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For: Samsam M, Ahangari R, Naser SA. Pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: Revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20(29): 9942-9951 [PMID: 25110424 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9942]
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v20/i29/9942.htm
Number Citing Articles
1
Empowering Innovations in Advanced Autism Research and Management. 2025;  doi: 10.4018/979-8-3693-8176-2.ch001
2
Vibha Saxena Vibha Saxena, Gish Chacko Gish Chacko, Udit Saxena Udit Saxena. Systematic review of the effectiveness of homoeopathy in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder. Clinical Archives of Communication Disorders 2021; 6(1) doi: 10.21849/cacd.2021.00339
3
Saloni Rahi, Sidharth Mehan. Understanding Abnormal SMO-SHH Signaling in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Potential Drug Target and Therapeutic Goals. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 2022; 42(4) doi: 10.1007/s10571-020-01010-1
4
Xiumei Liu, Xueming Wang, Xiaoling Zhang, Ai hua Cao. Allergic diseases influence symptom severity and T lymphocyte subgroups of children with tic disorders. Journal of Investigative Medicine 2021; 69(8) doi: 10.1136/jim-2021-001788
5
Ray O. Bahado-Singh, Sangeetha Vishweswaraiah, Buket Aydas, Uppala Radhakrishna. Artificial intelligence and placental DNA methylation: newborn prediction and molecular mechanisms of autism in preterm children. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2022; 35(25) doi: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1963704
6
Mariella Cuomo, Lorena Coretti, Davide Costabile, Rosa Della Monica, Giulia De Riso, Michela Buonaiuto, Federica Trio, Carmela Bravaccio, Roberta Visconti, Roberto Berni Canani, Lorenzo Chiariotti, Francesca Lembo. Host fecal DNA specific methylation signatures mark gut dysbiosis and inflammation in children affected by autism spectrum disorder. Scientific Reports 2023; 13(1) doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-45132-0
7
Michele Di Salvo. Autism Research between Psychology and Neuroscience. 2024;  doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-68338-1_11
8
Maurizio Brighenti, F. Bianco, A. Cinì, F. Malaffo, S. Stevan, E. Pavan, C. Costa. Quale diagnosi precoce per quale intervento precoce?. PNEI REVIEW 2017; (1) doi: 10.3280/PNEI2017-001006
9
Pradipta Ghosh, Lee Swanson, Ibrahim M Sayed, Yash Mittal, Blaze B Lim, Stella-Rita Ibeawuchi, Marc Foretz, Benoit Viollet, Debashis Sahoo, Soumita Das. The stress polarity signaling (SPS) pathway serves as a marker and a target in the leaky gut barrier: implications in aging and cancer. Life Science Alliance 2020; 3(3) doi: 10.26508/lsa.201900481
10
Efrat Muller, Ido Shalev, Eitan Bachmat, Alal Eran. Data‐driven dissection of the fever effect in autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research 2023; 16(6) doi: 10.1002/aur.2935
11
Xiao-Lei Yang, Shuang Liang, Ming-Yang Zou, Cai-Hong Sun, Pan-Pan Han, Xi-Tao Jiang, Wei Xia, Li-Jie Wu. Are gastrointestinal and sleep problems associated with behavioral symptoms of autism spectrum disorder?. Psychiatry Research 2018; 259 doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.040
12
13
Gehan A Mostafa, Laila Y AL-Ayadhi. Reduced levels of plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids and serum carnitine in autistic children: relation to gastrointestinal manifestations. Behavioral and Brain Functions 2015; 11(1) doi: 10.1186/s12993-014-0048-2
14
Dhafer B. Alshehri, Haifa Hasan Sindi, Ibrahim Mohamod AlMusalami, Ibrahim Hosamuddin Rozi, Mohamed Shagrani, Naglaa M. Kamal, Najat Saeid Alahmadi, Samia Saud Alfuraikh, Yvan Vandenplas. Saudi Experts Consensus on Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Functional Constipation. Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition 2022; 25(3) doi: 10.5223/pghn.2022.25.3.163
15
Maria Bove, Maria Adelaide Palmieri, Martina Santoro, Lisa Pia Agosti, Silvana Gaetani, Adele Romano, Stefania Dimonte, Giuseppe Costantino, Vladyslav Sikora, Paolo Tucci, Stefania Schiavone, Maria Grazia Morgese, Luigia Trabace. Amygdalar neurotransmission alterations in the BTBR mice model of idiopathic autism. Translational Psychiatry 2024; 14(1) doi: 10.1038/s41398-024-02905-z
16
Chetana Ahire, Ginpreet Kaur. Targeting the P2X7 receptor signaling pathway: Unlocking therapeutic strategies for autism spectrum disorder. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health 2025; 47 doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101037
