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Amianti C, Bandeira LM, Lorenz AP, Tanaka TSO, Domingos JA, de Castro ARCM. HTLV-1 Japanese subgroup in Brazil: phylogenetic and migratory history. Retrovirology 2025; 22:8. [PMID: 40317053 PMCID: PMC12049011 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-025-00663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2025] [Accepted: 04/18/2025] [Indexed: 05/04/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The retrovirus Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 is classified into different subtypes, and due to its low evolutionary rates, it can be used to explore geographic patterns of origin and dispersion of human populations. In Brazil, Transcontinental and Japanese subgroups, from the Cosmopolitan subtype, are the more common lineages, with prevalence rates notably higher among Japanese immigrants and their descendants. The study aimed to trace the history and circulation of the Japanese subgroup in Brazil using phylogenetic and populational analyses. METHODS A total of 381 HTLV-1 long terminal repeat region sequences were retrieved from the GenBank database. Phylogenetic and molecular clock analysis were performed using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference methods. A median-joining network was constructed to assess the relationships among the haplotypes of the Japanese subgroup. RESULTS This study found that the HTLV-1 LTR sequences from Japanese immigrants and their descendants in Brazil formed two major clades, Transcontinental (HTLV-1aTC) and Japanese (HTLV-1aJpn). Seventy-four haplotypes were identified in the haplotype network and the estimate of Japanese clade divergence dates 18,748 years ago (95% CI13,348 to 24,767 years). CONCLUSION Our study corroborates the recent migratory movements as the potential mechanism for HTLV-1aJpn introduction in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Amianti
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Melo Bandeira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Aline Pedroso Lorenz
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Tayana Serpa Ortiz Tanaka
- Instituto de Análises Laboratoriais Forenses, Coordenadoria-Geral de Perícias de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - João Américo Domingos
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Ana Rita Coimbra Motta de Castro
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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Prevalence of overt and occult hepatitis B virus infection among an incarcerated population of Central-Western Brazil. Acta Trop 2023; 241:106886. [PMID: 36871619 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Brazilian prison complexes are characterized by overcrowded cells and precarious conditions, leading to chronically low vacancy. Brazilian studies involving overt and occult infection (OBI) in this population are still scarce despite the vulnerability of people deprived of liberty to hepatitis B. Therefore, this study estimated the prevalence of HBV infection (overall and OBI) in individuals deprived of liberty in prisons in Central-Western Brazil. In addition, factors associated with HBV infection were evaluated. This cross-sectional study was conducted with a total of 1083 prisoners who were tested for serological hepatitis B markers and HBV DNA from 2017 to 2020. Factors associated with lifetime HBV infection were investigated using logistic regression. An overall prevalence of HBV infection of 10.1% (95% CI: 8.42-12.11) was detected. Only 32.8% (95% CI: 30.08-35.76) had isolated anti-HBs positivity (serological evidence of HBV vaccination). Indeed, more than half of the population was susceptible to HBV infection (57.1%; 95% CI: 54.15-60.13). HBV DNA was detected in one HBsAg-positive sample (n=1/9; 11%). Also, HBV DNA was detected in five HBsAg-negative samples (n=5/1074), resulting in a prevalence of 0.5% (95% CI: 0.15-1.08) for occult infection. After the multivariate analysis, sexual intercourse with a partner living with HIV was a predictor independently associated with HBV exposure (OR: 4.3; 95% CI: 1.26-14.55; p<0.020). These data demonstrate the need for preventive measures, mainly aimed at health education and better strategies for hepatitis B screening to control this infection in prisons more effectively.
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Marcelino R, Ezeonwumelu IJ, Janeiro A, Mimoso P, Matos S, Briz V, Pimentel V, Pingarilho M, Tato Marinho R, Maria Marcelino J, Taveira N, Abecasis A. Phylogeography of hepatitis B virus: The role of Portugal in the early dissemination of HBV worldwide. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276618. [PMID: 36548381 PMCID: PMC9778982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In Portugal, the genetic diversity, origin of HBV and the Portuguese role in the dissemination of HBV worldwide were never investigated. In this work, we studied the epidemic history and transmission dynamics of HBV genotypes that are endemic in Portugal. HBV pol gene was sequenced from 130 patients followed in Lisbon. HBV genotype A was the most prevalent (n = 54, 41.5%), followed by D (n = 44, 33.8%), and E (n = 32, 24.6%). Spatio-temporal evolutionary dynamics was reconstructed in BEAST using a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method, with a GTR nucleotide substitution model, an uncorrelated lognormal relaxed molecular clock model, a Bayesian skyline plot, and a continuous diffusion model. HBV subgenotype D4 was the first to be introduced in Portugal around 1857 (HPD 95% 1699-1931) followed by D3 and A2 a few decades later. HBV genotype E and subgenotype A1 were introduced in Portugal later, almost simultaneously. Our results indicate a very important role of Portugal in the exportation of subgenotypes D4 and A2 to Brazil and Cape Verde, respectively, in the beginning of the XX century. This work clarifies the epidemiological history of HBV in Portugal and provides new insights in the early and global epidemic history of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Marcelino
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Caparica, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT/UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Ifeanyi Jude Ezeonwumelu
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - André Janeiro
- Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, GenoMed–Diagnósticos de Medicina Molecular, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula Mimoso
- Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, GenoMed–Diagnósticos de Medicina Molecular, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sónia Matos
- Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, GenoMed–Diagnósticos de Medicina Molecular, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Veronica Briz
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Pimentel
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT/UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Pingarilho
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT/UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Tato Marinho
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Santa Maria Hospital, Medical School of Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Maria Marcelino
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Caparica, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Taveira
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Caparica, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Abecasis
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT/UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
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Lima LA, Lago BVD, Weis-Torres SMDS, Martins RMB, Cesar GA, Bandeira LM, Rezende GR, Lindenberg ADSC, Gomes SA, Motta-Castro ARC. Hepatitis B: changes in epidemiological features of Afro-descendant communities in Central Brazil. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6708. [PMID: 32317697 PMCID: PMC7174315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still a concern in vulnerable populations. In a study performed by our team in 1999–2003 in two Afro-Brazilian communities, Furnas dos Dionísios (FD) and São Benedito (SB), high prevalence rates of HBV exposure (42.7% and 16.0%, respectively), high susceptibility to HBV (55.3% and 63.0%) and low HBV vaccination like profile rates (2.0% and 21.0%) were observed. In 2015–2016, we reassessed HBV epidemiological and molecular features in these two communities to verify the impact of health actions adopted in the last years. The prevalence rate of HBV exposure among the enrolled 331 subjects was 35.3% in FD and 21.8% in SB. HBV chronic infection (5.8% in FD, 4.9% in SB) remained high. The rate of HBV vaccination like profile increased from 10.7% to 43.5% (2.0% to 45.9% in FD, 21.0% to 39.5% in SB) while susceptible subjects declined from 58.9% to 26.3% (55.3% to 18.8% in FD, 63.0% to 38.7% in SB). Among 18 HBsAg positive samples, 13 were successfully sequenced (pre-S/S region). Phylogenetic analyses showed that all isolates belong to HBV subgenotype A1, clustering within the Asian-American clade. Despite the maintenance of high prevalence rate of HBV exposure over these 13 years of surveillance, significant improvements were observed, reinforcing the importance of facilitated HBV vaccination to difficult-to-access population to close gaps in prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Alves Lima
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Vieira do Lago
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Institute of Technology in Immunobiology, Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Rita Coimbra Motta-Castro
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. .,Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ Mato Grosso do Sul, Ministry of Health, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
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5
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Weis-Torres SMDS, Fitts SMF, Cardoso WM, Higa Junior MG, Lima LA, Bandeira LM, Castro VOL, Carneiro FA, Iglecias LMM, Cesar GA, Tanaka TSO, Puga MAM, Rezende GR, Croda J, Lago BV, Motta-Castro ARC. High level of exposure to hepatitis B virus infection in a vulnerable population of a low endemic area: A challenge for vaccination coverage. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 90:46-52. [PMID: 31589921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the epidemiological and molecular features of HBV infection among recyclable waste collectors. METHODS The participants were recruited from the dumping ground and recycling cooperatives in Campo Grande, Brazil, and were screened for hepatitis B and C, and HIV serological markers by ELISA, confirmed by PCR. RESULTS Among 278 participants, 63.7% (95% CI: 58.0-69.3) were considered susceptible to HBV infection. The prevalence rate of HBV exposure was 10.1% (95% CI: 6.5-13.6) and 0.4% (95% CI: 0.1-0.6) were chronic carriers. Age ≥45 years (AOR=7.15), history of homosexual contact (AOR=5.29), tattoo (AOR=4.92) and history of surgery (AOR=2.89) were factors associated with ever infection. Age 18-25 years (AOR=4.63), educational level ≥9 years (AOR=1.98) and knowledge about HBV transmission (AOR=3.08) were associated with serological HBV vaccination like profile (26.2%; 95% CI: 21.1-31.4). CONCLUSIONS Despite the availability and efficacy of HBV vaccine, this study found high HBV exposure and proportion of susceptible adults in a low endemic area. Vaccination and screening campaigns using accessible language to the economically disadvantaged populations can reduce the number of people susceptible to HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lívia Alves Lima
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Gabriela Alves Cesar
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Julio Croda
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Rita Coimbra Motta-Castro
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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6
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Evaluation of HBV-Like Circulation in Wild and Farm Animals from Brazil and Uruguay. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16152679. [PMID: 31357451 PMCID: PMC6695864 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The origin of the hepatitis B virus is a subject of wide deliberation among researchers. As a result, increasing academic interest has focused on the spread of the virus in different animal species. However, the sources of viral infection for many of these animals are unknown since transmission may occur from animal to animal, human to human, animal to human, and human to animal. The aim of this study was to evaluate hepadnavirus circulation in wild and farm animals (including animals raised under wild or free conditions) from different sites in Brazil and Uruguay using serological and molecular tools. A total of 487 domestic wild and farm animals were screened for hepatitis B virus (HBV) serological markers and tested via quantitative and qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect viral DNA. We report evidence of HBsAg (surface antigen of HBV) and total anti-HBc (HBV core antigen) markers as well as low-copy hepadnavirus DNA among domestic and wild animals. According to our results, which were confirmed by partial genome sequencing, as the proximity between humans and animals increases, the potential for pathogen dispersal also increases. A wider knowledge and understanding of reverse zoonoses should be sought for an effective One Health response.
