Tecnologici Avanzati (CeSMA), Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Eduardo Penna
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Amelia Pizzella
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Cristiano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Adriano Lama
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Crispino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Centro Servizi Metrologici e Tecnologici Avanzati (CeSMA), Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-679-990
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Cui Z, Holmes AJ, Zhang W, Hu D, Shao Q, Wang Z, Lu J, Raubenheimer D. Seasonal diet and microbiome shifts in wild rhesus macaques are better correlated at the level of nutrient components than food items. Integr Zool 2021; 17:1147-1161. [PMID: 34767280 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Food supply is one of the major drivers of animal behavior, and the gut microbiome is an important mediator between food supply and its effects on physiology. However, predicting the outcome of diet change on microbiome and consequences for the animal has proven extremely challenging. We propose this reflects processes occurring at different scales. Inadequate accounting for the multi-level complexity of nutrition (nutrients, foods, diets) obscures the diet influence on microbiome and subsequently animal. Here, we present a detailed year-round, multi-level analysis of diet and microbiome changes in a wild population of a temperate primate, the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). Total daily food and nutrient intake of 6 male and 6 female macaques was monitored in each of the 4 seasons (total 120 days observations). For each individual, we found significant variation in the microbiome between all 4 seasons. This response was more strongly correlated with changes in macronutrient intake than with food items and much of the response could be explained at the level of 6 ecological guilds-sets of taxa sharing similar responses to nutrient intake. We conclude that study of diet, microbiome, and animal performance in ecology will more effectively identify patterns if diet is recorded at the level of nutrient intake. Although microbiome response to diet does show variation in species-level taxa in response to food items, there is greater commonality in response at the level of guilds. A goal for microbiome researchers should be to identify genes encoding microbial attributes that can define such guilds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Cui
- Centre for Nutritional Ecology, Centre for Sport Nutrition and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Andrew J Holmes
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dalong Hu
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Qi Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenlong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiqi Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Centre for Nutritional Ecology, Centre for Sport Nutrition and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Zaguri M, Kandel S, Lavie N, Hawlena D. Methodological limitations and conceptual implications of nutritional estimations. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Zaguri
- Risk‐Management Ecology Lab, Dept of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Inst. of Life Sciences, The Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram Jerusalem Israel
| | - Shani Kandel
- Risk‐Management Ecology Lab, Dept of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Inst. of Life Sciences, The Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram Jerusalem Israel
| | - Noa Lavie
- Risk‐Management Ecology Lab, Dept of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Inst. of Life Sciences, The Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram Jerusalem Israel
| | - Dror Hawlena
- Risk‐Management Ecology Lab, Dept of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Inst. of Life Sciences, The Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram Jerusalem Israel
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Cui Z, Wang Z, Zhang S, Wang B, Lu J, Raubenheimer D. Living near the limits: Effects of interannual variation in food availability on diet and reproduction in a temperate primate, the Taihangshan macaque (Macaca mulatta tcheliensis). Am J Primatol 2019; 82:e23080. [PMID: 31858636 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient intake of animals is influenced by an interplay of external and internal factors, such as food availability and reproductive state, respectively. We used the nutritional geometry framework to analyze individual-based data on energy and nutrient intake in relation to reproductive state in a population of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta tcheliensis), which live in a harsh high-latitude habitat, the Taihangshan mountains of China, and exhibit strong reproductive seasonality. We combined data over a 3-year period on food availability, diets, reproductive output, and components of maternal investment to understand how Taihangshan macaques respond to variation in food availability and nutrition in reproduction. Our results show there was high interannual variation in availability of an important staple source of fat and carbohydrates (nonprotein energy), seeds of oak (Quercus spp). Despite this variability in seed availability skewing the dietary macronutrient ratios considerably (from 12.96% to 30.12% dietary energy from protein), total metabolizable energy intake was maintained across years during pregnancy. Lactating females had higher mean daily energy intakes than pregnant females. As in pregnant females, energy intake was maintained constant across years, but only when seed availability enabled the contribution of available protein to energy intake to be maintained between 15.32% (2013) and 17.97% (2015). In 2014, when seeds were scarce, lactating females had a shortfall in energy intake compared with 2013 and 2015. This corresponded with a reduction in the number of females giving birth (11 out of 23), but there was no interannual difference in survival rates. Compared to 2013 and 2015, in 2014 females had greater weight loss (drew on body reserves), moved less, and spent more time nursing their offspring. We discuss implications of these results for range limitation in Taihangshan macaques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Physical Education (main campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenlong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shiqiang Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Baishi Wang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Jiqi Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Cui Z, Shao Q, Grueter CC, Wang Z, Lu J, Raubenheimer D. Dietary diversity of an ecological and macronutritional generalist primate in a harsh high‐latitude habitat, the Taihangshan macaque (
Macaca mulatta tcheliensis
). Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e22965. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Cui
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Qi Shao
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Cyril C. Grueter
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Zhenlong Wang
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Jiqi Lu
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| |
Collapse
|
|
6
|
Périco LL, Rodrigues VP, Ohara R, Bueno G, Nunes VVA, dos Santos RC, Camargo ACL, Júnior LAJ, de Andrade SF, Steimbach VMB, da Silva LM, da Rocha LRM, Vilegas W, dos Santos C, Hiruma-Lima CA. Sex-specific effects of Eugenia punicifolia extract on gastric ulcer healing in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:4369-4383. [PMID: 30344421 PMCID: PMC6189849 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i38.4369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the sex-specific effects of a hydroalcoholic extract from Eugenia punicifolia (HEEP) leaves on gastric ulcer healing.
METHODS In this rat study involving males, intact (cycling) females, and ovariectomized females, gastric ulcers were induced using acetic acid. A vehicle, lansoprazole, or HEEP was administered for 14 d after ulcer induction. Body weight was monitored throughout the treatment period. At the end of treatment, the rats were euthanized and the following in vivo and in vitro investigations were performed: macroscopic examination of the lesion area and organ weights, biochemical analysis, zymography, and evaluation of protein expression levels. Additionally, the concentration-dependent effect of HEEP was evaluated in terms of subacute toxicity and cytotoxicity.
