Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is widespread in the population, typically remaining latent. However, it can cause severe morbidity and mortality in transplant patients and immunodeficient individuals. Currently, there is no approved vaccine against HCMV. This study used immunoinformatics methods to predict the predominant T and B-cell epitopes of three key HCMV proteins, including phosphoprotein 65 (pp65), pp150, and immediate-early protein 1 (IE1). Subsequently, we synthesized a recombinant subunit vaccine (RHEcIE1/pp65/pp150) from Escherichia coli, comprising RHEc-1 and RHEc-2. We observed that the RHEcIE1/pp65/pp150 vaccine exhibited high safety and immunogenicity in mice, enhancing a significant upregulation of CD80, CD86, CD40, and MHCII on dendritic cells and macrophages. Additionally, the vaccine activated innate immune responses through the NF-κB signalling pathway, triggering CD4+ and CD8+T cells to secrete tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, and interleukin (IL)-2, directing the T-cell response towards Th1. Moreover, it stimulated CD4+T cells to secrete IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10, promoting B-cell immunity. Furthermore, the RHEcIE1/pp65/pp150 vaccine induced the formation of abundant memory cells and high levels of neutralizing antibody titres, conducive to providing long-lasting protection. Taken together, the RHEcIE1/pp65/pp150 vaccine is a promising endeavour against HCMV, and these findings contribute valuable insights to the development of HCMV vaccine candidates.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a frequent complication following kidney transplantation that affects transplant outcomes. This study aimed to (i) estimate the 12-month cumulative incidence of CMV antigenemia (AG) in adult kidney transplant recipients not receiving antiviral prophylaxis, (ii) identify the risk factors for CMV AG, and (iii) assess the impact of CMV AG on transplant outcomes. This study included 128 living donor kidney recipients (aged ≥20 years) who underwent transplantation between 2012 and 2020. The mean recipient age was 52.8 ± 13.0 years. The overall positive CMV AG rates were 10.9%, 35.9%, 45.3%, 53.1%, and 59.4% (95% confidence interval (CI), 50.9-67.9) at 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months posttransplantation, respectively. The 12-month incidence rates in D-/R-, D-/R+, D+/R+, and D+/R - were 0%, 25.0%, 62.2%, and 81.3%, respectively. Multivariable analysis revealed that the risk of CMV AG increased with a stepwise increase in CMV serostatus risk category (hazard ratio (HR), 2.65; 95% CI, 1.66-4.21; p < .001) and recipient age (HR, 1.37 per 10-year increase; 95% CI, 1.14-1.65; p < .001). Positive CMV AG was associated with an increased risk of antibody-mediated rejection (HR, 21.40; 95% CI, 2.59-176.2; p = .005) and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (p = .026). The risk of CMV AG is highest within the first 3 months posttransplant and persists for approximately 7-8 months in D + recipients. These findings underscore the importance of regular CMV monitoring for at least 6 months posttransplantation, particularly in centers employing preemptive therapy.

Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) is the leading infectious cause of congenital birth defects. Although approximately 20% to 25% of infants born with cCMV develop long-term health complications such as sensorineural hearing loss, developmental issues, and microcephaly, studies on the disease burden of cCMV are limited. In this study, we assessed the epidemiology, economic burden, and disease burden of clinically diagnosed cCMV in the United States using insurance claims data.

This retrospective study utilized Merative MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters and Multi-State Medicaid data from 2010 to 2019. Annual prevalence of clinically diagnosed cCMV at birth was estimated separately for each payer population. To assess economic burden, infants whose first cCMV diagnosis (index date) was within 1 month of birth were included in the cCMV cohort and matched to infants without cCMV infection for whom an index date was selected at random from all medical claims within 1 month of birth. Cohorts were matched 1:1 on demographics, insurance type, birth, and index years. All infants were required to have ≥2 years of continuous enrollment with prescription drug coverage after the index date (study period). Health care resource use and costs in 2021 USD ($) were summarized separately for the first and second years of the study period. Costs for birth admissions were also described.

The prevalence of clinically diagnosed cCMV at birth peaked in 2018 at 18.43 and 34.37 per 100,000 in the commercial and Medicaid populations, respectively. One hundred eighteen commercially insured (mean age at index date, 0.3 months; 46.6% female) and 351 Medicaid-insured matched pairs (mean age at index date, 0.2 months; 43.6% female) were included in the economic burden analyses. Mean (median) birth admission costs for commercially and Medicaid-insured infants with clinically diagnosed cCMV were $195,630 ($22,896; vs $24,195 [$3105]) and $57,182 ($9807; vs $5732 [$1566]), respectively. Additionally, excess costs due to cCMV in years 1 and 2 were $9427 ($5089) and $15,901 ($1573) for commercially insured, and $11,104 ($1446) and $12,205 ($721) for Medicaid-insured, respectively. Among potential cCMV sequelae, infants in the cCMV cohort experienced higher rates of hearing loss and developmental/motor delays during the first 2 years.

Diagnosed prevalence of cCMV at birth increased over time from 2010 to 2018. Infants with clinically diagnosed cCMV have costlier birth admissions and substantial disease burden in the first 2 years of life. These results emphasize the need for primary prevention methods, such as vaccination, to decrease the burden of cCMV.

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a widespread pathogen which remains asymptomatic in healthy individuals. However, CMV disease can be life-threatening in immunocompromised individuals, particularly in transplant patients. This disease is routinely managed by antiviral agents including (val)ganciclovir, foscarnet, cidofovir, letermovir, and maribavir. Subtherapeutic antiviral drug exposure is a common occurrence and can lead to drug-resistant CMV development, a key contributor to disease progression. Breakthrough CMV often results in graft loss, end-organ failure, or death. By optimising intracellular exposure levels of antiviral therapies, it may be possible to improve patient outcomes. Therefore, this review aims to explore the relationship between antiviral exposure and the development of drug-resistant CMV. There are several challenges to achieving optimal concentrations of current and novel CMV therapies. Narrow therapeutic indices and toxicity profiles of current CMV therapeutics contribute to their subtherapeutic exposure and hence suboptimal clinical outcomes. Alternately, novel antivirals such as letermovir and maribavir offer improved pharmacokinetic profiles. However, these agents are associated with rapid resistance development. Overall, a distinct gap exists in understanding the relationship between antiviral exposure and resistance development. As a result, current clinical markers used to predict clinical efficacy lack reliability. In future, resistance development in relation to drug exposure should be included as a clinical trial endpoint to gain understanding of exposure-resistance relationships. With solid knowledge of these relationships, more predictive in vitro and in vivo markers of clinical efficacy can be identified. Additionally, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models and combination therapies should be further explored in to improve the management of CMV.

Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and tuberculosis (TB) pose significant risks to patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) receiving biological therapy. However, data on the prevalence of these infections in Syria are scarce.

We conducted a retrospective chart review of IBD patients receiving biologic therapy at Damascus Hospital and Ibn Al-Nafees Hospital, two major public institutions in Syria, between January 2021 and November 2024. A minimum sample size of 130 was estimated; however, all available records were reviewed.

Among 185 IBD patients (104 from Damascus and 81 from Ibn Al-Nafees), 51.4% had ulcerative colitis and 47.6% had Crohn's disease. The smoking prevalence was 9.2%, which was higher in Crohn's disease (5.9%) than in ulcerative colitis (3.2%). TST performed in 61.1% of patients, with 4.3% positivity, and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) in 8.7% (1.1% positive). Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HBc antibodies were found in 2.7% and 5.4% of the patients, respectively, while hepatitis C seroprevalence was low (0.5%). CMV seropositivity was high in Damascus (50.8%), with two cases (1.1%) of CMV colitis. Biologic therapies included infliximab (42.7%), ustekinumab (24.3%), golimumab (10.8%), and adalimumab (6.5%). Data gaps, particularly in viral serology and TB screening, are notable.

This study identifies deficiencies in TB/hepatitis B screening (notably anti-HBs Ab) and elevated CMV seroprevalence among Syrian IBD patients receiving biologics, extending to immunosuppressed cohorts (rheumatology, dermatology, oncology). Insufficient screening heightens occult infection/reactivation risks, necessitating standardized pretreatment protocols to reduce morbidity in high-risk populations.

Not applicable.

To report a case of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-related hemorrhagic retinal vasculitis in a patient with multiple myeloma (MM) on daratumumab, a trial cereblon E3 ligase modulatory drug (CELMoD), dexamethasone, and acyclovir, and discuss clinical implications for CMV prophylaxis.

Case report, narrative review of CMV reactivation risk in MM patients on daratumumab and antiviral agent efficacy for CMV prophylaxis.

A 63-year-old female presented with 3 days of progressive unilateral vision loss in the right eye to the level of counting fingers. She had a history of relapsed and refractory MM and autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). At the time of presentation, she was receiving daratumumab, a trial CELMoD, dexamethasone, and acyclovir. Posterior segment exam demonstrated trace vitreous cells (0.5+ vitritis as per SUN criteria) and scattered hemorrhages with multifocal intraluminal vascular whitening, aligned with infectious posterior uveitis and suggestive of panretinal occlusive vasculitis. Optical coherence tomography showed inner macular edema and epiretinal membrane formation. CMV reactivation was confirmed with PCR of anterior chamber fluid and blood.

Patients with MM on daratumumab are at increased risk of opportunistic reactivations including CMV, potentially due to daratumumab's immunomodulatory side effects. Our patient developed CMV-related hemorrhagic retinal vasculitis despite low-dose acyclovir, which provides limited protection against CMV reactivation in CMV seropositive individuals. This case report therefore offers casuistic support for ophthalmic screening for CMV reactivation or CMV prophylaxis with letermovir in this patient population.

Periodontal disease (PD) is an inflammatory condition that can contribute to the development of oral cancer. Chronic inflammation from PD can lead to the release of inflammatory mediators and growth factors that promote tumorigenesis. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is one of several pathogens implicated in PD and its potential link to oral cancer. However, other viral infections, such as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), can also contribute to chronic inflammation, creating a favorable environment for oral cancer development.

The present literature review tries to investigate the possible influence of P. gingivalis and HCMV co-infection in fostering the development of oral cancer and chronic periodontitis.

A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on the relevance and significance of articles that examine the role of P. gingivalis and HCMV in periodontal disease and oral cancer.

The evidence suggests that P. gingivalis and HCMV may act synergistically to modulate host immunity, disrupt epithelial integrity, and interfere with key cellular pathways. These interactions may enhance tissue destruction and foster a microenvironment conducive to malignant transformation. However, most of these findings stem from in vitro models and small-scale clinical studies, limiting the generalizability and clinical relevance of current conclusions.

Although the proposed interaction between P. gingivalis and HCMV provides a compelling framework for understanding how microbial co-infections may influence oral cancer, the evidence remains preliminary and largely associative. To support these mechanistic hypotheses, future studies should give top priority to in vivo models, bigger patient cohorts, and longitudinal clinical studies.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is common among people with HIV (PWH), and may be associated with negative outcomes. We aimed to identify the seroprevalence of CMV between 01 January 1998 and 01 June 2022 among PWH accessing care at the Southern Alberta Clinic (SAC) and the associated risk factors. We also aimed to assess the impact of CMV seropositivity on CD4+ T-cells and CD4+/CD8+ ratio recovery among PWH who maintain HIV viral suppression.

Poisson regression models with robust variance estimated crude and adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals to identify risk factors for CMV seronegativity. Among PWH maintaining viral suppression, trends in the median CD4+ T-cell count and CD4+/CD8+ ratio were visualized, and continuous time-to-event Cox proportional hazard models estimated hazards ratios (aHR) for CD4+ cell count recovery to ≥500 cells/mm3 and CD4+/CD8+ ratio of >1 at 10 years by CMV serostatus.

Among 3249 PWH, 2954 (91%) were CMV seropositive. CMV seronegativity was associated with younger ages, male sex, non-Hispanic white race and an education of ≥12 years. While CMV seronegativity did not affect CD4+ T-cell recovery following HIV viral suppression (aHR 1.15 [0.89-1.48]), it was associated with a greater likelihood of CD4+/CD8+ ratio normalization (aHR 2.38 [1.85-3.07]) at 10 years of follow-up.