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7
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Russell NK, Nazar K, Del Pino S, Alonso Gonzalez M, Díaz Bermúdez XP, Ravasi G. HIV, syphilis, and viral hepatitis among Latin American indigenous peoples and Afro-descendants: a systematic review. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2019; 43:e17. [PMID: 31093241 PMCID: PMC6393722 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2019.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To identify and summarize existing literature on the burden of HIV, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and viral hepatitis (VH) in indigenous peoples and Afro-descendants in Latin America to provide a broad panorama of the quantitative data available and highlight problematic data gaps. Methods Published and grey literature were systematically reviewed to identify documents published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese with data collected between January 2000 and April 2016 on HIV, STI, and VH disease burden among indigenous peoples and Afro-descendants in 17 Latin American countries. Results Sixty-two documents from 12 countries were found. HIV prevalence was generally low (< 1%) but pockets of high prevalence (> 5%) were noted in some indigenous communities in Venezuela (Warao) (9.6%), Peru (Chayahuita) (7.5%), and Colombia (Wayuu females) (7.0%). High active syphilis prevalence (> 5%) was seen in some indigenous communities in Paraguay (11.6% and 9.7%) and Peru (Chayahuita) (6.3%). High endemicity (> 8%) of hepatitis B was found in some indigenous peoples in Mexico (Huichol) (9.4%) and Venezuela (Yanomami: 14.3%; Japreira: 29.5%) and among Afro-descendant quilombola populations in Brazil (Frechal: 12.5%; Furnas do Dionísio: 8.4% in 2008, 9.2% in 2003). Conclusions The gaps in existing data on the burden of HIV, STIs, and VH in indigenous peoples and Afro-descendants in Latin America highlight the need to 1) improve national surveillance, by systematically collecting and analyzing ethnicity variables, and implementing integrated biobehavioral studies using robust methodologies and culturally sensitive strategies; 2) develop a region-wide response policy that considers the needs of indigenous peoples and Afro-descendants; and 3) implement an intercultural approach to health and service delivery to eliminate health access barriers and improve health outcomes for these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy K Russell
- Consultant, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Kevin Nazar
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States of America
| | - Sandra Del Pino
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | | | | | - Giovanni Ravasi
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., United States of America
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8
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Puga MAM, Bandeira LM, Weis SMDS, Fernandes FRP, Castro LS, Tanaka TSO, Rezende GRD, Teles SA, Castro VDOLD, Murat PG, Capelin GJM, Motta-Castro ARC. High-risk behaviors for hepatitis B and C infections among female sex workers. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2018; 51:198-202. [PMID: 29768553 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0231-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C and risk behaviors among 402 female sex workers in Central Brazil were investigated by respondent-driven sampling. METHODS Blood samples were tested for hepatitis B and C markers by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Two hepatitis B vaccination schedules were performed. RESULTS The prevalence of hepatitis B and C infections were 9.3% and 0.5%, respectively. Susceptibility to hepatitis B infection was observed in 61.5% of subjects. There was no significant difference in adherence index (p=0.52) between vaccination schedules and all participants had protective antibody titers. CONCLUSIONS This hard-to-reach population requires hepatitis B and C surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonio Moreira Puga
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Larissa Melo Bandeira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Sabrina Moreira Dos Santos Weis
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Rodas Pires Fernandes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Lisie Souza Castro
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Tayana Serpa Ortiz Tanaka
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Grazielli Rocha de Rezende
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Sheila Araújo Teles
- Departamento de Enfermagem, Faculdade de Enfermagem e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Vivianne de Oliveira Landgraf de Castro
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Paula Guerra Murat
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Gina Jonasson Mousquer Capelin
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Ana Rita Coimbra Motta-Castro
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
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9
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Cavaretto L, Motta-Castro ARC, Teles SA, Souza FQ, Cardoso WM, de Rezende GR, Tanaka TSO, Bandeira LM, Cesar GA, Puga MAM, Nepomuceno BB, Lago BV, Fernandes-Fitts SM. Epidemiological and molecular analysis of hepatitis B virus infection in manicurists in Central Brazil. J Med Virol 2017; 90:277-281. [PMID: 28885693 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the serological and molecular prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in 514 manicurists/pedicurists and identify the risk factors related with this infection. Samples were tested for HBV serological markers, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anti-HBc-positive samples were tested to investigate occult hepatitis B by PCR. HBsAg-positive samples were genotyped and the viral loads of HBV-DNA positive samples were quantified. The overall HBV prevalence was 5.6% (29/514) and of HBsAg was 0.4% (2/514). One case of occult hepatitis B was found. The genotypes A1 and F2 were identified in two HBsAg-positive samples. Low level of education, not being born in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul and working in the central region of the city were associated with the HBV infection. No single manicurist/pedicurist was infected by HCV or HIV. These findings suggest that despite the exposure to blood contact, this occupation was not associated to an increased risk of acquiring HBV, HCV, and HIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Cavaretto
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana R C Motta-Castro
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Q Souza
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Wesley M Cardoso
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Tayana S O Tanaka
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Larissa M Bandeira
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriela A Cesar
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marco A M Puga
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bruna B Nepomuceno
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bárbara V Lago
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos-Biomanguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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10
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Coffie PA, Tchounga BK, Bado G, Kabran M, Minta DK, Wandeler G, Gottlieb GS, Dabis F, Eholie SP, Ekouevi DK. Prevalence of hepatitis B and delta according to HIV-type: a multi-country cross-sectional survey in West Africa. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:466. [PMID: 28676076 PMCID: PMC5496401 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In West Africa where HIV-1 and HIV-2 co-circulate, the co-infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) is not well described. This study aimed at estimating the prevalence of HBV and HBV/HDV co-infection according to HIV types and risk factors for HBV infection among West African HIV-infected patients. Method A cross-sectional survey was conducted within the IeDEA West Africa cohort from March to December 2012 in Côte d’Ivoire (three sites), Burkina Faso and Mali (one site each). All HIV-infected adult patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) or not who attended one of the participating HIV clinics during the study period and agreed to participate were included. Blood samples were collected and re-tested for HIV type discrimination, HBV and HDV serology as well as HBV viral load. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for HBV infection. Results A total of 791 patients were included: 192 HIV-1, 447 HIV-2 and 152 HIV-1&2 dually reactive. At time of sampling, 555 (70.2%) were on ART and median CD4+ cell count was 472/mm3 (inter-quartile range [IQR]: IQR: 294–644). Sixty-seven (8.5%, 95% CI 6.6–10.6) patients were HBsAg positive without any difference according to HIV type (7.9% in HIV-1, 7.2% in HIV-1&2 dually reactive and 9.4% in HIV-2; p = 0.61). In multivariate logistic analysis, age ≤ 30 years old (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 5.00, 95% CI 1.96–12.76), age between 31 and 49 years old (aOR 1.78, 95% CI 1.00–2.21) and male gender (aOR 2.15, 95% CI 1.25–3.69) were associated with HBsAg positivity. HBV DNA testing was performed in 36 patients with blood sample available (25 on ART) and 8 (22.2%) had detectable HBV DNA. Among the HBsAg-positive individuals, 14.9% (95% CI 7.4–25.7) were also positive for anti-HDV antibody without any difference according to HIV type (28.6% in HIV-1, 14.3% in HIV-2 and 0.0% in HIV-1&2 dually reactive; p = 0.15). Conclusion HBV and HBV/HDV co-infection are common in West Africa, irrespective of HIV type. Therefore, screening for both viruses should be systematically performed to allow a better management of HIV-infected patients. Follow-up studies are necessary to determine the impact of these two viruses on HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Coffie
- Département de Dermatologie et d'Infectiologie, UFR des Sciences Médicales, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, BP V3 Abidjan, CHU de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. .,Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. .,Programme PACCI, site de recherche ANRS, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Boris K Tchounga
- Programme PACCI, site de recherche ANRS, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,ISPED, Université de Bordeaux & Centre INSERM U1219 - Bordeaux Population Health, Bordeaux, France
| | - Guillaume Bado
- Hôpital de Jour, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU Souro Sanou, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Mathieu Kabran
- Département d'Hématologie, d'immunologie et de biologie cellulaire, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Daouda K Minta
- Centre de Prise en Charge des Personnes vivant avec le VIH, Service de Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital du Point G, Bamako, Mali
| | - Gilles Wandeler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Geoffrey S Gottlieb
- Departments of Medicine & Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - François Dabis
- ISPED, Université de Bordeaux & Centre INSERM U1219 - Bordeaux Population Health, Bordeaux, France
| | - Serge P Eholie
- Département de Dermatologie et d'Infectiologie, UFR des Sciences Médicales, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, BP V3 Abidjan, CHU de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Programme PACCI, site de recherche ANRS, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Didier K Ekouevi