RESULTS Compared to the vehicle, HEEP demonstrated a great healing capacity by substantially reducing the ulcerative lesion area in males (52.44%), intact females (85.22%), and ovariectomized females (65.47%), confirming that HEEP accelerates the healing of acetic acid-induced gastric lesions and suggesting that this effect is modulated by female sex hormones. The antiulcer effect of HEEP was mediated by prostaglandin E2 only in male rats. Overall, the beneficial effect of HEEP was the highest in intact females. Notably, HEEP promoted the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (intact vs ovariectomized females) and decreased the expression of Caspase-8 and Bcl-2 (intact female vs male or ovariectomized female). Additionally, HEEP enhanced fibroblast proliferation and migration into a wounded area in vitro, confirming its healing effect. Finally, no sign of subacute toxicity or cytotoxicity of HEEP was observed.
CONCLUSION In gastric ulcers, HEEP-induced healing (modulated by female sex hormones; in males, mediated by prostaglandin) involves extracellular matrix remodeling, with gastric mucosa cell proliferation and migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Lucena Périco
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Peixoto Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rie Ohara
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Bueno
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vânia Vasti Alfieri Nunes
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Cássia dos Santos
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista 12916-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Lima Camargo
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Antônio Justulin Júnior
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Faloni de Andrade
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajaí - UNIVALI, Itajaí 88302-901, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Viviane Miranda Bispo Steimbach
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajaí - UNIVALI, Itajaí 88302-901, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Luísa Mota da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajaí - UNIVALI, Itajaí 88302-901, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Regina Machado da Rocha
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Coastal Campus of São Vicente, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Vicente 11330-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Catarina dos Santos
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Sciences and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis 19806-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clélia Akiko Hiruma-Lima
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
|
7
|
Cavaliere G, Viggiano E, Trinchese G, De Filippo C, Messina A, Monda V, Valenzano A, Cincione RI, Zammit C, Cimmino F, Catapano A, Sessa F, Messina G, Monda M, Crispino M, Mollica MP. Long Feeding High-Fat Diet Induces Hypothalamic Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, and Prolonged Hypothalamic AMPK Activation in Rat Animal Model. Front Physiol 2018; 9:818. [PMID: 30034345 PMCID: PMC6043859 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Scope: The hypothalamus is a key brain region involved in the control of feeding and energy expenditure. Hypothalamic inflammation and oxidative stress are landmarks of both obesity and aging processes, although the molecular mechanisms are still unknown. Therefore, with the aim to understand the neurobiological mechanisms of energy homeostasis during aging, we evaluate the effects of long feeding high-fat diet (HFD) in rats, at different age, on modulation of hypothalamic molecular pathway, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Procedures: Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: control group, receiving standard diet (CD), and treated group, receiving HFD. Both groups were treated with the appropriate diet for 1, 3, 6, 12, or 18 weeks. We investigated energy balance and body composition, as well as lipid profile, homeostatic model assessment index, and inflammatory state in serum. Furthermore, we also analyzed, at hypothalamic level, inflammation and oxidative stress, and adenosine monophosphate-dependent kinase (AMPK) and pAMPK expression levels. Results: Our data showed that aging and HFD induce increased energy intake and energy efficiency and decreased energy expenditure associated, at hypothalamic level, with inflammation and oxidative stress and activation of AMPK. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the age at which HFD feeding starts and the diet duration are critical in obesity development. The prolonged activation of hypothalamic AMPK may be related to the alterations in energy homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina Cavaliere
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuela Viggiano
- Section of Human Physiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Prenatal Medicine, ULSS6 Euganea, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Chiara De Filippo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Raffaele I Cincione
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Fabiano Cimmino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Catapano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Crispino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
8
|
Cui ZW, Wang ZL, Shao Q, Raubenheimer D, Lu JQ. Macronutrient signature of dietary generalism in an ecologically diverse primate in the wild. Behav Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ary003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Wei Cui
- School of life sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zhen-Long Wang
- School of life sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi Shao
- School of life sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ji-Qi Lu
- School of life sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
9
|
Ab Lah R, Smith J, Savins D, Dowell A, Bucher D, Benkendorff K. Investigation of nutritional properties of three species of marine turban snails for human consumption. Food Sci Nutr 2017; 5:14-30. [PMID: 28070312 PMCID: PMC5217872 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Turban snails (family Turbinidae) are gastropod molluscs that are harvested for human consumption yet little is known about the nutritional properties of these snails, particularly from Australian waters. This study compares the proximate composition (ash, moisture, protein, and lipid content), fatty acid profiles, mineral, and trace element content of three species of turbinid snails; Turbo militaris, Lunella undulata, and Lunella torquata from northern New South Wales, Australia. They were all found to have relatively high protein in their flesh (16.0% to 18.5% of the fresh weight). L. torquata had a significantly higher lipid content (8.5% w/w) than L. undulata (5.2% w/w), whereas T. militaris (5.6% w/w) was not significantly different to either. Analysis with gas chromatography showed there was no significant difference in monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content, with an average of approximately 14% of the total fatty acids in all three species. However, saturated fatty acids (SFA) were significantly higher in T. militaris (41%), whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were significantly higher in L. undulata (46%). The ratio of n-3/n-6 fatty acids ranged from 1.1 in T. militaris to 1.4 in L. torquata, which is good for human health and comparable to other high value gastropods. The results indicate that T. militaris, L. undulata, and L. torquata provide a good source of essential elements such as zinc, selenium, and iron. At the location studied, toxic metals and metalloids were below safe recommended standards for human consumption. Overall, this study confirms the suitability of turban snails as a nutritional food for human consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roslizawati Ab Lah
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and EngineeringUniversity of Southern CrossLismore2480New South WalesAustralia
- University Malaysia TerengganuKuala21030TerengganuMalaysia
| | - Joshua Smith
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and EngineeringUniversity of Southern CrossLismore2480New South WalesAustralia