CMV is a common coinfection among PWH. We found that CMV positivity among PWH maintaining HIV viral suppression, while not associated with CD4+ T-cell recovery, was associated with a reduced CD4+/CD8+ ratio recovery. This suggests an association with chronic CMV infection-mediated immune activation and inflammation among PWH.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a beta-herpesvirus capable of maintaining lifelong latency, presents a substantial risk to transplant recipients, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality among both hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplantation recipients. Recent advances have shifted management from reactive approaches, such as preemptive therapy, to preventive strategies to reduce active infections and disease burden. Letermovir, a selective CMV terminase inhibitor, has emerged as a critical prophylactic agent in high-risk transplant populations, significantly lowering infection rates and improving survival with fewer adverse effects than older antivirals. Maribavir, a UL97 kinase inhibitor, is another recently approved promising option for treating CMV, especially in patients with ganciclovir-resistant or refractory CMV infections. Despite these achievements, the risk of late-onset CMV infection after prophylaxis discontinuation remains a significant clinical challenge. Current research seeks to refine prophylactic regimens and develop advanced diagnostic tools, notably interferon-gamma release assays that measure CMV-specific T cell responses. These immunologic assays may help clinicians identify individuals capable of controlling CMV replication, thus guiding the safer discontinuation of prophylaxis and reducing unnecessary drug exposure. Conversely, patients lacking robust immune reconstitution could be targeted for extended prophylaxis or closer follow-up. Looking into the future, ongoing innovations in immune monitoring and antiviral development will likely lead to a more personalized approach to CMV prevention and treatment, optimizing care based on patient-specific risk profiles and immune competence. As this field continues to evolve, integrating novel therapies, improved diagnostics, and immunity-driven protocols holds promise for further reducing CMV-related complications and improving overall outcomes for transplant recipients.

To investigate the composition of respiratory viromes and their association with disease severity among hospitalized pediatric patients.

Clinical data and metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) results were collected from pediatric patients hospitalized at the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between January 2022 and September 2023. The analyzed specimens included sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF).

The study included 229 patients (65.07% male, median age 3 years) with 25 sputum and 204 BALF samples, of whom 40.17% met the WHO criteria for severe acute respiratory infection (SARI). Herpesviruses were detected in 166 cases (72.49%), including 85 cases of cytomegalovirus (CMV), 64 cases of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 34 cases of human herpesvirus-7 (HHV-7), 12 cases of human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), and 6 cases of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Additionally, 53 cases of torque teno virus (TTV) and 7 cases of torque teno mini virus (TLMV) were detected. CMV prevalence was highest in neonates, while EBV peaked in the 3-6 year group (37.78%). HSV-1 and HHV-6 were predominantly identified in severe infections.

Herpesviruses, particularly CMV and EBV, were the most frequently detected viruses, followed by anelloviruses. The age-specific viral distribution patterns provide novel epidemiological perspectives for understanding pediatric respiratory pathogenesis, though their clinical significance requires validation through mechanistic studies.

Not applicable.

Infectious diseases have threatened individuals and societies since the dawn of humanity. Certain population groups, including pregnant women, young children and the elderly, are particularly vulnerable to severe infections. Over the past few centuries, advances in medical standards and the availability of vaccines have reduced infection-related mortality and morbidity rates in industrialized countries. However, the global rise in temperatures and increased precipitation present a new challenge, facilitating the broader distribution of disease vectors, such as mosquitoes, bugs and ticks, to higher altitudes and latitudes. Consequently, epidemic and pandemic outbreaks associated with these vectors, such as Zika, West Nile, dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya and malaria, are increasingly impacting diverse populations. This review comprehensively examines how infections associated with climate change disproportionately affect the health and well-being of pregnant women and their unborn children. There has been a noticeable emergence of vector-borne diseases in Europe. Consequently, we stress the importance of implementing measures that effectively protect pregnant women from these increasing infections globally and regionally. We advocate for initiatives to safeguard pregnant women from these emerging threats, beginning with enhanced education to raise awareness about the evolving risks this particularly vulnerable population faces.

Whether infection of cells by individual virions occurs randomly or if there is some form(s) of competition or cooperativity between individual virions remains largely unknown for most virus-cell associations. Here we studied cooperativity/competition for three different strains of human cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ) on two different cell types (fibroblasts and epithelial cells). By titrating viral inocula concentrations in small steps over several orders of magnitude, and by using flow cytometry to precisely measure frequency of infected cells, we found that for most virus-cell associations, the frequency of cell infection increases faster than linear with an increasing inoculum concentration, indicating cooperativity between individual infecting virions. Mathematical modeling suggests that this apparent cooperativity cannot be explained by heterogeneity in either the infectivity of the individual virions or the resistance of individual cells to infection, or by simple aggregation/clumping of viral particles. Stochastic simulations of two additional alternative models that allow for i) reduction in cell resistance to infection when exposed to multiple virions, or ii) compensation in infectivity of poorly infectious virions when coinfecting cells with more infectious virions, resulted in apparent viral cooperativity. Analysis of other published datasets suggests presence of apparent viral cooperativity for HIV and vaccinia virus, infecting CRFK or HeLa cells, respectively, but not for tobacco mosaic virus forming plaques on plant leaves. We thus 1) propose a methodology to rigorously evaluate apparent cooperativity of viruses infecting target cells, and 2) demonstrate that knowing the degree of virus cooperativity for any given virus-cell combination is important for an accurate quantification of multiplicity of infection ( MOI ).

Infections per cell (IU/cell) and specific infectivity (Genomes/IU) of human cytomegalovirus depend on the infecting dose.

Breast milk, with its rich bioactive components and numerous maternal and infant health benefits, is globally recommended as the ideal food for babies, especially premature infants. With the elevated incidence of premature births, suboptimal breastfeeding rates are detrimental, especially considering numerous efforts to promote breastfeeding. The reasons for breastfeeding cessation remain unclear. This study utilizes the social-ecological system theory to explore reasons for the cessation of breastfeeding among mothers of premature infants in China.

An interpretive phenomenological research design was implemented in Wuhan. Through purposive sampling, 14 mothers of premature infants who had discontinued breastfeeding were recruited in Wuhan, China. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data guided by an interview outline developed by the theoretical framework. Content analysis was applied to analyze the interview data.