- Programme PACCI, site de recherche ANRS, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,ISPED, Université de Bordeaux & Centre INSERM U1219 - Bordeaux Population Health, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Lomé, Département des Sciences Fondamentales et Santé Publique, Lomé, Togo
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11
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Matos MAD, França DDDS, Carneiro MADS, Martins RMB, Kerr LRFS, Caetano KAA, Pinheiro RS, Araújo LAD, Mota RMS, Matos MADD, Motta-Castro ARC, Teles SA. Viral hepatitis in female sex workers using the Respondent-Driven Sampling. Rev Saude Publica 2017; 51:65. [PMID: 28678904 PMCID: PMC5477708 DOI: 10.1590/s1518-8787.2017051006540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus and C virus infections and their genotypes and analyze the risk factors for the markers of exposure to hepatitis B virus in female sex workers in a region of intense sex trade. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study performed with four hundred and two female sex workers in Goiânia, Brazil. Data have been collected using the Respondent-Driven Sampling. The women have been interviewed and tested for markers of hepatitis B and C viruses. Positive samples have been genotyped. The data have been analyzed using the Respondent-Driven Sampling Analysis Tool, version 5.3, and Stata 11.0. RESULTS The adjusted prevalence for hepatitis B virus and C virus were 17.1% (95%CI 11.6–23.4) and 0.7% (95%CI 0.1–1.5), respectively. Only 28% (95%CI 21.1–36.4) of the participants had serological evidence of vaccination against hepatitis B virus. Being older (> 40 years), being single, having a history of blood transfusion and use of cocaine, and ignoring the symptoms of sexually transmitted infections were associated with positivity for hepatitis B virus (p < 0.05). We have detected the subgenotype A1 of hepatitis B virus (n = 3) and the subtypes of hepatitis C virus 1a (n = 3) and 1b (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS We can observe a low prevalence of infection of hepatitis B and C viruses in the studied population. However, the findings of the analysis of the risk factors show the need for more investment in prevention programs for sexual and drug-related behavior, as well as more efforts to vaccinate this population against hepatitis B. The genotypes of the hepatitis B virus and C virus identified are consistent with those circulating in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rosa Maria Salani Mota
- Departamento de Estatística e Matemática Aplicada. Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
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12
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Oliveira MP, Lemes PS, Matos MAD, Del-Rios NHA, Santos Carneiro MA, Costa Silva ÁM, Lopes CLR, Teles SA, Aires RS, Lago BV, Araujo NM, Martins RMB. Overt and occult hepatitis B virus infection among treatment-naïve HIV-infected patients in Brazil. J Med Virol 2016; 88:1222-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pedroso Oliveira
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health; Federal University of Goiás (UFG); Goiás Brazil
| | - Pollyanne Sousa Lemes
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health; Federal University of Goiás (UFG); Goiás Brazil
| | - Márcia Alves Dias Matos
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health; Federal University of Goiás (UFG); Goiás Brazil
| | | | | | - Ágabo Macedo Costa Silva
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health; Federal University of Goiás (UFG); Goiás Brazil
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13
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Littlejohn M, Locarnini S, Yuen L. Origins and Evolution of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis D Virus. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:a021360. [PMID: 26729756 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Members of the family Hepadnaviridae fall into two subgroups: mammalian and avian. The detection of endogenous avian hepadnavirus DNA integrated into the genomes of zebra finches has revealed a deep evolutionary origin of hepadnaviruses that was not previously recognized, dating back at least 40 million and possibly >80 million years ago. The nonprimate mammalian members of the Hepadnaviridae include the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), the ground squirrel hepatitis virus, and arctic squirrel hepatitis virus, as well as a number of members of the recently described bat hepatitis virus. The identification of hepatitis B viruses (HBVs) in higher primates, such as chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbons that cluster with the human HBV, as well as a number of recombinant forms between humans and primates, further implies a more complex origin of this virus. We discuss the current theories of the origin and evolution of HBV and propose a model that includes cross-species transmissions and subsequent recombination events on a genetic backbone of genotype C HBV infection. The hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defective RNA virus requiring the presence of the HBV for the completion of its life cycle. The origins of this virus remain unknown, although some recent studies have suggested an ancient African radiation. The age of the association between HDV and HBV is also unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Littlejohn
- Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Stephen Locarnini
- Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Lilly Yuen
- Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, Melbourne 3000, Australia
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Souto FJD. Distribution of hepatitis B infection in Brazil: the epidemiological situation at the beginning of the 21 st century. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015; 49:11-23. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0176-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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15
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Analysis of hepatitis B virus genotypes by restriction fragment length polymorphism. BIOMEDICA 2015; 36:79-88. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v36i0.2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
<p><strong>Introducción.</strong> Se han descrito diez genotipos (A-J) del virus de la hepatitis B (HBV) que están distribuidos en todos los continentes. Una de las técnicas utilizadas para determinar el genotipo viral es el análisis del polimorfismo de longitud de los fragmentos de restricción, un método simple y económico, pero con algunas limitaciones.<br /><strong>Objetivo.</strong> El objetivo inicial del estudio fue identificar el genotipo del HBV mediante RFLP en muestras de suero obtenidas de pacientes y donantes de sangre. Sin embargo, por las discrepancias observadas en los patrones de RFLP fue necesario realizar análisis filogenéticos y un análisis in silico de secuencias del HBV.<br /><strong>Materiales y métodos.</strong> Se obtuvieron 56 muestras de suero. Tras la extracción de ADN, se amplificó un fragmento del ORF S del HBV mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, cuyos productos se analizaron por RFLP con las enzimas <em>AlwI</em>, <em>BsrI</em>, <em>CfrI</em>, <em>HpaII</em> y <em>StyI</em>, y algunos se secuenciaron. Los patrones obtenidos se compararon con los reportados previamente. Se efectuó un análisis<em> in silico</em> de RFLP en consideración de las diferencias entre los patrones esperados y los observados.<br /><strong>Resultados.</strong> Se identificaron los genotipos A y F, subgenotipo F3, en las muestras. Este resultado coincide con lo descrito en estudios previos en los que se ha demostrado que el genotipo F, subgenotipo F3, es prevalente en la población de la región andina del país, en tanto que el genotipo A predomina en el occidente (departamento del Chocó). Con base en el análisis <em>in silico</em> de 229 secuencias virales obtenidas del GenBank y las 11 secuencias de este estudio, se caracterizó un nuevo patrón de RFLP específico para el genotipo F, subgenotipo F3, y se describieron algunas modificaciones en el patrón de RFLP del genotipo A, subgenotipo A1.<br /><strong>Conclusiones.</strong> Se caracterizó el patrón de genotipificación del genotipo F, subgenotipo F3, del HBV mediante RFLP, análisis in silico y secuenciación. Se requieren nuevos análisis in silico con un número mayor de secuencias para validar los patrones de RFLP de los genotipos y subgenotipos del VHB.</p>
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16
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Moraes TC, Fiaccadori FS, Souza M, Almeida TNV, Cunha MDP, Castro ÍDA, Cardoso DDDDP. Hepatitis B virus infection among institutionalized mentally ill patients in Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2015; 19:643-7. [PMID: 26361836 PMCID: PMC9425346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The main objective was to evaluate HBV infection and occult HBV infection (OBI) cases in mentally ill patients based on serological and molecular profiles. Material and methods Serum samples of 333 long-stay mentally ill patients were tested for the prevalence of HBV markers by serological (ELISA) and molecular (PCR) assays. The PCR products were sequenced to determine viral genotypes. Results It was observed a global prevalence of 12.9% (43/333) for HBV infection markers, considering HBsAg and/or anti-HBc positivity. Fourteen samples tested positive for anti-HBs alone. All samples positive (n = 57) for any HBV serological markers were tested for HBV-DNA and six were positive: HBsAg/anti-HBc (n = 1), anti-HBc/anti-HBs (n = 1), anti-HBs alone (n = 1), and anti-HBc alone (n = 3). The rate of OBI was 9.2% (5/54) from samples that were anti-HBc and/or anti-HBs positive. All sequenced samples were characterized as genotype A. Conclusion The high rate of HBV infections found in this study suggests the possibility of HBV transmission due to risk factors displayed by some patients, and highlights the importance of vaccination of susceptible patients and the staff of that institution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Cinquini Moraes
- Laboratório de Virologia Humana, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Souza Fiaccadori
- Laboratório de Virologia Humana, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Menira Souza
- Laboratório de Virologia Humana, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Tâmera Nunes Vieira Almeida
- Laboratório de Virologia Humana, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Marielton dos Passos Cunha
- Laboratório de Virologia Humana, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Ítalo de Araújo Castro
- Laboratório de Virologia Humana, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Divina das Dôres de Paula Cardoso