- Southern Cross Plant ScienceUniversity of Southern CrossLismore2480New South WalesAustralia
| | - Dale Savins
- Southern Cross Plant ScienceUniversity of Southern CrossLismore2480New South WalesAustralia
| | - Ashley Dowell
- Southern Cross Plant ScienceUniversity of Southern CrossLismore2480New South WalesAustralia
| | - Daniel Bucher
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and EngineeringUniversity of Southern CrossLismore2480New South WalesAustralia
| | - Kirsten Benkendorff
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and EngineeringUniversity of Southern CrossLismore2480New South WalesAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
|
10
|
Sapan CV, Lundblad RL. Review of methods for determination of total protein and peptide concentration in biological samples. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:268-76. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
|
11
|
Critical evaluation of ninhydrin for monitoring surgical instrument decontamination. J Hosp Infect 2013; 84:97-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2012.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
|
12
|
Scarpa M, Grillo A, Scarpa M, Brun P, Castoro C, Pozza A, Cavallo D, Faggian D, Ruffolo C, D'Incà R, Bardini R, Castagliuolo I, Angriman I. Innate immune environment in ileal pouch mucosa: α5 defensin up-regulation as predictor of chronic/relapsing pouchitis. J Gastrointest Surg 2012; 16:188-201; discussion 201-2. [PMID: 21983950 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-011-1720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Defensins are small cationic peptides with antibacterial activity expressed in Paneth cells (α-defensins) or generally in intestinal epithelial cells (β-defensins) that have a profound effect on gut microbiota. Chronic pouchitis, which occurs in 5% of patients after restorative proctocolectomy and can cause pouch failure, is associated to a significant increase of Clostridiaceae spp. The aim of this study was to gain further insight in the pathogenesis of pouch dysbiosis by exploring defensin expression. Thirty-two consecutive patients coming for follow-up endoscopy were recruited. On pouch biopsies, we cultured bacteria adherent to the mucosa and determined α- and β-defensins and toll-like receptor-4 and -2 mRNA by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Serum and mucosal levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were measured with immunometric assays. Faecal lactoferrin was analysed by quantitative ELISA. After a median follow-up of 23 (IQR 20-24) months, the patients were contacted for a reassessment of current and past disease activity. During the follow-up, chronic/relapsing pouchitis was diagnosed in six patients. The mucosal level of α-5 and α-6 defensins correlated with chronic/relapsing pouchitis onset (τ = 0.30, p = 0.034 and τ = 0.28, p = 0.053, respectively). High levels of α-5 defensin resulted to be predictive of chronic/relapsing pouchitis [AUC = 74% (95% CI = 53-89%), p = 0.052]. Patients with high levels of α-5 and α-6 defensins had earlier pouchitis relapses (p = 0.009 and p = 0.034, respectively). High levels of α-5 defensin were associated to a significant risk of chronic/relapsing pouchitis [OR = 10.6 (95% CI = 1.2-97.6), p = 0.027]. At multivariate analysis, the mucosal levels of α-5 defensin and the number of CFU of mucosa-associated Clostridiaceae spp resulted to be independent predictors of chronic/relapsing pouchitis [β = 0.46 (0.18), p = 0.024 and β = 0.44 (0.18), p = 0.027, respectively]. In conclusion, chronic/relapsing pouchitis is associated to increased expression of mucosal HD-5 and to increased antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli. In patients with chronic/relapsing pouchitis, HD-5 and TLR-4 over-expression is likely to create a hostile environment against Enterobacteriaceae, thus favouring Clostridiaceae spp by decreasing competing bacteria families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Scarpa
- Oncological Surgery Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS), via Gattamelata 64, 35128, Padua, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
13
|
Scarpa M, Grillo A, Pozza A, Faggian D, Ruffolo C, Scarpa M, D'Incà R, Plebani M, Sturniolo GC, Castagliuolo I, Angriman I. TLR2 and TLR4 up-regulation and colonization of the ileal mucosa by Clostridiaceae spp. in chronic/relapsing pouchitis. J Surg Res 2011; 169:e145-54. [PMID: 21601883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pouchitis, which can lead to pouch failure, occurs in approximately 5% of patients after restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis (UC). This work examined the interplay between the microbiota adherent to the ileal pouch mucosa and the mucosal immune system in chronic/relapsing pouchitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-two consecutive patients attending our surgical gastroenterological department following restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for UC were considered eligible candidates for this study. Biopsy samples of bacteria adherent to the mucosa were collected. TLR4 and TLR2 mucosal expression was measured by Real Time RT-PCR. Serum and mucosal IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were assessed using immunometric assays. Fecal lactoferrin concentrations were determined by quantitative ELISA. After a median follow-up of 23 months (IQR 20-24 months) each patient underwent a global assessment of their clinical condition and disease activity status. RESULTS Six patients were diagnosed with relapsing/chronic pouchitis during the follow-up period. Mucosal TLR2 and TLR4 expression was higher in the chronic/relapsing pouchitis group than in the no or only one episode of pouchitis group (P = 0.036 and P = 0.016, respectively). The number of colony forming units (CFU) of mucosa-associated Clostridiaceae spp. was higher in the former than in the latter group (P = 0.031). Clostridiaceae were associated to a significant risk of chronic/relapsing pouchitis [OR: 14 (95% CI 0.887-224.021), P = 0.045]. CONCLUSION Chronic/relapsing pouchitis is associated to higher mucosal TLR2 and TLR4 expression. Mucosal colonization by Clostridiaceae spp seems to play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic/relapsing pouchitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Scarpa
- Oncological Surgery Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS), Padova, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
14
|
Relationship between mucosa-associated microbiota and inflammatory parameters in the ileal pouch after restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. Surgery 2011; 150:56-67. [PMID: 21549404 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our aim was to assess the relationship between the ileal-pouch microbiota and inflammatory parameters in patients operated on for ulcerative colitis. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 32 consecutive outpatients returning for follow-up endoscopy were recruited. Pouch biopsies were obtained during endoscopy for culture of bacteria adherent to the mucosa, histology, and analysis of local inflammation (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα by immunometric assay; and toll-like receptor [TLR] 2 and 4 mRNA by quantitative real-time PCR). Fecal samples were collected for analysis of lactoferrin by ELISA. RESULTS Granulocyte and monocyte mucosal infiltration correlated directly with mucosal Bacteriodiaceae spp. counts. Clostridiaceae spp. counts showed a direct correlation with mucosal ulceration and number of daily stools. In patients with pouchitis, Enterococcaceae spp. counts were less than in healthy patients. Enterobacteriaceae spp., Streptococcaceae spp. and Enterococcaceae spp. counts correlated inversely with immune cell infiltration. TLR-2 and TLR-4 mRNA, and mucosal levels of IL-1β levels all correlated directly with Veilonella spp. counts. CONCLUSION Bacteriodaceae spp. and, Clostridiaceae spp. may be associated with inflammation of the pouch mucosa. Conversely, Enterococcaceae spp., and possibly Enterobacteriaceae spp. and Streptococcaceae spp., may have an active role in maintaining immunologic homeostasis within the pouch mucosa.