The overarching theme of this study was: "On the journey of breastfeeding, who will hold up the sky for me?" This theme encapsulated the multifaceted challenges faced by mothers before discontinuing breastfeeding and their urgent need for comprehensive support. For these mothers, breastfeeding represented not only a physiological challenge but also a significant psychological and emotional burden. The analysis identified three primary categories: Microsystems-the challenges of breastfeeding and adaptation barriers; Mesosystems-dysfunctional support systems within families and hospitals; and Macrosystems-insufficient social support systems.

Mothers of premature infants experienced weakened breastfeeding support systems, highlighting the need for (1) Enhancing psychological support and targeted breastfeeding guidance for mothers of preterm infants; (2) Establishing an evidence-based, coordinated support system that integrates hospital and family networks; (3) Strengthening monitoring and enforcement mechanisms for birth policies, enhancing breastfeeding facilities in public spaces, and improving the capacity for breastfeeding education and promotion within communities.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a globally endemic latent herpes virus that profoundly impacts T cell immunity. We investigated the oncological consequences of CMV infection across 341 prospectively recruited patients receiving immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) for melanoma. CMV+ patients with metastatic melanoma (MM) have higher lymphocyte counts, reduced neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and divergent CD8+ T cell gene expression. Combination anti-CTLA-4/anti-PD-1 ICB, but not single-agent anti-PD-1 ICB, induces cytotoxicity and CMV-associated gene expression in CD8+ T cells from CMV- patients. Correspondingly, overall survival was independent of CMV serostatus in combination anti-CTLA-4/anti-PD-1 ICB recipients (CMV+ hazard ratio for death: 1.02, P = 0.92), whereas CMV+ single-agent anti-PD-1 ICB recipients had improved overall survival (CMV+ hazard ratio for death: 0.37, P < 0.01), a finding also seen in CMV+ adjuvant single-agent anti-PD-1 ICB recipients (CMV+ hazard ratio for recurrence: 0.19, P = 0.03). We identify TBX21, encoding T-bet, as a transcriptional driver of CMV-associated CD8+ T cell gene expression, finding that TBX21 expression is predictive of overall survival (hazard ratio: 0.62, P = 0.026). CMV+ patients unexpectedly show reduced cumulative incidence of grade 3+ immune-related adverse events at 6 months (0.30 versus 0.52, P = 2.2 × 10-5), with lower incidence of colitis (P = 7.8 × 10-4) and pneumonitis (P = 0.028), an effect replicated in non-melanoma ICB recipients (n = 58, P = 0.044). Finally, we find reduced CMV seropositivity rates in patients with MM compared with UK Biobank controls (odds ratio: 0.52, P = 1.8 × 10-4), indicating CMV seropositivity may protect against MM. Specifically, patients with BRAF-mutated MM are less likely to be CMV+ (odds ratio = 2.2, P = 0.0054), while CMV- patients present 9 yr earlier with BRAF wild-type MM (P = 1.3 × 10-4). This work reveals an interaction between CMV infection, MM development according to BRAF status and response to ICB, while demonstrating CMV infection is protective against severe ICB immune-related adverse events, highlighting the potential importance of previous infection history and chronic immune activation in MM development and immunotherapy outcomes.

This primary research paper emphasizes cross-validation, where data samples are reshuffled in each iteration to form randomized subsets divided into n folds. This method improves model performance and achieves higher accuracy than the baseline model. The novelty lies in the data preparation process, where numerical features were imputed using the mean, categorical features were imputed using chi-square methods, and normalization was applied. This research study involves transforming the original datasets and comparative model analysis of four Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Random Forest (RF) cross-validation methodologies to heart disease open datasets. The objective is to easily identify the average accuracy of model predictions and subsequently make recommendations for model selection based on data preprocessing cross-validation model increased (5 to 14%) more than baseline model for best model selection. From comparing each model's accuracy scores, it is found that the logistic regression and k-nearest neighbor models achieved the highest accuracy of 81% among the four models when single accuracy is a concern. However, the random forest model summary statistics attained an F1 score of 95%, precision (96%), and recall (97%), indicating the highest overall macro accuracy score. These findings can be further compared using learning curve validation. Conversely, the logistic regression model exhibited the lowest accuracy of 84% among the four machine learning models. However, this research does not cover hyperparameter optimization, which could potentially improve model performance.

To explore the application value of serology testing and fetal ultrasound examination in screening for fetal cytomegalovirus(CMV) infection. To explore the application value of CMV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in amnio fluids in prenatal diagnosis of fetal CMV infection.

This is a retrospective study performed at Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital between 2021 and 2024. The baseline of preconception CMV infections and recent infections were investigated via serology testing. Pregnant women with suspicious serology for recent infection and/or ultrasound abnormalities suggestive of fetal infection underwent amniocentesis to obtain amniotic fluid for CMV PCR. The pregnancy outcomes of women with suspicious serology for recent infection and those who underwent amniocentesis were analyzed.

The seroprevalence was 95.65%(55262/57778) and 0.99%(571/57778) for immunoglobulin G(IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies respectively. Among the 315 pregnant women with positive IgM results who performed CMV IgG avidity index and/or dynamic IgM/ IgG tests, only 2.22%(7/315) confirmed recent infection and 2.54%(8/315) suspected recent infection: three terminated pregnancies including one with positive CMV PCR results and two with other reasons, and 12 gave birth to asymptomatic babies. 576 pregnant women with suspicious serology for recent infection and/or ultrasound abnormalities suggestive of fetal infection performed CMV PCR in amniotic fluid. Among them, we got 438 pregnancy outcomes, including 25 terminated pregnancies, eight stillbirths, and 405 live births. None of the 405 live births had symptoms related to CMV infection at birth, except two with mild hearing loss without known cause. Four fetal infections were diagnosed, including three who performed amniocentesis and CMV PCR and one accidentally diagnosed by copy number variation sequencing(CNV-seq). Three of them were negative for IgM in first-trimester screening.

Ultrasound screening plays a more important role than serology screening in areas with a high seroprevalence of CMV antibodies. Assays for both chromosome disorders and CMV PCR in amniotic fluids should be suggested to pregnant women with ultrasound abnormalities suggestive of fetal infection.