- Laboratório de Virologia Humana, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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Shen T, Yan XM, Liu HX, Zhang BX, Li L, Zhang JP, Wang JL, Xiao CJ. Genotype I of hepatitis B virus was found in east Xishuangbanna, China and molecular dynamics of HBV/I. J Viral Hepat 2015; 22:37-45. [PMID: 24548532 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a dearth of data about the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Mengla, China; and no detailed analysis of the molecular evolution of genotype I in Asia. In this study, 909 serum samples from ethnic minority people in China were obtained. Serological assay and HBV S-gene amplification were carried out, and phylogenetic and evolutionary dynamics analysis of 62 HBV/I S-gene was performed. On this survey, 153 individuals were tested HBsAg-positive. Genotypes of S-gene were classified into three groups: C, B and I. Under the strict model and the relax model, the estimated evolutionary rates for HBV/I were 3.74 × 10(-4) and 6.93 × 10(-4) substitution/site/year, respectively. However, when the geographic origin was taken into account, the mean substitution rates were increased. Estimated time to most recent ancestor of genotype I varied from ~30 to ~70 years ago. The Bayesian sky plot showed a rapid spread of HBV/I at the end of 1980s. Peculiar nucleotides distributed were observed in the subgenotype I1/I2. In conclusion, higher prevalence of HBV infection was observed in Mengla county. Multifactors like timescale and spatial locations should be integrated to provide a better interpretation of the HBV/I evolutionary history in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shen
- Medical Science College of Yunnan University, Kunming, China; Institute of Basic and Clinical Medicine, Center of Clinical Molecular Biology, Provincial Key Laboratory for Birth Defects and Genetic Diseases, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Science and Technology University, Kunming, China
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Vieira YR, dos Santos DRL, Portilho MM, Velloso CEP, Arissawa M, Villar LM, Pinto MA, de Paula VS. Hepadnavirus detected in bile and liver samples from domestic pigs of commercial abattoirs. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:315. [PMID: 25495746 PMCID: PMC4269919 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Preliminary studies showed the prevalence of a virus similar to human hepatitis B virus (HBV-like) in swine from farms in China and the molecular evidence of Hepadnavirus infection in domestic pigs herds in Brazil. In this study, we genetically characterize the swine Hepadnavirus strains in swine from slaughterhouses located in certified abattoirs from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil and evaluate its hepatotropic potential. Results Bile and liver samples from swine were positive for partial genome amplification (ORF S and ORF C), direct sequencing and viral load quantification. Sequencing of the gene encoding the surface antigen allowed classification of Hepadnavirus into genotypes, similar to HBV genotype classification. Indirect immunofluorescence confirmed the presence of HBsAg antigen in liver tissue sections. Conclusions So far our data suggest that commercial swine house an HBV-like virus and this relevant finding should be considered in studies on the origin and viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Rangel Vieira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Pavilhão Hélio e Peggy Pereira - 2° andar - sala B220, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av, Brasil, n° 4365, Manguinhos - RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Cep: 21045-900, RJ, Brasil.
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Freitas SZ, Soares CC, Tanaka TSO, Lindenberg ASC, Teles SA, Torres MS, Mello FCA, Mendes-Corrêa MC, Savassi-Ribas F, Motta-Castro ARC. Prevalence, risk factors and genotypes of hepatitis B infection among HIV-infected patients in the State of MS, Central Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2014; 18:473-80. [PMID: 24662138 PMCID: PMC9428200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives A cross-sectional study on prevalence of HBV and HDV infection, risk factors and genotype distribution of HBV infection was conducted among 848 HIV-infected patients in Mato Grosso do Sul, Central Brazil. Methods Serum samples of 848 participants were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) and hepatitis surface antibody (anti-HBs). HBsAg positive samples were tested for anti-HBc IgM, HBeAg, anti-HBe, anti-HCV, and total anti-HDV. HBsAg and anti-HBc positive were subjected to DNA extraction. Viral DNA was amplified by semi-nested PCR for the regions pre-S/S and then purified and genotyped/subgenotyped by direct sequencing. Student's t-test, chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare variables and to evaluate association between HBV positivity (defined as anti-HBc and/or HBsAg positivity) and risk factors. Results Among the 848 HIV infected patients investigated 222 had serological markers of HBV infection. The prevalence rate of HIV-HBV coinfection was 2.5% (21/848; 95% CI: 1.4–3.5%); 484 (57.1%) patients were susceptible for HBV infection. There were no cases of anti-HDV positive and only one (0.1%) anti-HCV-positive case among the HIV-HBV coinfected patients. Male gender, increasing age, family history of hepatitis, use of illicit drug, and homosexual activity were independent factors associated with HBV exposure. The phylogenetic analysis based on the S gene region revealed the presence of genotypes D (76.9%), F (15.4%) and A (7.7%) in the study sample. Conclusion This study demonstrates the low prevalence of HIV-HBV infection and also highlights the need for early vaccination against HBV as well as testing for HBV, HCV and HDV in all HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marina Sawada Torres
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ana Rita Coimbra Motta-Castro
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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Matos MADD, Ferreira RC, Rodrigues FP, Marinho TA, Lopes CLR, Novais ACM, Motta-Castro ARC, Teles SA, Souto FJD, Martins RMB. Occult hepatitis B virus infection among injecting drug users in the Central-West Region of Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108:S0074-02762013000300386. [PMID: 23778654 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762013000300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was investigated in 149 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) negative injecting drug users (IDUs) in the Central-West Region of Brazil. Of these individuals, 19 were positive for HBV DNA, resulting in an occult HBV infection prevalence of 12.7% (19/149); six of these 19 individuals had anti-HBV core and/or anti-HBV surface antibodies and 13 were negative for HBV markers. All IDUs with occult hepatitis B reported sexual and/or parenteral risk behaviours. All HBV DNA-positive samples were successfully genotyped. Genotype D was the most common (17/19), followed by genotype A (2/19). These findings reveal a high prevalence of occult HBV infection and the predominance of genotype D among IDUs in Brazil's Central-West Region.
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Janahi EM. Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B virus infection in Bahrain, 2000 through 2010. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87599. [PMID: 24498341 PMCID: PMC3911996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B infection is one of the world's major infectious diseases with about 350 million chronic carriers. Because no data is published on the prevalence and risk factors of this important disease in Bahrain, this article evaluates the available data from 2000 to 2010 to estimate the prevalence of the infection and to evaluate the risk factors. Epidemiologic data on HBV cases were collected from the major hospitals and health centers in Bahrain and statistically analyzed. Over this indicated decade, 877,892 individuals were screened for HBV infection and 5055 positive cases were reported in Bahrain. The prevalence of HBV infection during that period was 0.58%. Although there was no significant difference in the prevalence over the period of 10 years, the actual number of positive cases has almost doubled in the later years especially in 2007 and 2008. The prevalence was significantly higher among males (62.3%; P<0.01). Most cases were associated with non Bahrainis and the prevalence was significantly higher among them (68.3%; P<0.01) than it was among Bahrainis (31.7%). Seventy eight percent (2877/3690) of non Bahraini cases were for citizens of six countries which are highly endemic for HBV, namely India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Philippines, Indonesia and Ethiopia. Dental procedures and surgical operations were the main risk factors of infection as 37.2% and 35.6% of the patients were probably infected through this route. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in Bahrain indicates that Bahrain had low HBV endemicity for the last 10 years (2000–2010). Our study verifies the significant role played by expatriates/immigrants in the present epidemiology of hepatitis B in Bahrain. Increasing HBV vaccination of high risk groups, active educational and media campaign, screening HBV infection during pregnancy, and surveillance of hepatitis B infected individuals will further decrease the prevalence of the disease in Bahrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam M. Janahi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Kingdom of Bahrain
- * E-mail:
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Marinho TA, Lopes CLR, Teles SA, Matos MAD, Matos MADD, Kozlowski AG, Oliveira MPD, Silva ÁMDCE, Martins RMB. Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection among recyclable waste collectors in central Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014; 47:18-23. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0177-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Barros LAS, Pessoni GC, Teles SA, Souza SMBD, Matos MAD, Martins RMB, Del-Rios NHA, Matos MADD, Carneiro MADS. Epidemiology of the viral hepatitis B and C in female prisoners of Metropolitan Regional Prison Complex in the State of Goiás, Central Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2013; 46:24-9. [PMID: 23563821 DOI: 10.1590/0037-868216972013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little information regarding hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among Brazilian female prisoners exists. This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors associated with HBV and HCV infections and identified viral genotypes among female prisoners in Goiás, Central Brazil. METHODS Women incarcerated in the largest prison in the State of Goiás were invited to participate in the study. All female prisoners were interviewed and tested for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies against HBsAg (anti-HBs), against hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), and antibody against HCV (anti-HCV) by ELISA. HBsAg and anti-HCV positive samples were tested for HBV DNA and HCV RNA and genotyped, respectively. RESULTS Participants (n = 148; 98.6%) completed the study with an overall HBV prevalence of 18.9%. Age >30 years, a low education level, sex with a sexually transmitted diseases carrier, and a male sexual partner serving in the same penitentiary were associated with HBV infections. Only 24% of the women were anti-HBs positive suggesting previous HBV vaccination. Nine female prisoners (6.1%) were anti-HCV positive. Age >40 years, injecting drug use and length of incarceration were statistically associated with anti-HCV antibodies. Five samples were HCV RNA positive and classified as genotypes 1 (subtypes 1a; n = 3 and 1b; n = 1) and 3 (subtype 3a; n = 1). The HBsAg-reactive sample was HBV DNA positive and genotype A. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the necessity of public policies to control hepatitis B and C infections and emphasize the importance of hepatitis B vaccination in prison environments.