Collapse
|
|
15
|
Pavon-Djavid G, Gamble LJ, Ciobanu M, Gueguen V, Castner DG, Migonney V. Bioactive Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Fibers and Fabrics: Grafting, Chemical Characterization, and Biological Assessment. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:3317-25. [DOI: 10.1021/bm070344i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Pavon-Djavid
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Polymères de Spécialité (LBPS/B2OA−UMR 7052) Institut Galilée, Université Paris 13, 99 Avenue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France, and National Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, Box 351750, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750
| | - L. J. Gamble
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Polymères de Spécialité (LBPS/B2OA−UMR 7052) Institut Galilée, Université Paris 13, 99 Avenue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France, and National Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, Box 351750, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750
| | - M. Ciobanu
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Polymères de Spécialité (LBPS/B2OA−UMR 7052) Institut Galilée, Université Paris 13, 99 Avenue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France, and National Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, Box 351750, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750
| | - V. Gueguen
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Polymères de Spécialité (LBPS/B2OA−UMR 7052) Institut Galilée, Université Paris 13, 99 Avenue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France, and National Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, Box 351750, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750
| | - D. G. Castner
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Polymères de Spécialité (LBPS/B2OA−UMR 7052) Institut Galilée, Université Paris 13, 99 Avenue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France, and National Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, Box 351750, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750
| | - V. Migonney
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Polymères de Spécialité (LBPS/B2OA−UMR 7052) Institut Galilée, Université Paris 13, 99 Avenue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France, and National Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, Box 351750, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750
| |
Collapse
|
|
16
|
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to study the effect of early long-term high-fat feeding on energy balance and liver oxidative activity. To this end, rats aged about 30 d were fed a high-fat or a low-fat diet for 15, 30 or 60 d. Full energy balance and energy partitioning measurements were carried out. In addition, we measured hepatic mitochondrial and peroxisomal oxidative capacities. Serum levels of free triiodothyronine (T3) and leptin were also determined. Rats fed a high-fat diet showed an increase in metabolizable energy intake as well as in energy expenditure, while lipid gain over the whole period was lower than that expected due to a decrease in metabolic efficiency. An increase in serum free T3 levels was also found in rats fed a high-fat diet after 15 and 30 d. Statistically significant correlations between serum leptin levels and body fat mass were found after 15, 30 and 60 d of high-fat feeding. Finally, no variation in hepatic mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation capacity was found in rats fed a high-fat diet for 15, 30 or 60 d. In conclusion, the results of the present study show that young Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet for up to 60 d are able to counteract, at least in part, obesity development.
Collapse
|
|
17
|
Ruffolo C, Scarpa M, Faggian D, Romanato G, De Pellegrin A, Filosa T, Prando D, Polese L, Scopelliti M, Pilon F, Ossi E, Frego M, D'Amico DF, Angriman I. Cytokine network in chronic perianal Crohn's disease and indeterminate colitis after colectomy. J Gastrointest Surg 2007; 11:16-21. [PMID: 17390181 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-006-0021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antitumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF-alpha) therapy in perianal Crohn's disease (CD) is widely established but recent studies suggest that the underlying fistula tract and inflammation may persist. Treatment with a monoclonal antibody against interleukin (IL)-12 was reported to induce clinical responses and remissions in patients with active CD. The aim of our study was to analyze the cytokine network (TNF-alpha, IL-12, IL-1beta, and IL-6) in 12 patients with chronic perianal CD and a Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) score <150 to exclude active intestinal disease, in 7 patients with indeterminate colitis (IC) after restorative proctocolectomy with perianal complications, in 7 patients with active intestinal CD without perianal manifestations, and in 19 healthy controls. Nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's rank correlation test were used. Serum TNF-alpha levels were significantly higher in patients with IC than perianal CD patients and healthy controls. Serum TNF-alpha levels significantly correlated with perianal CDAI score and with the presence of anal fistulas. Serum IL-12 levels correlated with the presence of anal strictures and were similar in all groups. Serum IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the presence of perianal fistulas and lower in the presence of anal strictures. Our study confirmed that TNF-alpha plays a major role in the perianal and intestinal CD. Furthermore, the significantly higher TNF-alpha serum levels in patients with IC suggest the use of anti-TNF-alpha in such patients. On the contrary, according to our results the efficacy of anti-IL-12 antibodies appears doubtful in chronic perianal CD or IC without anal strictures. The role of IL-6 as a systemic mediator for active chronic inflammation was confirmed and a possible role for its monoclonal antibody was suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Ruffolo
- Clinica Chirurgica, Department of Surgical and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
18
|
Bicalho B, Giolo JM, Lilla S, De Nucci G. Identification and human pharmacokinetics of dihydroergotoxine metabolites in man: preliminary results. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2007; 29:17-28. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
|
19
|
Lipscomb IP, Sihota AK, Keevil CW. Comparative study of surgical instruments from sterile-service departments for presence of residual gram-negative endotoxin and proteinaceous deposits. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:3728-33. [PMID: 16928962 PMCID: PMC1594772 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01280-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ineffective cleaning of surgical instruments may be a vector for the transmission of hospital-acquired infections. The aim of this research was to investigate whether further decontamination procedures need to be instigated in sterile-service departments (SSDs) to reduce the risk of nosocomial illnesses, such as endotoxemia, sepsis, or iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (to date, 1,147 cases of confirmed Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease deaths in the United Kingdom since 1990 have been reported). Instrument sets were obtained from nine anonymous United Kingdom National Health Service (NHS) primary care trust SSDs. The investigation implemented an advanced light microscopy technique, episcopic differential interference contrast microscopy with the sensitive fluorescent reagents SYPRO Ruby and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI), to detect proteinaceous and microbial contamination levels. Gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin was monitored using a dansylated polymyxin B fluorochrome agent. None of the 260 instruments examined displayed signs of microbial colonization or LPS endotoxin contamination. However, over 60 percent of the instruments showed a high degree of protein soiling (0.4 to 4.2 mug protein/mm(2)). Some instruments appeared soiled with crystalline deposits that may consist of a potentially hazardous material contributing to inflammation and/or surgical shock. It is clear that the overall standard for cleaning must be raised in order to fulfill the imminent introduction of new European standards and to reduce the risk of cross-patient contamination and iatrogenic transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I P Lipscomb