Posner-Schlossman syndrome (PSS) is thought to be associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection; however, the prevalence of CMV infection and its characteristics in PSS patients varies across studies. Therefore, global estimates of CMV prevalence in PSS are needed to provide clearer insights for informing epidemiological surveillance and guiding treatment strategies. Embase, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for population-based, clinic-based, and secondary health care database studies that reported prevalence or incidence of CMV in patient with PSS published between database inception and October 31, 2024. Meta-analysis was conducted by using a random-effects model. The primary outcome was prevalence of CMV infection in patient with PSS. Secondary outcomes were characteristics of CMV infection in patient with PSS, such as corneal endothelial cell density and filtering surgery rate. Twenty-one studies, enrolling 1265 patients with PSS, were included. The pooled prevalence of CMV infection in patients with PSS was 44.5 % (95 % CI: 36.2 %-53.1 %; I2= 73.9 %). The affected eye in patients with CMV infection had significantly lower endothelial density (mean difference, -389.8 cell/mm2; 95 % CI: -553.8 to -225.9 cell/mm2; p < 0.001; I ² = 53.8 %) and a higher risk of requiring filtration surgery than that in patients without CMV infection (pooled OR: 8.9, 95 % CI: 3.0-26.4; p < 0.001; I ² = 0 %). We highlight the prevalence and clinical outcomes of CMV infection in patients with PSS. The causal relationship between CMV infection and PSS requires exploration to inform effective diagnosis and treatment strategies.

Cytomegalovirus is an enveloped DNA virus. All forms of CMV infection-primary infection, reactivation, and infection with a different strain-may be asymptomatic. The risk of vertical transmission in the periconceptional period is approximately 20%, the risk of primary infection in the first trimester is approximately 30%, and in the third trimester the risk increases to 70%. However, the most severe forms of congenital cytomegaly in newborns are related to infections in the periconceptional period. Offering a vaccine to the seronegative patients planning pregnancy may decrease incidents of congenital cytomegaly in neonates. The authors performed retrospective analysis of seroprevalence of CMV in 909 women who reported for pre-conceptional visits or routine pregnancy follow-ups (2003-2023). In the analyzed group, 577 (63.7%) women were seropositive. No influence related to the women's age and place of residence was found. Higher seroprevalence was observed in women with children or those working in contact with many people. In the group of 332 seronegative patients, 21 (0.6%) were diagnosed with primary infection during pregnancy. Vaccinating 36.3% of patients planning pregnancy could significantly decrease the risk of primary infection during pregnancy, vertical transmission of CMV, and symptomatic infection in the neonates.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common β-herpes virus worldwide with an estimated seroprevalence among the general population of 83%. Primary infection is usually benign; however, CMV can cause severe morbidity in newborns in whom it is acquired congenitally, as well as immunocompromised individuals. Understanding the role of immunogenetic variation in risk for CMV infection can provide insight into the immune control of this ubiquitous pathogen. Here, we evaluated the association of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genetic variation with CMV seropositivity in more than 518,000 individuals from two independent cohorts. We found three HLA class II alleles (HLA-DRB1∗04:03 with risk; HLA-DRB1∗01:03 and HLA-DRB1∗07:01 with protection) to be significantly associated with CMV serostatus across both cohorts and in multiple population subgroups. Interestingly, HLA-DRB1∗04:03 and HLA-DRB1∗01:03, the alleles with the strongest observed effect, are relatively rare, while common homologous alleles show no association with CMV. We show that these differences are mediated by changes in charge and volume to two key pockets in the peptide-binding groove of the HLA molecule, providing a structural basis for the observed association. Our results provide population-scale evidence for the role of HLA in mediating infection with this ubiquitous human virus and a framework for understanding immunological conditions necessary for efficient viral control.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), the largest of the herpes viruses, is a widespread virus that commonly infects people of all ages. CMV can cause a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe disease, particularly in immunocompromised hosts. However, postnatal and acquired CMV infections in immunocompetent children remain under-documented in the literature. In this review, we examine studies published over the past decade to explore the clinical manifestations of CMV infections in the pediatric population, focusing on the variety of symptoms and the severity with which the infection can present. Papers published between 1 January 2014 and 2 December 2024 were selected from PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search was conducted using the following keywords: "cytomegalovirus", "child", and "immunocompetent". The target population ranged from 0 to 17 years of age, with congenital and perinatal infections excluded. Despite the clinical significance of CMV in immunocompetent infants and children, there is a lack of consensus on the use and duration of antiviral therapy. This article aims to enhance clinicians' understanding of the various presentations of CMV infection in immunocompetent children, with the goal of facilitating earlier diagnosis and appropriate management. The reviewed papers indicated that postnatal CMV results in liver symptoms in 67% of cases, followed by hematological disorders and gastrointestinal pathology. In older children, primary infection leads to liver disease in 51% of cases, with greater neurological and pulmonary involvement compared to that in infants. By highlighting the wide-ranging clinical effects of CMV, we hope to improve physicians' ability to recognize and subsequently treat this often overlooked condition in pediatric patients.

The complex of spaceflight factors has a significant impact on the immunity functional activity. This influence is probably caused by factors such as isolation, monotony, physical inactivity, sensory deprivation, and increased psycho-emotional tension. Long-term wintering at polar stations can be the ground-based model that is most similar to space flight conditions. This research focused on examining the reactivation of latent human pathogens among 11 participants of the 64th Russian Antarctic expedition to Vostok station. Plasma, saliva and urine samples collected before arriving at the station and also during the wintering were studied. Even at the pre-expedition period, DNA of at least one of the studied pathogens was detected in the saliva and plasma of 10 out of 11 (90%) expedition members. During the wintering all the participants showed changes in the Epstein-Barr virus DNA concentration in body fluids. Moreover, 9 out of 11 (80%) participants showed the human herpes virus type 6 shedding in the saliva and/or plasma. Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 shedding was observed in 18% of subjects as well. Additionally, there was an assumption made about the relationship between dynamics of latent pathogen shedding, geomagnetic activity, and the psychological state of expedition participants.