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Ochwoto M, Chauhan R, Gopalakrishnan D, Chen CY, Ng'ang'a Z, Okoth F, Kioko H, Kimotho J, Kaiguri P, Kramvis A. Genotyping and molecular characterization of hepatitis B virus in liver disease patients in Kenya. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 20:103-10. [PMID: 23978387 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes are important in both the clinical manifestation of disease and treatment response. Although Kenya belongs to the African Region (AFR-E) characterized by high mortality and hyperendemicity of HBV, there is a paucity of HBV genotyping data. The aim of this study was to molecularly characterize the basic core promoter/precore (BCP/PC) and complete surface (S) regions of HBV isolated from 61 HBsAg-positive liver disease patients attending Kenyatta National Hospital in Nairobi. HBsAg, HBeAg and viral loads were determined. HBV DNA was amplified and sequenced from 58/61 patients. In addition to the complete genome of two isolates, the BCP/PC and the complete S regions of 43 and 38 isolates, respectively were sequenced. Following phylogenetic analysis of the S region, 38 isolates clustered with subgenotype A1, whereas two isolates clustered with genotype D, one with subgenotype D1 and another as an outlier of the clade containing subgenotype D6 and the D/E recombinant. When the complete genome of the latter isolate was sequenced it clustered with D6. The majority of isolates belonged to serological subtype adw2 and only four to ayw2. Three distinct groups of subgenotype A1, distinguished by different amino acid motifs, circulate in Kenya: two in the African cluster and a monophyletic clade in the "Asian" cluster. HBeAg-negativity was a result of G1896A in genotype D isolates, whereas in subgenotype A1, the HBeAg-negativity was a result of mutations in the Kozak region (1809-1812) or precore start codon (1814-1816). Mutations at positions 1762 and 1764 occurred more frequently in HCC patients (p<0.05). In conclusion, subgenotypes A1, D1 and D6 circulate in liver disease patients in Kenya, with A1 predominating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Missiani Ochwoto
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Programme (HVDRP), Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kenya; Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Kenya.
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Yang Y, Jin L, He YL, Wang K, Ma XH, Wang J, Yan Z, Feng YL, Li YQ, Chen TY, Liu HL, Zhao YR. Hepatitis B virus infection in clustering of infection in families with unfavorable prognoses in northwest China. J Med Virol 2013; 85:1893-9. [PMID: 23934703 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease; the First Affiliated Hospital; Xi'an Jiao Tong University; Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Li Jin
- Department of Infectious Disease; the First Affiliated Hospital; Xi'an Jiao Tong University; Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Ying-Li He
- Department of Infectious Disease; the First Affiliated Hospital; Xi'an Jiao Tong University; Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease; the First Affiliated Hospital; Xi'an Jiao Tong University; Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Xiao-Hua Ma
- Department of Infectious Disease; the Eighth Hospital; Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease; the First Affiliated Hospital; Xi'an Jiao Tong University; Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Zhi Yan
- Department of Infectious Disease; the First Affiliated Hospital; Xi'an Jiao Tong University; Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Yu-Ling Feng
- Department of Infectious Disease; the First Affiliated Hospital; Xi'an Jiao Tong University; Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Yong-Qin Li
- Department of Infectious Disease; Xi'an Central Hospital; Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Tian-Yan Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease; the First Affiliated Hospital; Xi'an Jiao Tong University; Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Hong-Li Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease; the First Affiliated Hospital; Xi'an Jiao Tong University; Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Ying-Ren Zhao
- Department of Infectious Disease; the First Affiliated Hospital; Xi'an Jiao Tong University; Xi'an Shaanxi China
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Brichler S, Lagathu G, Chekaraou MA, Le Gal F, Edouard A, Dény P, Césaire R, Gordien E. African, Amerindian and European hepatitis B virus strains circulate on the Caribbean Island of Martinique. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2318-2329. [PMID: 23884366 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.055459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes, as well as numerous subgenotypes, have been described in well-characterized ethnogeographical populations. Martinique has been at a crossroads between Africa, Europe, India and the Americas because of the slave trade (17th-19th centuries), followed by an important immigration of Indian and West African workers. In this work, we aimed to study the molecular epidemiology of HBV infection in Martinique according to this unique settlement pattern. To that end, blood samples from 86 consecutive HBV-infected patients from the main hospitals of the island, were retrospectively analysed. Direct sequencing of the pre-S1 or pre-C-C region or complete genome sequencing, followed by phylogenetic analyses were performed. HBV genotypes were: HBV/A1 (68.6 %), HBV/A2 (10.5 %), HBV/D, mainly HBV/D3 and HBV/D4 (8.1 %), HBV/F (3.5 %), and also HBV/E (2.3 %), two strains isolated from two West-African patients. Moreover, 74 % of the HBeAg-negative strains harboured classical pre-C-C mutations, and most HBV/A1 strains also containing specific mutations. Finally, various patterns of deletion mutants in pre-S and pre-C-C regions were found. In conclusion, our findings point to historical and migration-related issues in HBV-genotype distribution suggesting that HBV/A1, but not HBV/E, was imported from Africa during the slave trade, and further supporting the hypothesis that HBV/E has emerged recently in West Africa (<150 years). Potential origins of 'European' HBV/A2 and HBV/D3, 'Amerindian' HBV/F, and HBV/D4 strains are also discussed. Such HBV genetic diversity, beyond its epidemiological interest, may have a clinical impact on the natural history of HBV infection in Martinique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ségolène Brichler
- Service de Bactériologie, Virologie-Hygiène, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Seine Saint-Denis, Site Avicenne, Bobigny; Laboratoire Associé au Centre National de Référence des Hépatites B, C et Delta, Université Paris Nord, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Gisèle Lagathu
- Service de Bactériologie, Virologie du Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Rennes, Pontchaillou, France
| | - Mariama Abdou Chekaraou
- Service de Bactériologie, Virologie-Hygiène, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Seine Saint-Denis, Site Avicenne, Bobigny; Laboratoire Associé au Centre National de Référence des Hépatites B, C et Delta, Université Paris Nord, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Frédéric Le Gal
- Service de Bactériologie, Virologie-Hygiène, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Seine Saint-Denis, Site Avicenne, Bobigny; Laboratoire Associé au Centre National de Référence des Hépatites B, C et Delta, Université Paris Nord, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - André Edouard
- Service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fort-de-France, Martinique, France
| | - Paul Dény
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Équipe 16, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Lyon, France.,Service de Bactériologie, Virologie-Hygiène, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Seine Saint-Denis, Site Avicenne, Bobigny; Laboratoire Associé au Centre National de Référence des Hépatites B, C et Delta, Université Paris Nord, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Raymond Césaire
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fort-de-France, Martinique; EA 4537, Université Antilles-Guyane, France
| | - Emmanuel Gordien
- Service de Bactériologie, Virologie-Hygiène, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Seine Saint-Denis, Site Avicenne, Bobigny; Laboratoire Associé au Centre National de Référence des Hépatites B, C et Delta, Université Paris Nord, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
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Alvarado-Mora MV, Pinho JRR. Distribution of HBV genotypes in Latin America. Antivir Ther 2013; 18:459-65. [PMID: 23792558 DOI: 10.3851/imp2599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 2 billion people worldwide are infected with HBV, and 350 million people are chronic carriers. HBV is classified into nine genotypes (A to I). Genotype F is the most prevalent in the Spanish-speaking countries and in the Amerindian population in South America. HBV genotype F was primarily found in indigenous populations from South America and is divided into four subgenotypes (F1 to F4). Subgenotype F1 is further divided into F1a (found in Costa Rica and El Salvador) and F1b (found in in Alaska, Argentina and Chile). Subgenotypes F2 and F3 cocirculate in the north of South America: F2a is found in Brazil and Venezuela, F2b is described only in Venezuela, F3 is frequent in Colombia, Venezuela and Panama, and F4 is reported from the central and south areas of South America, including Bolivia, Argentina and southern Brazil. HBV genotypes and subgenotypes have distinct geographical distributions. It is currently under discussion whether they are associated with different prognoses, considering the patterns of severity of liver diseases in various populations. Furthermore, global human migrations affect the pattern of genotype distribution, introducing genotypes differing from those found in the original inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica V Alvarado-Mora
- Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 'João Alves de Queiroz and Castorina Bittencourt Alves', Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Alvarado-Mora MV, Romano CM, Gomes-Gouvêa MS, Gutierrez MF, Carrilho FJ, Pinho JRR. Phylogenetic analysis of complete genome sequences of hepatitis B virus from an Afro-Colombian community: presence of HBV F3/A1 recombinant strain. Virol J 2012; 9:244. [PMID: 23092209 PMCID: PMC3499267 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most prevalent viral infections in humans and represents a serious public health problem. In Colombia, our group reported recently the presence of subgenotypes F3, A2 and genotype G in Bogotá. The aim of this study was to characterize the HBV genotypes circulating in Quibdó, the largest Afro-descendant community in Colombia. Sixty HBsAg-positive samples were studied. A fragment of 1306 bp (S/POL) was amplified by nested PCR. Positive samples to S/POL fragment were submitted to PCR amplification of the HBV complete genome. FINDINGS The distribution of HBV genotypes was: A1 (52.17%), E (39.13%), D3 (4.3%) and F3/A1 (4.3%). An HBV recombinant strain subgenotype F3/A1 was found for the first time. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first analysis of complete HBV genome sequences from Afro-Colombian population. It was found an important presence of HBV/A1 and HBV/E genotypes. A new recombinant strain of HBV genotype F3/A1 was reported in this population. This fact may be correlated with the introduction of these genotypes in the times of slavery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica V Alvarado-Mora
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Aires RS, Matos MAD, Lopes CLR, Teles SA, Kozlowski AG, Silva AMC, Filho JAA, Lago BV, Mello FCA, Martins RMB. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among tuberculosis patients with or without HIV in Goiânia City, Brazil. J Clin Virol 2012; 54:327-31. [PMID: 22608842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and tuberculosis (TB) represent major public health problems. There is currently little data on HBV infection among TB patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). OBJECTIVES To assess HBV prevalence among TB patients with and without HIV. STUDY DESIGN From April 2008 to March 2010, a cross-sectional study was conduct among TB patients attended at a reference hospital in Goiânia City, Brazil. The participants were tested for serological markers of HBV infection and HIV antibodies. HBV DNA was detected in HBsAg-positive samples, and also in HBsAg-negative/anti-HBc-positive samples to look for HBV occult infection. RESULTS Of 425 patients, 402 (94.6%) agreed to participate in the study. The overall prevalence of HBV (HBsAg and/or anti-HBc positive) and HIV infections were 25.6% (103/402) and 27.6% (111/402), respectively. A higher HBV infection rate was found among HIV-infected patients (36.9%; 41/111) compared to patients infected with TB only (20.0%; 57/285). A multivariate analysis of risk factors showed that age ≥ 50 years (p=0.03), non-injecting (p<0.01) and injecting (p<0.01) drugs use were associated with HBV infection. Among the HBsAg-positive samples (n=13), HBV DNA was detected in 10 (76.9%) samples. Of the 90 anti-HBc-positive samples, 13 were HBV DNA positive (with very low levels) resulting in an occult HBV infection rate of 14.4%. PCR-RFLP was successfully performed in 20 HBV DNA-positive samples: 15 were genotype A and 5 were genotype D. CONCLUSIONS HBV infection was common, particularly among this with HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Aires
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil
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Hennig BJ, Hall AJ. Host genetic factors in hepatitis B infection, liver cancer and vaccination response: a review with a focus on Africa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 423:202-209. [PMID: 20970823 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The disease burden due to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains significant; 350 million people are infected world-wide, and around half a million deaths each year are due to HBV-related liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Infant immunisation against infection was introduced in the early 1980s, the vaccine is routinely administered across regions where the disease is endemic and has been shown to be safe and effective. However, the large number of older individuals with persistent infection means that disease will not be reduced significantly for several decades. Furthermore, failure to respond to the vaccination has been observed in about 5% of vaccinees and to date we have limited information on the durability of vaccine protection against infection. Hepatitis B infection and disease pathogenesis are known to be influenced by a number of factors including host genetics factors. This review aims to give an overview of the role of genetic variation in persistent HBV infection and the development of liver disease including HCC. Vaccine-induced immunity is, at least in part, heritable and we also discuss findings on the genetic control of responses to HBV vaccination. The epidemiology of HBV infection differs by world region, as does the genetic makeup of individuals originating from different regions. This review focuses on the situation in Africa, where hepatitis B is highly endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branwen J Hennig
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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Alvarado-Mora MV, Botelho L, Gomes-Gouvêa MS, de Souza VF, Nascimento MC, Pannuti CS, Carrilho FJ, Pinho JR. Detection of Hepatitis B virus subgenotype A1 in a Quilombo community from Maranhão, Brazil. Virol J 2011; 8:415. [PMID: 21867526 PMCID: PMC3180422 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Brazilian population is mainly descendant from European colonizers, Africans and Native Americans. Some Afro-descendants lived in small isolated communities since the slavery period. The epidemiological status of HBV infection in Quilombos communities from northeast of Brazil remains unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize the HBV genotypes circulating inside a Quilombo isolated community from Maranhão State, Brazil. Methods Seventy-two samples from Frechal Quilombo community at Maranhão were collected. All serum samples were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). HBsAg positive samples were submitted to DNA extraction and a fragment of 1306 bp partially comprising HBsAg and polymerase coding regions (S/POL) was amplified by nested PCR and its nucleotide sequence was determined. Viral isolates were genotyped by phylogenetic analysis using reference sequences from each genotype obtained from GenBank (n = 320). Sequences were aligned using Muscle software and edited in the SE-AL software. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were conducted using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method to obtain the MCC tree using BEAST v.1.5.3. Results Of the 72 individuals, 9 (12.5%) were HBsAg-positive and 4 of them were successfully sequenced for the 1306 bp fragment. All these samples were genotype A1 and grouped together with other sequences reported from Brazil. Conclusions The present study represents the first report on the HBV genotypes characterization of this community in the Maranhão state in Brazil where a high HBsAg frequency was found. In this study, we reported a high frequency of HBV infection and the exclusive presence of subgenotype A1 in an Afro-descendent community in the Maranhão State, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica V Alvarado-Mora
- Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Melo LVL, Silva MABD, Calçada CDOR, Cavalcante SRB, Souto FJD. Hepatitis B virus markers among teenagers in the Araguaia region, Central Brazil: Assessment of prevalence and vaccination coverage. Vaccine 2011; 29:5290-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hübschen JM, Mbah PO, Forbi JC, Otegbayo JA, Olinger CM, Charpentier E, Muller CP. Detection of a new subgenotype of hepatitis B virus genotype A in Cameroon but not in neighbouring Nigeria. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:88-94. [PMID: 20219082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To further investigate the genetic diversity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype A in Africa, we analysed 263 HBV strains from Nigeria (n=163) and Cameroon (n=100). Phylogenetic analysis of S fragment sequences attributed 175 strains (66.5%) to genotype E and 88 (33.5%) to genotype A. In Cameroon, genotype A strains were the most prevalent (79/100, 79.0%), whereas, in Nigeria, genotype E was highly dominant (154/163, 94.5%). The genotype A strains grouped with reference strains of subgenotype A3 (n=8), the provisional subgenotype A5 (n=43), a recently reported new variant from Rwanda (n=35), or as outliers (n=2). Ten complete genome sequences obtained from strains that clustered with the new variant from Rwanda formed a separate group supported by a bootstrap value of 96. The between-group distance to other potential or recognized subgenotypes of genotype A was at least 3.81%. Thus, the new group of strains could be considered as a new subgenotype of HBV genotype A, tentatively named 'A7'. Interestingly, the 'A7' strains from Rwanda and Cameroon showed an interspersed clustering, but essentially no other (sub)genotypes were shared between the two countries, suggesting that 'A7' may have evolved in a yet unknown place and may have only relatively recently spread to Rwanda and Western Cameroon. Strains attributed to provisional subgenotype A5 were found for the first time in Cameroon (n=36) and Central Nigeria (n=2), indicating that A5 is more widespread than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hübschen
- Institute of Immunology, Laboratoire National de Santé/Centre de Recherche Public-Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Attilio JS, Rodrigues FP, Renovato RD, Sales CDM, Alvarenga MRM, Moreira MT, Pereira NCA. Cobertura vacinal contra hepatite B entre usuários de drogas ilícitas. ACTA PAUL ENFERM 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-21002011000100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Identificar a cobertura vacinal contra a hepatite B e os comportamentos de risco entre usuários de drogas ilícidas (UDI) em Dourados-MS. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo, descritiva de corte transversal realizada mediante aplicação de questionário em 49 usuários atendidos pelos centros de recuperação e programas de apoio desse Município. RESULTADOS: Identificou-se predomínio de homens jovens que utilizavam drogas não injetáveis. A história de prisão, e de hepatite na família, tatuagens, múltiplos parceiros sexuais e realização de todas as formas de relação sexual, foram os fatores de risco mais frequentes. CONCLUSÃO: Estes fatores combinados com a baixa cobertura vacinal e a falta de término do esquema confirmam a vulnerabilidade do grupo em adquirir a hepatite B.