- Environmental Healthcare Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7PX, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
20
|
Lipscomb IP, Sihota AK, Botham M, Harris KL, Keevil CW. Rapid method for the sensitive detection of protein contamination on surgical instruments. J Hosp Infect 2006; 62:141-8. [PMID: 16290315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2005.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hospital sterile service departments (SSDs) currently rely on simple visual confirmation of cleanliness as an assessment of the efficacy of cleaning surgical instruments. The inherent inability to monitor low levels of infectious or proteinaceous contamination on surgical instruments creates the possibility that highly dangerous and robust biological agents may remain infectious and undetected even after standard cleaning and sterilization procedures have been employed. This paper describes the development of a novel microscopy technique, episcopic differential interference contrast microscope, combined with the fluorescent reagent, SYPRO Ruby, to rapidly detect brain tissue protein to below 400 pg/mm(2) on an instrument surface. This technique has displayed a minimum level of detection observed by 50% of volunteers of 85 pg/mm(2) (95% confidence intervals 67-112 pg/mm(2)). Quantitative assessment of instruments supplied from various SSDs enabled the establishment of a 'contamination index' of both proteinaceous and non-proteinaceous deposits on the surface. This new methodology for the assessment of surface contamination is generally applicable and should facilitate future quantitative surveys of instrument contamination in hospitals and other healthcare environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I P Lipscomb
- Environmental Healthcare Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
21
|
Somogyi RB, Preiss D, Vesely A, Fisher JA, Duffin J. Changes in respiratory control after 5 days at altitude. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2005; 145:41-52. [PMID: 15652787 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2004.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
These experiments examined changes in the chemoreflex control of breathing and acid-base balance after 5 days at altitude (3480 m) in six healthy males. The partial pressures of carbon dioxide (P(CO2)) at which ventilation increased during isoxic hypoxic and hyperoxic modified rebreathing tests at sea level fell significantly at altitude by mean+/-S.E.M. of 12.8+/-2.51 mmHg and 9.5+/-1.77 mmHg, respectively, but response slopes above threshold were unchanged. Altitude exposure produced a respiratory alkalosis evidenced by a decrease in mean resting end-tidal P(CO2) from 41+/-0.84 mmHg at sea level to 32+/-2.04 mmHg at altitude, but pH did not increase significantly from its sea level value. Blood samples were analyzed to discover acid-base changes, using a modification of the equations for acid-base balance proposed by [Stewart, P.A., 1983. Modern quantitative acid-base chemistry. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 61, 1444-1461]. While strong ion difference at altitude was not significantly different from its sea level value, albumin concentration was increased significantly from 38.6+/-0.30 g L(-1) to 49.8+/-0.76 g L(-1). We suggest that the respiratory alkalosis was produced by a fall in the chemoreflex threshold and pH was corrected by an elevation in the concentration of weakly dissociated protein anions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ron B Somogyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Science Bldg, Room 3326, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ont., Canada, M5S 1A8
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
22
|
Yeh CH, Lin YM, Wu YC, Wang YC, Lin PJ. Nitric oxide attenuates cardiomyocytic apoptosis via diminished mitochondrial complex I up-regulation from cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury under cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004; 128:180-8. [PMID: 15282453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2003.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study tested the hypothesis that cardioplegic solution supplemented with a nitric oxide donor agent attenuates postischemic cardiomyocytic apoptosis by reduction of mitochondrial complex I up-regulation during global cardiac arrest under cardiopulmonary bypass. METHODS Twenty-four anesthetized dogs supported by total vented bypass were divided evenly into 4 groups (n = 6) and subjected to 60 minutes of hypothermic ischemia followed by 4 degrees C multidose crystalloid cardioplegic solution infusion. Hearts received either standard crystalloid cardioplegic solution (control), crystalloid cardioplegic solution supplemented with 2 mmol/L L-arginine (L-Arg group), crystalloid cardioplegic solution supplemented with 400 micromol/L N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA group), or crystalloid cardioplegic solution supplemented with 100 micromol/L of NO donor compound (3-morpholinosydnonimine; SIN-1 group). After 60 minutes of cardioplegic arrest, the heart was reperfused for a total of 240 minutes after discontinuation of bypass. The occurrence of cardiomyocytic apoptosis was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling and Western blot analysis of caspase-3. RESULTS The occurrence of cardiomyocytic apoptosis was significantly reduced in SIN-1 and L-Arg groups compared with the control group. Mitochondrial complex I mRNA was up-regulated in the control group, and its expression was significantly higher in the L-NMMA group but significantly reduced in the SIN-1 and L-Arg groups. Western blot analysis of Bcl-2 and cytochrome c, an index of mitochondrial damage in postischemic myocardium, revealed a similar pattern. CONCLUSION Nitric oxide-supplemented crystalloid cardioplegic solution diminished postischemic cardiomyocytic apoptosis after global cardiac arrest under cardiopulmonary bypass, possibly via prevention of mitochondrial complex I up-regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsiao Yeh
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan 333.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
23
|
Iossa S, Lionetti L, Mollica MP, Crescenzo R, Botta M, Barletta A, Liverini G. Effect of high-fat feeding on metabolic efficiency and mitochondrial oxidative capacity in adult rats. Br J Nutr 2004; 90:953-60. [PMID: 14667188 DOI: 10.1079/bjn2003000968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The changes in metabolic efficiency, body composition, and nutrient partitioning induced by high-fat feeding were evaluated in adult rats (90 d of age). The alterations in serum free triiodothyronine, insulin, and leptin levels, as well as in hepatic and skeletal muscle metabolism, were also assessed. Rats were fed either a low- or a high-fat diet for 2 weeks. Relative to the low-fat feeding, energy intake and expenditure, as well as body-energy gain, lipid gain, and energetic efficiency, were increased by the high-fat feeding. Increased serum leptin levels accompanied these variations. A positive correlation between serum leptin levels and percentage of body fat was found in the rats fed the low- or high-fat diet, with a significant divergence between the slope of the regression lines. Furthermore, a negative correlation between serum leptin level and energy intake was found in the rats fed the low-fat diet, while a positive correlation was found in the rats fed the high-fat diet. Finally, the high-fat feeding decreased the hepatic and skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity. It is concluded that, in adult rats, a nutritional factor such as a high level of fat in the diet induces obesity, leptin resistance, and impairment of mitochondrial capacity, all phenomena typical of unrestrained aged rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Iossa