Leukemia is a hematologic malignancy; acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most prevalent subtype among children rather than in adults. Orthoherpesviridae family members produce proteins during latent infection phases that may contribute to cancer development. One such protein, viral interleukin-10 (vIL-10), closely resembles human interleukin-10 (IL-10) in structure. Research has explored the involvement of human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) in the pathogenesis of ALL. However, the limited characterization of its latent-phase proteins restricts a full understanding of the relationship between hCMV infection and leukemia progression. Studies have shown that hCMV induces an inflammatory response during infection, marked by the release of cytokines and chemokines. Inflammation may, therefore, play a role in how hCMV contributes to oncogenesis in pediatric ALL, possibly mediated by latent viral proteins. The classification of a virus as oncogenic is based on its alignment with cancer's established hallmarks. Viruses can manipulate host cellular mechanisms, causing dysregulated cell proliferation, evasion of apoptosis, and genomic instability. These processes lead to mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, and chronic inflammation, all of which are vital for carcinogenesis. This study aims to investigate the role of vIL-10 during the latent phase of hCMV as a potential factor in leukemia development.

Viral infections persist as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Conventional therapeutic approaches often fall short in fully eliminating viral infections, primarily due to the emergence of drug resistance. Natural killer (NK) cells, one of the important members of the innate immune system, possess potent immunosurveillance and cytotoxic functions, thereby playing a crucial role in the host's defense against viral infections. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-NK cell therapy has been developed to redirect the cytotoxic function of NK cells specifically towards virus-infected cells, further enhancing their cytotoxic efficacy. In this manuscript, we review the role of NK cells in antiviral infections and explore the mechanisms by which viruses evade immune detection. Subsequently, we focus on the optimization strategies for CAR-NK cell therapy to address existing limitations. Furthermore, we discuss significant advancements in CAR-NK cell therapy targeting viral infections, including those caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, human cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus.

Viruses have evolved unique strategies to circumvent host control of protein synthesis and enable viral protein synthesis in the face of the host response. Defining the factors that regulate viral messenger RNA (mRNA) translation is thus critical to understand how viruses replicate and cause disease. To identify factors that might regulate viral mRNA translation, we developed a technique for identifying proteins associated with a native RNA expressed from its endogenous promoter and genomic locus. This approach uses a guide RNA to target dCas13b fused to a biotin ligase domain to a specific RNA, where it covalently labels proteins in close proximity. Using this approach, we identified multiple proteins associated with transcripts encoding the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) IE1 and IE2 proteins and found that several associated proteins positively or negatively regulate HCMV replication. We confirmed that one such protein, the cellular Y-box binding protein 1 (YBX1), binds to HCMV immediate early mRNAs and is required for efficient viral protein expression and virus replication. Ablating YBX1 expression reduced the association of HCMV immediate early mRNAs with polysomes, demonstrating a role for YBX1 as a positive regulator of viral RNA translation. These results provide a powerful tool for unraveling RNA-protein interactions that can be used in a wide range of biological processes and reveal a role for YBX1 as a critical regulator of HCMV immediate early gene expression.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection poses risks to both maternal and neonatal health, however there are limited comprehensive data on congenital CMV in low-resource settings where the virus is widespread, particularly among women of reproductive age. Our research in eastern Uganda aimed to assess the prevalence of congenital CMV and outcomes among infants to inform public health policies and interventions in similar settings, addressing a significant gap in current knowledge.

We conducted a descriptive study, nested within the BabyGel Trial, across Mbale and Budaka districts in eastern Uganda, between May 2023 and January 2024. Infants underwent saliva sampling within the first week of life, which was validated through urine polymerase chain reaction testing within the first 21 days of life. At three months of age, a cranial ultrasound examination, neurological examination, developmental evaluation, and audiological assessment were conducted for all infants diagnosed with congenital CMV infection. Statistical analyses were performed using Stata 17.0.

Congenital CMV infection was found in 5 out of 1,265 newborns tested, indicating a prevalence of 0.4% (95% CI: 0.16 to 0.96). Of these 5 infected infants, two experienced febrile illness at birth and required hospitalisation within the first week of life, and three had findings on ultrasound examination consistent with congenital cytomegalovirus during the neonatal period. Audiologic follow-up until three months of age revealed that three infants had failed unilateral and bilateral hearing screening. Neurodevelopment assessments using the Malawi Development Assessment Tool fell within optimal ranges for all 5 infants; however, when evaluated using the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination, four infants scored below optimal levels.

Our community-based study revealed a low prevalence of congenital CMV infection. Further longitudinal multi-site research is needed to assess the generalisability of these findings. Also, long-term follow-up of children is crucial to understanding the outcomes and sequelae of infected infants to inform prevention strategies, targeted interventions and scalable screening frameworks in resource-limited settings.

Schizophrenia is a chronic and complex mental disorder resulting from interactions between cumulative and synergistic genetic and environmental factors. Viral infection during the prenatal stage constitutes one of the most relevant risk factors for the development of schizophrenia later in adulthood.

A narrative review was conducted to explore the link between viral infections and schizophrenia, as well as the neuropsychiatric effects of antiviral drugs, particularly in the context of this specific mental condition. Literature searches were performed using the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases.

Several viral infections, such as herpesviruses, influenza virus, Borna disease virus, and coronaviruses, can directly or indirectly disrupt normal fetal brain development by modifying gene expression in the maternal immune system, thereby contributing to the pathophysiological symptoms of schizophrenia. In addition, neuropsychiatric effects caused by antiviral drugs are frequent and represent significant adverse outcomes for viral treatment.

Epidemiological evidence suggests a potential relationship between viruses and schizophrenia. Increases in inflammatory cytokine levels and changes in the expression of key genes observed in several viral infections may constitute potential links between these viral infections and schizophrenia. Furthermore, antivirals may affect the central nervous system, although for most drugs, their mechanisms of action are still unclear, and a strong relationship between antivirals and schizophrenia has not yet been established.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common intrauterine infection. While only 10% to 15% of infants display symptoms at birth, 25% of infants with congenital CMV (cCMV) will develop sequelae such as sensorineural hearing loss and neurodevelopmental impairment by the age of 2 years. Although antiviral therapy and early intervention services can improve outcomes for infected infants, cCMV has a substantial economic impact. Studies show that both targeted and universal screenings are cost-effective, but targeted screening misses many infected infants at risk for sequelae. The state-based approach to cCMV screening in the United States varies from universal, targeted, education only to no requirements.