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Santos AO, Alvarado-Mora MV, Botelho L, Vieira DS, Pinho JRR, Carrilho FJ, Honda ER, Salcedo JM. Characterization of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes in patients from Rondônia, Brazil. Virol J 2010; 7:315. [PMID: 21073730 PMCID: PMC2994811 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can be classified into nine genotypes (A-I) defined by sequence divergence of more than 8% based on the complete genome. This study aims to identify the genotypic distribution of HBV in 40 HBsAg-positive patients from Rondônia, Brazil. A fragment of 1306 bp partially comprising surface and polymerase overlapping genes was amplified by PCR. Amplified DNA was purified and sequenced. Amplified DNA was purified and sequenced on an ABI PRISM® 377 Automatic Sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The obtained sequences were aligned with reference sequences obtained from the GenBank using Clustal X software and then edited with Se-Al software. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted by the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach using BEAST v.1.5.3. RESULTS The subgenotypes distribution was A1 (37.1%), D3 (22.8%), F2a (20.0%), D4 (17.1%) and D2 (2.8%). CONCLUSIONS These results for the first HBV genotypic characterization in Rondônia state are consistent with other studies in Brazil, showing the presence of several HBV genotypes that reflects the mixed origin of the population, involving descendants from Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alcione O Santos
- Research Center for Tropical Medicine--CEPEM/Tropical Pathology Research Institute-IPEPATRO. Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
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Stief ACF, Martins RMB, Andrade SMOD, Pompilio MA, Fernandes SM, Murat PG, Mousquer GJ, Teles SA, Camolez GR, Francisco RBL, Motta-Castro ARC. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and associated factors among prison inmates in state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2010; 43:512-5. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822010000500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of HBV infection and associated factors among prison inmates in Campo Grande, MS. METHODS: A total of 408 individuals were interviewed regarding sociodemographic characteristics, associated factors and HBV vaccination using a standardized questionnaire. Blood samples were collected from all participants and serological markers for HBV were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and/or antibodies against hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) positive samples were tested for HBV-DNA by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of HBV infection was 17.9% (95%CI: 14.4-22.0). The HBsAg carrier rate was 0.5%; 56 (13.7%) individuals had been infected and developed natural immunity and 15 (3.7%) were positive for anti-HBc only. Ninety eight (24%) prisoners had only anti-HBs, suggesting that they had low vaccine coverage. An occult HBV infection rate of 0% was verified among anti-HBc-positive individuals. Multivariate analysis of associated factors showed that age > 35 years-old, low schooling level and illicit drug use are significantly associated with HBV infection. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the data showed HBV infection prevalence similar or slightly lower than that reported in other of Brazilian prisons. Independent predictors of HBV infection in this population include older age, low schooling level and illicit drug use.
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37
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Motta JS, Mello FC, Lago BV, Perez RM, Gomes SA, Figueiredo FF. Occult hepatitis B virus infection and lamivudine-resistant mutations in isolates from renal patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25:101-6. [PMID: 19817965 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.05972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patients undergoing hemodialysis are at risk of infection with both hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Occult HBV infection is usually associated with low levels of HBV and is frequently detected in HCV-infected patients. The aims of the present study were to compare the prevalence of occult HBV infection among anti-HCV-positive and anti-HCV-negative patients undergoing hemodialysis, and characterize the molecular patterns of HBV isolates from patients with occult infection. METHODS Serum samples from 100 patients negative for hepatitis B surface antigen undergoing hemodialysis, half of whom were positive for anti-HCV antibodies, were tested for the presence of HBV-DNA using semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR products of the S gene were directly sequenced. RESULTS HBV-DNA was detected in 15 samples. There were no significant differences in HCV status, sex, age, time of dialysis, alanine aminotransferase levels or HBV serological markers between patients with or without occult HBV infection, with the exception of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc)-only serological marker (P = 0.003). All six HBV isolates that could be sequenced were of genotype A/subgenotype A1. Four of these six HBV isolates contained mutations associated with lamivudine resistance in the DNA polymerase (two with L180M/M204V and two with rt173V/180M/204V) and a specific substitution (Y100C) in the HBV small surface protein. CONCLUSIONS HBV isolates with the identified substitutions have the potential to spread silently by nosocomial transmission within the hemodialysis unit. These results have potential implications for the management of patients with occult HBV infection undergoing hemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge S Motta
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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38
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most widely distributed viruses that infect humankind. Distinct clinical and virological characteristics of the HBV-infection have been reported in different geographical parts of the world and are increasingly associated with genetic diversity of the infecting virus. HBV is classified into genotypes and subgenotypes that are associated with ethnicity and geography. The genetic diversity of HBV in its various aspects has been the subject of extensive investigations during the last few decades. Since molecular epidemiology research tools have become widely available, the number of new publications in this field has grown exponentially. This review summarises the recent publications on the geographical distribution of genetic variants of HBV, and proposes updated criteria for the identification of new genotypes and subgenotypes of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuat Kurbanov
- Department of Clinical Molecular Informative Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya
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39
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Alvarado Mora MV, Romano CM, Gomes-Gouvêa MS, Gutierrez MF, Carrilho FJ, Pinho JRR. Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of hepatitis B virus genotype E in an isolated Afro-Colombian community. J Gen Virol 2009; 91:501-8. [PMID: 19846674 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.015958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a significant public health concern with 350 million chronic carriers worldwide. Eight HBV genotypes (A-H) have been described so far. Genotype E (HBV/E) is widely distributed in West Africa and has rarely been found in other continents, except for a few cases in individuals with an African background. In this study, we characterized HBV genotypes in Quibdó, Colombia, by partial S/P gene sequencing, and found, for the first time, HBV/E circulating in nine Afro-Colombian patients who had no recent contact with Africa. The presence of HBV/E in this community as a monophyletic group suggests that it was a result of a recent introduction by some Afro-descendent contact or, alternatively, that the virus came with slaves brought to Colombia. By using sequences with sampling dates, we estimated the substitution rate to be about 3.2 x 10(-4) substitutions per site per year, which resulted in a time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of 29 years. In parallel, we also estimated the TMRCA for HBV/E by using two previously estimated substitution rates (7.7 x 10(-4) and 1.5 x 10(-5) substitutions per site per year). The TMRCA was around 35 years under the higher rate and 1500 years under the slower rate. In sum, this work reports for the first time the presence of an exclusively African HBV genotype circulating in South America. We also discuss the time of the entry of this virus into America based on different substitution rates estimated for HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Viviana Alvarado Mora
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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40
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Epidemiological study of hepatitis A, B and C in the largest Afro-Brazilian isolated community. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009; 103:899-905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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41
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Motta-Castro ARC, Gomes SA, Yoshida CFT, Miguel JC, Teles SA, Martins RMB. Compliance with and response to hepatitis B vaccination in remaining quilombo communities in Central Brazil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2009; 25:738-42. [PMID: 19347199 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2009000400004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Compliance with and responses to the hepatitis B vaccine were evaluated in remaining quilombo communities in Central Brazil. A total of 708 individuals who were susceptible to hepatitis B virus infection were invited to participate in the hepatitis B vaccination program in eight communities. Although 567 (80%) individuals received the first dose, only 198 (28%) complied with the full vaccination scheme. Of 148 subjects who agreed to be tested for anti-HBs, 123 (83.1%; 95%CI: 75.9-88.6) responded to the vaccine. A geometric mean titer of 512mIU/mL (95%CI: 342.5-765.3) was found. Male sex and older age were independently associated with non-response. Additional health education programs and alternative hepatitis B vaccine schedules are needed to improve the vaccination coverage in these communities in Central Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita C Motta-Castro
- Departamento de Farmácia-Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brasil
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42
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Garmiri P, Loua A, Haba N, Candotti D, Allain JP. Deletions and recombinations in the core region of hepatitis B virus genotype E strains from asymptomatic blood donors in Guinea, west Africa. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2442-2451. [PMID: 19535503 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.012013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) chronic carriage in west Africa is the highest in the world, but its molecular epidemiology remains relatively poorly investigated. Plasma samples from random asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg in Conakry, Guinea, were studied and the complete genome sequences of 81 strains were obtained. Three additional samples from Kumasi, Ghana, were also included in the analysis. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the dominance of genotype E (95.1%), including 8.6% of strains (viral load, 5x10(3)-2.6x10(8) IU ml(-1)) comprising dominant variants with large deletions in the core region and minority wild-type variants. The presence of two different patterns of deletions in two and four donors suggested targeted genome fragility between nt 1979 and 2314. The remaining sequences included one subgenotype A3 (1%) and six A/E recombinant forms (4-7%). A/E strains with identical points of recombination in three donors suggested strongly that these recombinant HBV strains are circulating and transmitted in the population. Recombination points were concentrated in the core gene. The detection of similar A/E recombinant strains in Ghana suggested a geographical extension of recombinant HBV to the region. The quasispecies of one additional Ghanaian strain sequenced in the pre-surface/surface region resolved into dominant clones of either the A or E genotype, but also three different patterns of A/E recombinant variants. The observation that both deletions of genotype E strains and A/E recombination points are mostly located in the core gene at specific positions indicates a region of the genome where genetic rearrangements preferentially take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Garmiri