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 8, 1-80134 Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
24
|
Iossa S, Mollica MP, Lionetti L, Crescenzo R, Botta M, Barletta A, Liverini G. Acetyl-L-carnitine supplementation differently influences nutrient partitioning, serum leptin concentration and skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration in young and old rats. J Nutr 2002; 132:636-42. [PMID: 11925454 DOI: 10.1093/jn/132.4.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in energy balance, body composition, and nutrient partitioning induced by acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) supplementation were studied in young (2 mo) and old (24 mo) Wistar rats. Changes in skeletal muscle metabolism as well as in serum free triiodothyronine and leptin levels were also evaluated. Rats were administered 0 (control) or 15 g/L ALCAR in their drinking water for 1 mo. ALCAR treatment significantly decreased body lipid percentage in young rats and significantly increased body protein percentage in old rats. The percentage of metabolizable energy (ME) intake stored as lipid was lower in ALCAR-treated young rats, whereas the percentage of ME intake stored as protein was greater in ALCAR-treated old rats compared with their age-matched controls. In addition, ALCAR supplementation significantly decreased serum leptin levels in old rats. Elevated skeletal muscle respiration was found in old rats treated with ALCAR, due to an increase in mitochondrial protein mass. In conclusion, ALCAR supplementation decreases efficiency of lipid deposition in young rats and increases efficiency of protein deposition in old rats. In addition, ALCAR supplementation partly reduces the leptin resistance that occurs in old rats, and improves ATP production in skeletal muscle mitochondria through an increase in mitochondrial protein content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Iossa
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy I-80134
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
25
|
Iossa S, Mollica MP, Lionetti L, Crescenzo R, Botta M, Liverini G. Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in rats fed high-fat diet. Int J Obes (Lond) 2002; 26:65-72. [PMID: 11791148 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2001] [Revised: 05/01/2001] [Accepted: 07/06/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether young rats respond to high-fat feeding through changes in energy efficiency and fuel partitioning at the level of skeletal muscle, to avoid obesity development. In addition, to establish whether the two mitochondrial subpopulations, which exist in skeletal muscle, ie subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar, are differently affected by high-fat feeding. DESIGN Weaning rats were fed a low-fat or a high-fat diet for 15 days. MEASUREMENTS Energy balance and lipid partitioning in the whole animal. State 3 and state 4 oxygen consumption rates in whole skeletal muscle homogenate. State 3 and state 4 oxygen consumption rates, membrane potential and uncoupling effect of palmitate in subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar mitochondria from skeletal muscle. RESULTS Rats fed a high-fat diet showed an increased whole body lipid utilization. Skeletal muscle NAD-linked and lipid oxidative capacity significantly increased at the whole-tissue level, due to an increase in lipid oxidative capacity in subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar mitochondria and in NAD-linked activity only in intermyofibrillar ones. In addition, rats fed a high-fat diet showed an increase in the uncoupling effect of palmitate in both the mitochondrial populations. CONCLUSIONS In young rats fed a high-fat diet, skeletal muscle contributes to enhanced whole body lipid oxidation through an increased mitochondrial capacity to use lipids as metabolic fuels, associated with a decrease in energy coupling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Iossa
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
26
|
Schenk T, Irth H, Marko-Varga G, Edholm LE, Tjaden UR, van der Greef J. Potential of on-line micro-LC immunochemical detection in the bioanalysis of cytokines. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 26:975-85. [PMID: 11600310 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An on-line liquid chromatography-immunochemical detection (LC-ICD) system for the quantification of cytokines in cell extracts has been developed using a post-column continuous-flow reaction detection system using fluorescence labelled antibodies. Cytokines eluting from the micro-HPLC column react with antibodies to form fluorescent complexes. In a second step the excess of free antibody is trapped on a cytokine bound support prior to fluorescence detection. The concentration detection limit of the flow injection-ICD system was 50 pM (20 microl injection volume) for interleukin 4 (IL-4). An absolute detection limit of 1 fmol was obtained for IL-4. Similar to ICD systems for small non-protein analytes developed earlier, reaction times were in the order of 1 minute. The immobilised cytokine affinity columns can easily be regenerated and used for months. The present ICD system for interleukins 4, 6, 8 and 10 was coupled to ion exchange-, size exclusion- and reversed phase chromatography. Important parameters (reaction times, reaction conditions) were investigated to get a better understanding of post-column ICD systems for macromolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Schenk
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Analytical Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
27
|
Brooks SP, Lampi BJ. Fatty acid oxidation and fatty acid synthesis in energy restricted rats(1). J Nutr Biochem 2001; 12:422-430. [PMID: 11448617 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(01)00156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The importance of fat oxidation and fatty acid synthesis were examined in rats fed approximately one half their ad libitum food intake for a period of 13 days followed by 7 days of ad libitum feeding (refed rats). This study was undertaken because previous reports demonstrated that refed rats rapidly accumulated body fat. Our results confirmed this observation: refed rats accrued body fat and body weight at rates that were approximately 3 times higher than controls. Evidence for a period of increased metabolic efficiency was demonstrated by measuring the net energy requirement for maintenance over the refeeding period: refed rats had a reduced metabolic rate during the period of energy restriction (approximately 30% lower than control) and this persisted up to 2 days after the reintroduction of ad libitum feeding. The major factor responsible for the rapid fat gain was a depressed rate of fatty acid oxidation. Calculations of protein and carbohydrate intake over the refeeding period showed that the simplest explanation for the decrease in fatty acid oxidation is fat sparing. This is possible because of the large increase in dietary carbohydrate and protein intake during the refeeding period when metabolic rates are still depressed. The increased carbohydrate and protein may adequately compensate for the increasing energy requirements of the ER rats over the refeeding period affording rats the luxury of storing the excess dietary fat energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S P.J. Brooks
- Nutrition Research Division, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
28
|
