• 5-ASA
• ACE inhibitor
• Anti-inflammatory
• Drug repurposing
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• RAS
• TNBS-induced colitis model

• Composite microfluidic system
• Highly stable
• Monodisperse
• PH-controlled release
• Water-in-water Pickering emulsions

• Emulsions/chemistry
• Water/chemistry
• Particle Size
• Microfluidics/methods
• Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry
• Serum Albumin, Bovine/chemistry
• Iridoids/chemistry
• Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
• Ranitidine/chemistry
• Surface Properties
• Dimethylpolysiloxanes/chemistry

• 5-aminosalicylic acid
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• cytokines
• drug repurposing
• nutraceutical
• oxidative stress
• ulcerative colitis

Ranitidine HCl, a selective, competitive histamine H₂-receptor antagonist with a short biological half-life, low bioavailability and narrow absorption window, is an ideal candidate for gastro-retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS). Controlled release with an optimum retentive formulation in the upper stomach would be an ideal formulation for this drug. The aim of the present study was therefore to develop, formulate and optimize floating, bioadhesive, and swellable matrix tablets of ranitidine HCl. The matrix tablets were prepared using a combination of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) as release retarding polymers, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) as gas generating agent and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as direct compression diluent. Central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the formulation and a total of thirteen formulations were prepared. Concentration of HPMC/NaCMC (3:1) (X₁) and NaHCO₃ (X₂) were selected as independent variables; and floating lag time (Y₁), bioadhesive strength (Y₂), swelling index at 12 h (Y₃), cumulative drug release at 1 h (Y₄), time to 50% drug release (t_50%) (Y₅) and cumulative drug release at 12 h (Y₆) were taken as the response variables. The optimized batch showed floating lag time of 5.09 sec, bioadhesive strength of 29.69 g, swelling index of 315.04% at 12 h, t_50% of 3.86 h and drug release of 24.21% and 93.65% at 1h and 12 h, respectively, with anomalous release mechanism. The results indicate that sustained release matrix tablet of ranitidine HCl with combined floating, bioadhesive and swelling gastro-retentive properties can be considered as a strategy to overcome the low bioavailability and in vivo variation associated with the conventional ranitidine HCl tablet.

• Cellulose/chemistry
• Delayed-Action Preparations/chemistry
• Delayed-Action Preparations/pharmacokinetics
• Drug Liberation
• Ranitidine/chemistry
• Ranitidine/pharmacokinetics
• Sodium Bicarbonate/chemistry
• Tablets

• Addis Ababa University

• Bioadhesive systems
• Expandable systems
• Floating systems
• Gastroretentive systems
• Helicobacter pylori

• Administration, Oral
• Animals
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry
• Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
• Dosage Forms
• Drug Carriers
• Drug Therapy, Combination
• Helicobacter Infections/diagnosis
• Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy
• Helicobacter Infections/microbiology
• Helicobacter pylori/drug effects
• Humans
• Proton Pump Inhibitors/administration & dosage
• Proton Pump Inhibitors/chemistry
• Technology, Pharmaceutical/methods
• Treatment Outcome

• Dual working systems
• expandable systems
• floating drug delivery systems
• gastroretentive drug delivery systems
• magnetic systems
• mucoadhesive systems
• superporous systems

Microencapsulation is a technology that has shown significant promise in biotherapeutics, and other applications. It has been proven useful in the immobilization of drugs, live mammalian and bacterial cells and other cells, and other biopharmaceutics molecules, as it can provide material structuration, protection of the enclosed product, and controlled release of the encapsulated contents, all of which can ensure efficient and safe therapeutic effects. This paper is a comprehensive review of microencapsulation and its latest developments in the field. It provides a comprehensive overview of the technology and primary goals of microencapsulation and discusses various processes and techniques involved in microencapsulation including physical, chemical, physicochemical, and other methods involved. It also summarizes the state-of-the-art successes of microencapsulation, specifically with regard to the encapsulation of microorganisms, mammalian cells, drugs, and other biopharmaceutics in various diseases. The limitations and future directions of microencapsulation technologies are also discussed.