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - André Loua
- National Blood Transfusion Center, Conakry, Guinea
| | | | - Daniel Candotti
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Blood Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jean-Pierre Allain
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Ferreira RC, Rodrigues FP, Teles SA, Lopes CLR, Motta-Castro ARC, Novais ACM, Souto FJD, Martins RMB. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus and risk factors in Brazilian non-injecting drug users. J Med Virol 2009; 81:602-9. [PMID: 19235862 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-injecting drug users are at high-risk for acquiring hepatitis B virus (HBV), although the factors contributing to this increased risk are not known. In the present study, the overall and occult HBV infection prevalence rates were determined in a large population of non-injecting drug users in the Central-West region of Brazil. HBV genotypes and predictors of infection were also identified. A total of 852 individuals in 34 drug treatment centers were interviewed, and their serum samples were tested for the presence of HBV markers by ELISA. HBsAg and anti-HBc-positive samples were tested for HBV DNA by PCR. Samples with HBV DNA were genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The overall prevalence of HBV infection was 14% (95% CI: 11.7-16.5). A multivariate analysis of risk factors showed that age >30 years, non-white race/ethnicity, duration of drug use >10 years, lifetime number of sexual partners >10, non-use of condoms, and HCV and HIV status were associated significantly with HBV infection. Of the 9 (1%) HBsAg-reactive samples, HBV DNA was present in 2/2 of HBeAg-positive and in 5/7 anti-HBe-positive samples. An occult HBV infection rate of 2.7% (3/110) was found among anti-HBc-positive individuals. All HBV DNA-positive samples were genotyped: seven were genotype A, two were genotype D, and one was genotype F. Finally, few individuals (8%) had serological evidence of a previous HBV vaccination. These findings indicate that preventive interventions are needed for both sexual and drug-related high-risk behavior. Additionally, non-injecting drug users should be targeted for HBV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata C Ferreira
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiás, Brazil
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44
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Mbayed VA, Piñeiro y Leone FG, Pezzano SC, Campos RH. Molecular characterization of hepatitis B virus genotype A from Argentina and Brazil. Arch Virol 2009; 154:525-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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45
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Motta-Castro ARC, Martins RMB, Araujo NM, Niel C, Facholi GB, Lago BV, Mello FCA, Gomes SA. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in an isolated Afro-Brazilian community. Arch Virol 2008; 153:2197-205. [PMID: 18998047 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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46
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Wendel S, Levi JE, Biagini S, Candotti D, Allain JP. A probable case of hepatitis B virus transfusion transmission revealed after a 13-month-long window period. Transfusion 2008; 48:1602-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01723.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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47
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Bottecchia M, Souto FJD, O KMR, Amendola M, Brandão CE, Niel C, Gomes SA. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and resistance mutations in patients under long term lamivudine therapy: characterization of genotype G in Brazil. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8:11. [PMID: 18211717 PMCID: PMC2245951 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lamivudine is an oral nucleoside analogue widely used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. The main limitation of lamivudine use is the selection of resistant mutations that increases with time of utilization. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) isolates have been classified into eight genotypes (A to H) with distinct geographical distributions. HBV genotypes may also influence pathogenic properties and therapeutic features. Here, we analyzed the HBV genotype distribution and the nature and frequency of lamivudine resistant mutations among 36 patients submitted to lamivudine treatment for 12 to 84 months. Results Half of the patients were homosexual men. Only 4/36 (11%) patients were HBV DNA negative. As expected for a Brazilian group, genotypes A (24/32 positive individuals, 75%), D (3/32, 9.3%) and F (1/32, 3%) were present. One sample was from genotype C, which is a genotype rarely found in Brazil. Three samples were from genotype G, which had not been previously detected in Brazil. Lamivudine resistance mutations were identified in 20/32 (62%) HBV DNA positive samples. Mean HBV loads of patients with and without lamivudine resistance mutations were not very different (2.7 × 107 and 6.9 × 107 copies/mL, respectively). Fifteen patients showed the L180M/M204V lamivudine resistant double mutation. The triple mutant rt173V/180M/204V, which acts as a vaccine escape mutant, was found in two individuals. The three isolates of genotype G were entirely sequenced. All three showed the double mutation L180M/M204V and displayed a large genetic divergence when compared with other full-length genotype G isolates. Conclusion A high (55%) proportion of patients submitted to long term lamivudine therapy displayed resistant mutations, with elevated viral load. The potential of transmission of such HBV mutants should be monitored. The identification of genotypes C and G, rarely detected in South America, seems to indicate a genotype distribution different to that observed in non treated patients. Disparities in routes of transmission (genotype G seems to be linked to homosexual behavior) and in pathogenic properties (genotype C is very aggressive) among HBV genotypes may explain the presence of rare genotypes in the present work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelle Bottecchia
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av, Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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48
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Bottecchia M, Souto FJD, O KMR, Amendola M, Brandão CE, Niel C, Gomes SA. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and resistance mutations in patients under long term lamivudine therapy: characterization of genotype G in Brazil. BMC Microbiol 2008. [PMID: 18211717 DOI: 10.1186/147-2180-8.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lamivudine is an oral nucleoside analogue widely used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. The main limitation of lamivudine use is the selection of resistant mutations that increases with time of utilization. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) isolates have been classified into eight genotypes (A to H) with distinct geographical distributions. HBV genotypes may also influence pathogenic properties and therapeutic features. Here, we analyzed the HBV genotype distribution and the nature and frequency of lamivudine resistant mutations among 36 patients submitted to lamivudine treatment for 12 to 84 months. RESULTS Half of the patients were homosexual men. Only 4/36 (11%) patients were HBV DNA negative. As expected for a Brazilian group, genotypes A (24/32 positive individuals, 75%), D (3/32, 9.3%) and F (1/32, 3%) were present. One sample was from genotype C, which is a genotype rarely found in Brazil. Three samples were from genotype G, which had not been previously detected in Brazil. Lamivudine resistance mutations were identified in 20/32 (62%) HBV DNA positive samples. Mean HBV loads of patients with and without lamivudine resistance mutations were not very different (2.7 x 107 and 6.9 x 107 copies/mL, respectively). Fifteen patients showed the L180M/M204V lamivudine resistant double mutation. The triple mutant rt173V/180M/204V, which acts as a vaccine escape mutant, was found in two individuals. The three isolates of genotype G were entirely sequenced. All three showed the double mutation L180M/M204V and displayed a large genetic divergence when compared with other full-length genotype G isolates. CONCLUSION A high (55%) proportion of patients submitted to long term lamivudine therapy displayed resistant mutations, with elevated viral load. The potential of transmission of such HBV mutants should be monitored. The identification of genotypes C and G, rarely detected in South America, seems to indicate a genotype distribution different to that observed in non treated patients. Disparities in routes of transmission (genotype G seems to be linked to homosexual behavior) and in pathogenic properties (genotype C is very aggressive) among HBV genotypes may explain the presence of rare genotypes in the present work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelle Bottecchia
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av, Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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49
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Sitnik R, Sette Jr H, Santana R, Menezes L, Graça C, Dastoli G, Silbert S, Pinho J. Hepatitis B virus genotype E detected in Brazil in an African patient who is a frequent traveler. Braz J Med Biol Res 2007; 40:1689-92. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2006005000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Sitnik
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - S Silbert
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Brasil; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brasil
| | - J.R.R Pinho
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Brasil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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50
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Abstract
Subgenotypes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) were first recognized after a unique segment of genotype A was identified when sequencing the preS2/S region of southern African HBV isolates. Originally named subgroup A', subsequently called subgroup Aa (for Africa) or subgenotype A1, this subgenotype is found in South Africa, Malawi, Uganda, Tanzania, Somalia, Yemen, India, Nepal, the Philippines and Brazil. The relatively higher mean nucleotide divergence of subgenotype A1 suggests that it has been endemic and has a long evolutionary history in the populations where it prevails. Distinctive sequence characteristics could account for the high hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg) negativity and low HBV DNA levels in carriers of this subgenotype. Substitutions or mutations can reduce HBeAg expression at three levels: (i) 1762T1764A atthe transcriptional level; (ii) substitutions at nt 1809-1812 at the translational level; and (iii) 1862T at the post-translational level. Co-existence of 1762T1764A and nt 1809-1812 mutations reduces HBeAg expression in an additive manner. In addition, subgenotype A1 has unique sequence alterations in the transcriptional regulatory elements and the polymerase coding region. The distinct sequence characteristics of subgenotype A1 may contribute to the 4.5-fold increased risk of heptocellular carcinoma in HBV carriers infected with genotype A, which is entirely attributable to subgenotype A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kramvis
- MRC/University Molecular Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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