Iossa S, Lionetti L, Mollica MP, Crescenzo R, Barletta A, Liverini G. Fat balance and serum leptin concentrations in normal, hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid rats. Int J Obes (Lond) 2001; 25:417-25. [PMID: 11319641 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/1999] [Revised: 06/14/2000] [Accepted: 08/08/2000] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the influence of thyroid hormones on the relationship between serum leptin and fat mass, as well as on energy and macronutrient balance. DESIGN Rats with different thyroid states were obtained by 7 and 15 days of treatment with the antithyroid drug propylthiouracil or with triiodothyronine (T3). MEASUREMENTS Energy balance, macronutrient balance and serum leptin concentrations. RESULTS In hypothyroid rats we found a decrease in metabolizable energy (ME) intake and energy expenditure together with an increase in lipid gain/lipid intake ratio and a decrease in protein gain/protein intake ratio. Consequently, body lipid percentage significantly increased compared to euthyroid rats. Hyperthyroid rats first increased energy expenditure and later ME intake, so that increased metabolism was balanced by increased intake, and energy gain was similar to that found in euthyroid rats. CONCLUSION These results indicate that T3 plays a major role in the maintenance of energy and lipid balance. Our results also indicate that an inverse relationship exists between T3 and leptin serum concentrations, and that this relationship is not only the result of changes in body fat stores induced by changed T3 concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Iossa
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Naples 'FEDERICO II', Naples, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
29
|
Iossa S, Lionetti L, Mollica MP, Crescenzo R, Barletta A, Liverini G. Effect of cold exposure on energy balance and liver respiratory capacity in post-weaning rats fed a high-fat diet. Br J Nutr 2001; 85:89-96. [PMID: 11227037 DOI: 10.1079/bjn2000219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Variations in energy balance, body composition, and nutrient partitioning induced by high-fat feeding, cold exposure or by concomitant high-fat feeding and cold exposure were studied in young Wistar rats. Changes in hepatic metabolism as well as in serum free triiodothyronine and leptin levels were also evaluated. Rats were exposed to either 24 or 4 degrees C and fed either a low- or high-fat diet (10 % or 50 % energy respectively) for 2 weeks. Relative to low-fat feeding at 24 degrees C, both energy intake and expenditure were increased by high-fat feeding or by cold exposure, and these changes were accompanied by increased serum triiodothyronine levels. In response to concomitant high-fat feeding and cold exposure, serum triiodothyronine tended to be further elevated, but no further increases in energy intake or energy expenditure were observed. Independently of diet, the increased energy expenditure in cold-exposed rats was not completely balanced by adaptive hyperphagia, with consequential reductions in protein and fat gain, accompanied by marked decreases in serum leptin. Furthermore, unlike high-fat feeding at 24 degrees C, cold exposure enhanced hepatic mitochondrial oxidative capacity both in the low-fat- and high-fat-fed groups. It is concluded that in this strain of young Wistar rats, despite similarly marked stimulation of energy expenditure by high-fat feeding at 24 degrees C, by cold exposure and by concomitant high-fat feeding and cold exposure, an increased hepatic oxidative capacity occurred only in the presence of the cold stimulus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Iossa
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Naples 'FEDERICO II', Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
30
|
Abstract
Amino acid composition analysis is a classical protein analysis method, which finds a wide application in medical and food science research and is indispensable for protein quantification. It is a complex technique, comprising two steps, hydrolysis of the substrate and chromatographic separation and detection of the residues. A properly performed hydrolysis is a prerequisite of a successful analysis. The most significant developments of the technology in the last decade consist in the (i) reduction of the hydrolysis time by the use of microwave radiation energy; (ii) improvement in the sensitivity of the residue detection, the quantification of the sensitive residues and separation of the enantiomeric forms of the amino acids; (iii) application of amino acid analysis in the large-scale protein identification by database search; and (iv) gradual replacement of the original ion exchange residue separation by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Amino acid analysis is currently facing an enormous competition in the determination of the identity of proteins and amino acid homologs by the essentially faster mass spectrometry techniques. The amino acid analysis technology needs further simplification and automation of the hydrolysis, chromatography and detection steps to withstand the pressure exerted by the other technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Fountoulakis
- F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., Pharma Division, Preclinical Central System--Gene Technology, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
31
|
Mongeau R, Brooks SP, Lampi BJ, Brassard R. Hard wheat bran and hard wheat bran fiber energy values measured in rats after 6 and 16 weeks. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1997; 427:267-89. [PMID: 9361852 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5967-2_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Mongeau
- Nutrition Research Division, Health Canada, Banting Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
32
|
Brooks SP, Lampi BJ. Time course of enzyme changes after a switch from a high-fat to a low-fat diet. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1997; 118:359-65. [PMID: 9440229 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(97)00163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the time course of metabolic changes associated with a switch from a high-fat to a low-fat diet in rats. Adult rats, maintained on a high-fat diet (42% of energy from fat) for 4-5 weeks were switched to a low-fat diet (11% of energy from fat), and the activities of several liver enzymes were followed. Three different phases could be distinguished. The early phase, complete by 2 days after the switch in diets, included an increase in the activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (pentose phosphate pathway), an increase in pyruvate kinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase activities (terminal end of the glycolytic pathway) and an increase in ATP-citrate lyase and fatty acid synthetase (fatty acid synthesis pathway). The early phase also included a decrease in the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK, gluconeogenesis) and a lower branched-chain amino acid dehydrogenase activity (BCAADH, branched-chain amino acid degradation). The concentration of the allosteric phosphofructokinase regulator, fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2, glycolysis), decreased during the early phase. An intermediate phase could also be discerned between 3 and 10 days after the switch in diets. In this phase, the decreased Fru-2,6-P2 concentration and the decreased PEPCK and BCAADH activities observed in the early phase were reversed. The late phase occurred 10 days after the dietary switch and was characterized by an increase in the activities of glucokinase (glycolytic pathway) and glycogen phosphorylase (associated with glycogenolysis) and by a decrease in glutamate dehydrogenase, PEPCK and BCAADH activities. These measurements indicate that at least 20 days are required before metabolic changes associated with a switch in diet are complete.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S P Brooks
- Nutrition Research Division, Health Canada, 3W Banting Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
33
|