Immunosenescence, age-related immune dysregulation, reduces immunity upon vaccinations and infections. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection results in declining naïve (Tnaïve) and increasing terminally differentiated (Temra) T cell populations, further aggravating immune aging. Both immunosenescence and CMV have been speculated to hamper the formation of protective T-cell immunity against novel or emerging pathogens. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic presented a unique opportunity to examine the impact of age and/or CMV on the generation of de novo SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cell responses in 40 younger (22-40 years) and 37 older (50-66 years) convalescent individuals. Heterotetramer combinatorial coding combined with phenotypic markers were used to study 35 SARS-CoV-2 epitope-specific CD8+ T cell populations directly ex vivo. Neither age nor CMV affected SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cell frequencies, despite reduced total CD8+ Tnaïve cells in older CMV- and CMV+ individuals. Robust SARS-CoV-2-specific central memory CD8+ T (Tcm) responses were detected in younger and older adults regardless of CMV status. Our data demonstrate that immune aging and CMV status did not impact the SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cell response. However, SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells of older CMV- individuals displayed the lowest stem cell memory (Tscm), highest Temra and PD1+ populations, suggesting that age, not CMV, may impact long-term SARS-CoV-2 immunity.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) recipients are severely immunocompromised and susceptible to bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. Despite improved anti-microbial prophylaxis and preemptive strategies, bacterial bloodstream infections (BSIs) occur frequently in allo-HSCT recipients and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein Barr virus (EBV) are the most relevant viruses following allo-HSCT and remain major concerns. Fungal infections, including those caused by Candida and Aspergillus species, are persistent and feared complications.

We aim to provide clinicians caring for allo-HSCT recipients with a comprehensive overview of the risk factors that predispose patients to common bacterial, fungal, and viral infections during the first years post-transplant. The focus is on the value of noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers and serological assays in enhancing the early detection and management of these infections.

Effective management of infectious complications following allo-HSCT relies on continuous immune recovery monitoring and the implementation of advanced diagnostic methods. Utilizing noninvasive diagnostic methods is crucial for early detection and different intervention strategies. The development and integration of reliable microbiological markers into clinical practice is essential for enhancing patient outcomes and mitigating infection-related risks. Emphasizing diagnostic innovation will be pivotal in advancing patient care post-allo-HSCT.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a member of the Herpesviridae family, is prevalent worldwide. HCMV is generally asymptomatic but causes severe disease in immunocompromised patients or infants who are congenitally infected. Recent advances in sequencing technology have led to the rapid expansion of the HCMV genetic database, providing a comprehensive resource for studying viral genetics. Although genetic investigations have been vigorously performed in European countries, information on the whole-genome sequence of HCMV in the East Asian region remains limited. In this study, we determined whole-genome sequences of two clinical isolates of HCMV circulating in Japan. Partial genome sequences of 26 genes in UL/b' region were also identified using additional seven clinical isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of the UL148 gene revealed a characteristic genetic clade predominantly constructed from HCMV isolates from Japan and China, suggesting a geographic gene structure in the East Asian region. We consider that this research will contribute to expanding the genetic database of HCMV and unveiling novel genetic characteristics of HCMV in Asia.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a significant concern for patients with allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). CMV management differs between institutions due to the lack of local guidelines. Here, we describe a case of refractory/resistant CMV infection treated using our institution's CMV management protocol. A 59-year-old woman who underwent allo-HCT was treated for CMV reactivation. Despite 3 months of valganciclovir administration, serum CMV level surged. CMV gene mutation test revealed a ganciclovir-resistant A594V mutation in the UL97 gene. Treatment was switched to foscarnet until the drug became unavailable nationwide. During the foscarnet shortage, cidofovir was used, leading to a decline in CMV levels when foscarnet was reintroduced and used for 2 months. Following allo-HCT, CMV prophylaxis with letermovir is crucial to prevent reactivation in seropositive recipients. CMV titers should be monitored frequently after allo-HCT. The cutoff value for preemptive therapy varies across institutions, with ganciclovir/valganciclovir usually administered as first-line therapy. Maribavir is an option in cases of ganciclovir/valganciclovir resistance or intolerance. CMV gene mutations should be examined in patients with suspected resistance after 2 weeks of appropriate treatment. This case was discussed at the Clinical Grand Round of the Annual Conference of the Korean Society of Infectious Diseases on November 2, 2023.

Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among pregnant women and immunocompromised patients. HCMV transmission can occur through blood transfusions and typically results in asymptomatic infections in newborns and young individuals or causes symptoms like infectious mononucleosis when symptomatic infections arise. HCMV infection poses a notable risk to transfusion recipients, particularly in vulnerable groups such as premature newborns and immunosuppressed patients. The risk persists even after prophylaxis ends, especially in patients who undergo organ transplantation and receive blood or blood products from a seropositive donor while being seronegative themselves (D+/R-).

Here, we investigated the serological and molecular prevalence of HCMV among 980 blood donors from the main blood bank in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, using chemiluminescence and real-time PCR (TaqMan). The data underwent univariate, bivariate, and multivariate statistical analyses using the SPSS program, version 20.0.

The average age of donors was 38.53 years, with a majority being male (53.9 %). The prevalence of cytomegalovirus was 88.5 %, and HCMV DNA was detected in 1.2 % of the samples.

Given that there are approximately 100,000 blood donations per year, this prevalence rate is considerably high compared to that in developed countries. These findings underscore the critical need for ongoing surveillance and molecular testing to ensure the safety of blood supplies.

Valganciclovir, a prodrug of ganciclovir (GCV), is used to prevent cytomegalovirus infection after transplantation, with doses adjusted based on creatinine clearance (CrCL) to target GCV AUC0-24 h of 40-60 mg*h/L. This sometimes leads to overexposure or underexposure. This study aimed to train, test and validate machine learning (ML) algorithms for accurate GCV AUC0-24 h estimation in solid organ transplantation.

We simulated patients for different dosing regimen (900 mg/24 h, 450 mg/24 h, 450 mg/48 h, 450 mg/72 h) using two literature population pharmacokinetic models, allocating 75% for training and 25% for testing. Simulations from two other literature models and real patients provided validation datasets. Three independent sets of ML algorithms were created for each regimen, incorporating CrCL and 2 or 3 concentrations. We evaluated their performance on testing and validation datasets and compared them with MAP-BE.