Richalet-Sécordel PM, Rauffer-Bruyère N, Christensen LL, Ofenloch-Haehnle B, Seidel C, Van Regenmortel MH. Concentration measurement of unpurified proteins using biosensor technology under conditions of partial mass transport limitation. Anal Biochem 1997; 249:165-73. [PMID: 9212868 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1997.2183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Using biosensor technology, it is possible to measure protein concentration when the binding of the protein to an appropriate ligand immobilized on the sensor surface is totally limited by diffusion and mass transport, a condition difficult to achieve in practice. In such a case, the observed binding rate does not reflect the intrinsic binding capacity of the molecular partners, but is simply proportional to the concentration of the protein analyte that is introduced in a continuous flow over the ligand. We describe here a more general biosensor method for measuring protein concentration which is applicable to conditions where mass transport is not totally but only partially rate limiting. The proposed method, which is based on measurements at different flow rates, does not require a standard of known protein concentration and can be used with unpurified proteins. The method is applicable to ligand-analyte pairs with an association rate constant as low as 10(3) M-1 s-1 and requires only knowledge of the molecular weight and diffusion coefficient of the analyte. The method was used successfully to measure the concentration of monoclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibody fragments (Fab) obtained by papain cleavage, and recombinant Fab fragments of widely different affinities in crude Escherichia coli extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Richalet-Sécordel
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
34
|
Zhang HF, Francl LJ, Jordahl JG, Meinhardt SW. Structural and Physical Properties of a Necrosis-Inducing Toxin from Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 1997; 87:154-160. [PMID: 18945135 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.1997.87.2.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cultivar-specific toxic metabolites of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis are involved in the appearance of necrotic and chlorotic foliar lesions characteristic of tan spot. A P. tritici-repentis necrosis-inducing toxin, Ptr necrosis toxin, was purified from isolate 86-124, sequenced by gas-phase amino acid microsequencing, and characterized by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and isoelectric focusing. The purified protein had a similar amino acid composition and molecular weight as previously reported. Analysis of the CD spectrum from 178 to 250 nm indicated a protein consisting of 13% alpha-helix, 36% antiparallel beta-sheet, 25% turns, and 25% other structures. The Ptr necrosis toxin from isolate 86-124 has an isoelectric point near pH 10. Using overlapping proteolytic fragments obtained from the toxin, a sequence of 101 continuous amino acids was obtained, but the amino terminus was blocked and 9 to 16 amino acids could not be sequenced. Secondary structure prediction based on the amino acid sequence indicated a beta-sheet protein with little alpha-helix, which is in agreement with the structure determined by CD spectroscopy. Sequence analysis indicated the presence of a possible membrane adhesion site and several possible phosphorylation sites that may be involved in phytotoxicity.
Collapse
|
|
35
|
Brooks SP, Lampi BJ. Enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in young and adult rats fed diets differing in fat and carbohydrate. Mol Cell Biochem 1996; 159:55-63. [PMID: 8813710 DOI: 10.1007/bf00226063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen content as well as glycolytic, gluconeogenic and fatty acid synthesis enzyme activities were monitored in young and adult male rats fed diets differing in fat content: 11% (low), 22% (medium) and 42% (high) of total energy from fat. The results showed significant differences in the responses of young and adult rats to changes in dietary fat and carbohydrate. In young animals, increasing dietary fat decreased total liver glycogen phosphorylase (GP), pyruvate kinase (PK), glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme (ME), ATP-citrate lyase (ATP-CL) and fatty acid synthase (FAS). Increasing dietary fat also affected enzyme levels in other tissues: hexokinase (HK) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activities decreased whereas skeletal muscle PK activity increased. The pattern of enzyme changes was similar in livers of fed adults with the exception that liver GP was not affected by dietary manipulations. Overnight food deprivation decreased liver glucokinase (GK), ME, ATP-CL, and FAS activities and increased liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and phosphofructokinase in both young and adult animals. In young animals, food deprivation also: (i) reduced liver GK and PK, (ii) increased kidney PEPCK, (iii) decreased muscle PEPCK and (iv) decreased kidney PDH. Food-deprived adults had increased skeletal muscle PEPCK and kidney glycogen synthetase as well as decreased kidney PEPCK muscle GP activity. These differences suggest that young animals are somewhat more responsive to changes in dietary manipulations. They also show that overnight food restriction causes a more profound metabolic re-organization in younger than in older animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S P Brooks
- Nutrition Research Division, Health protection Branch, Health Canada. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
36
|
Brignone JA, de Brignone CM, Ricci CR, de Mignone IR, Susemihl MC, Rodríguez RR. Favourable, significant effect of the dose-dependent treatment with RU 38486 (RU) on the alterations of the hepatic mitochondrial function of diabetic rats. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1996; 32:141-8. [PMID: 8858202 DOI: 10.1016/0168-8227(96)01264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, the effect "in vivo' of increasing doses of RU 38486 upon the hepatic mitochondrial function of diabetic rats has been studied. At the same time, the action of adrenalectomy and corticosterone restitution on this function were comparatively demonstrated. The parameters measured were oxygen consumption with the substrates: 3-hydroxybutyrate (HB), succinate (Suc) and malate-glutamate (Mal-glut) in intact liver mitochondria and the activities of 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD) and cytochrome c oxidase (Cyt.c oxid.) enzymes in broken liver mitochondria. The groups of animals studied were normal controls (N) and the following groups of diabetic rats: rats without any treatment (D), adrenalectomized rats (D+ADX), rats that were adrenalectomized and treated with corticosterone (D+ADX+C) and four groups treated with increasing oral doses of RU (in mg/kg body wt.), that is, 12.5 (D+RU1), 25.0 (D+RU2), 37.5 (D+RU3) and 50.0 (D+RU4). The results showed a tendency of increasing values of mitochondrial oxygen consumption in diabetic animals treated with RU. The favourable effect of increasing doses of RU on O2 consumption of diabetic rat liver mitochondria with each of the substrates showed a significant association as indicated by the values obtained for the correlation coefficients r (0.95, 0.97 and 0.99 according to the substrate HB, Succ or Mal-glut, respectively). Likewise, the correlation between the treatment with increasing doses of RU and the recovery of enzyme activities showed a significant dose-effect association with r 0.94 for HBD and r = 0.95 for Cyt.c oxid. Adrenalectomy showed a similar effect to treatment with the maximum dose of RU while corticosterone restitution gave measured values similar to those of the D group. In conclusion, the favourable, significant variation of the hepatic mitochondrial function of diabetic rats was demonstrated by the dose-dependent treatment with RU as seen by the correlation statistical study performed. At the same time, the pernicious effect that glucocorticoids exert upon such function in experimental diabetes was confirmed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Brignone
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina, Paraguay
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
37
|
Brooks SP, Lampi BJ. The effect of changing dietary fat and carbohydrate on the enzymes of amino acid metabolism. J Nutr Biochem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0955-2863(95)00075-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|