XGBoost using 3 concentrations generated the most accurate predictions. In testing dataset, they exhibited a relative bias of -0.02 to 1.5% and a relative RMSE of 2.6 to 8.5%. In the validation dataset, a relative bias of 1.5 to 5.8% and 8.9 to 16.5%, and a relative RMSE of 8.5 to 9.6% and 10.7% to 19.7% were observed depending on the model used. XGBoost algorithms outperformed or matched MAP-BE, showing enhanced generalization and robustness in their estimates. When applied to real patients' data, algorithms using 2 concentrations showed relative bias of 1.26% and relative RMSE of 12.68%.

XGBoost ML models accurately estimated GCV AUC0-24 h from limited samples and CrCL, providing a strategy for optimized therapeutic drug monitoring.

Viral infections may disrupt the structural and functional integrity of the nervous system, leading to acute conditions such as encephalitis, and neuropsychiatric conditions as mood disorders, schizophrenia, and neurodegenerative diseases. Investigating viral interactions of human proteins may reveal mechanisms underlying these effects and offer insights for therapeutic interventions. This study explores molecular interactions of virus and human proteins that may be related to neuropsychiatric disorders.

Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Influenza A virus (IAV) (H1N1, H5N1), and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV1&2) were selected as key viruses. Protein structures for each virus were accessed from the Protein Data Bank and analyzed using the HMI-Pred web server to detect interface mimicry between viral and human proteins. The PANTHER classification system was used to categorize viral-human protein interactions based on function and cellular localization.

Energetically favorable viral-human protein interactions were identified for HSV-1 (467), CMV (514), EBV (495), H1N1 (3331), H5N1 (3533), and HIV 1&2 (62425). Besides immune and apoptosis-related pathways, key neurodegenerative pathways, including those associated with Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases, were frequently interacted. A total of 38 human proteins, including calmodulin 2, Ras-related botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1), PDGF-β, and vimentin, were found to interact with all six viruses.

The study indicates a substantial number of energetically favorable interactions between human proteins and selected viral proteins, underscoring the complexity and breadth of viral strategies to hijack host cellular mechanisms. Further in vivo and in vitro validation is required to understand the implications of these interactions.

NFAT is a family of transcription factors whose activation is inhibited by calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs). In allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT), CNIs are employed to prevent and treat graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Unfortunately, control of cytomegalovirus (CMV), which exacerbates clinical outcomes, is simultaneously lost. Since single NFAT deficiency in T cells ameliorates GvHD in our major mismatch model, we investigated whether protection is maintained during CMV infection. Reassuringly, NFAT-deficient T cells still improved GvHD upon acute CMV infection and after allo-HCT in latently CMV-infected mice, showing reduced proinflammatory and cytotoxic potential. In sharp contrast, CMV-specific NFAT-deficient CD8+ inflated memory T cells expanded more and with higher levels of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and GzmB expression, effectively controlling CMV. Notably, NFAT-deficient inflated memory T cells could migrate to non-lymphoid tissues and fight CMV. Therefore, CMV infection does not interfere with the protective effect of NFAT inhibition to attenuate GvHD while allowing an anti-CMV response.

Breast cancer (BC) remains a significant global health challenge, highlighting the need for continued research into novel risk factors, diagnostic approaches, and personalized treatments. Among emerging risk factors, viral infections have been implicated as potential contributors to breast carcinogenesis and BC progression. Recent evidence suggests that specific oncogenic strains of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) may have the capacity to transform human mammary epithelial cells. This review assesses clinical data regarding HCMV presence in both tumor and non-tumor breast tissues, examining the role of HCMV oncoproteins in BC development and progression. Current findings indicate a higher prevalence of HCMV infection in breast carcinomas compared to non-tumor tissues, associated with an elevated risk of BC. Additionally, the HCMV-driven breast carcinogenesis model proposed here suggests that HCMV oncoproteins may activate multiple oncogenic pathways, fostering cell proliferation, survival, and tumor development. A deeper understanding of the role of HCMV in BC could enhance risk stratification and support the creation of targeted therapeutic strategies.

Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) spreads through direct contact with blood, and other body fluids such as urine, saliva and breast milk. It is transmitted sexually and can also be passed from a pregnant mother to fetus via the placenta. While often asymptomatic in healthy individuals, HCMV causes symptomatic infections in immunocompromised people and congenital infections in fetuses. It is a common global congenital infection and can lead to morbidity and occasional mortality in newborns. Latent HCMV may reactivate in immunosuppressed individuals. This study aimed to determine the age and gender specific seroprevalence of HCMV in selected populations in Sri Lanka.

A total of 820 blood samples obtained from 820 participants of selected low and high-risk populations in Sri Lanka, namely; hospital inpatients (n = 200), antenatal women (n = 80), blood donors (n = 80), cancer patients (n = 200), Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) clinic attendees (n = 160) and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients on haemodialysis (n = 100) were tested for IgG antibodies against HCMV by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 30 (IBM® Corporation, New York, USA).

Overall HCMV seroprevalence was found to be 94.9% (778/820), whereas in males it was 95.2% (395/415) and in females it was 94.6% (383/405) (p = 0.691). Seroprevalence of HCMV in hospital inpatients, antenatal women, blood donors, cancer patients, STD clinic attendees and CKD patients on haemodialysis were found to be 92.5% (185/200), 100% (80/80), 90% (72/80), 96% (192/200), 93.1% (149/160) and 100% (100/100) respectively. Overall seroprevalence of HCMV increases with age ranging from 94.3% (33/35) in 15-19 years age group to 98.8% (84/85) in ≥ 60 years age group.

Seroprevalence of HCMV in diverse low and high-risk populations of Sri Lanka was studied for the first time. HCMV seroprevalence is similar between genders (p > 0.05) and increases with age. Over 90% of individuals are infected with HCMV by age 15, indicating a high prevalence of primary infections from early childhood to adolescence. This study provides essential background information on HCMV infection and its impacts in diverse populations of Sri Lanka and aids in executing preventive and therapeutic measures in high-risk populations.