17
The Immune System. 2025;  doi: 10.1016/B978-0-443-23565-8.09996-8
18
G. Morris, B. K. Puri, R. E. Frye, M. Maes. The Putative Role of Environmental Mercury in the Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders and Subtypes. Molecular Neurobiology 2018; 55(6) doi: 10.1007/s12035-017-0692-2
19
20
Raymond Farah, Hayat Haraty, Ziad Salame, Youssef Fares, David M. Ojcius, Najwane Said Sadier. Salivary biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of neurological diseases. Biomedical Journal 2018; 41(2) doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2018.03.004
21
R. Bou Khalil, J.-C. Yazbek. Potential importance of supplementation with zinc for autism spectrum disorder. L'Encéphale 2021; 47(6) doi: 10.1016/j.encep.2020.12.005
22
Yao Cai, Wenlin Deng, Qiuping Yang, Guixian Pan, Zao Liang, Ximei Yang, Sitao Li, Xin Xiao. High-fat diet-induced obesity causes intestinal Th17/Treg imbalance that impairs the intestinal barrier and aggravates anxiety-like behavior in mice. International Immunopharmacology 2024; 130 doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111783
23
Chenxiao Ma, Yixian Wang, Zuopan Ding, Xingxing Liang, Meng Yuan, Xuan Liu, Qiong Li, Hongbo Lv, Na Qiao, Yinlong Zhao, Xin Liu. Comparative Efficacy and Acceptability of Non-pharmacological Therapies and Novel Pharmacotherapies for Autism: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Child Psychiatry & Human Development 2026;  doi: 10.1007/s10578-026-02040-4
24
Yuwei Jiang, Wenjun Dang, Lirong Sui, Tianci Gao, Xiangying Kong, Jin Guo, Shuang Liu, Hong Nie, Zhimei Jiang. Associations Between Vitamin D and Core Symptoms in ASD: An Umbrella Review. Nutrition and Dietary Supplements 2024;  doi: 10.2147/NDS.S470462
25
Qian Du, Qunying Zhou, Li Yu, Yunchao Ye, Xiaoling Wu. Essential element and toxic metal dyshomeostasis in childhood autism spectrum disorder: a comprehensive narrative review of correlations, tissue-specific distribution, and multifactorial regulation. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 2026; 20 doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2026.1944510
26
Reed M. O’Connor, Elizabeth F. Stone, Charlotte R. Wayne, Emily V. Marcinkevicius, Matt Ulgherait, Rebecca Delventhal, Meghan M. Pantalia, Vanessa M. Hill, Clarice G. Zhou, Sophie McAllister, Anna Chen, Jennifer S. Ziegenfuss, Wesley B. Grueber, Julie C. Canman, Mimi M. Shirasu-Hiza. A Drosophila model of Fragile X syndrome exhibits defects in phagocytosis by innate immune cells. Journal of Cell Biology 2017; 216(3) doi: 10.1083/jcb.201607093
27
Rahul Singh, Ryan C. Turner, Linda Nguyen, Kartik Motwani, Michelle Swatek, Brandon P. Lucke-Wold. Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury and Autism: Elucidating Shared Mechanisms. Behavioural Neurology 2016; 2016 doi: 10.1155/2016/8781725
28
Nada S Ashmawi, Manal A Hammoda. Early Prediction and Evaluation of Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Cureus 2022;  doi: 10.7759/cureus.23465
29
Hayat M. Mousa, Jacqueline M. Barsamian, Alain J. Benitez, Jennifer M. Webster, Kristin N. Fiorino. Pediatric Constipation: an Epidemiologic and Physiologic Approach to Guide a Stepwise Approach to its Management. Current Treatment Options in Pediatrics 2020; 6(3) doi: 10.1007/s40746-020-00199-z
30
Mariana Babayeva, Haregewein Assefa, Paramita Basu, Zvi Loewy. Autism and associated disorders: cannabis as a potential therapy. Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite 2022; 14(1) doi: 10.31083/j.fbe1401001
31
Tetrahydrobiopterin and Its Multiple Roles in Neuropsychological Disorders. Neurochemical Research 2022; 47(5) doi: 10.1007/s11064-022-03543-x
32
The Immune System and Mental Health. 2018;  doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-811351-6.00026-7
33
Mohammad Banazadeh, Ardavan Abiri, Mohammad Mahdi Poortaheri, Lida Asnaashari, Mohammad Amin Langarizadeh, Hamid Forootanfar. Unexplored power of CRISPR-Cas9 in neuroscience, a multi-OMICs review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2024; 263 doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130413
34
Divya Amaravadi, Bharathi Muchumari, Athika Firdous. Global prevalence and etio-pathogenesis of autism: a review. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2025; 13(10) doi: 10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20253218
35
Evangeline C. Kurtz-Nelson, See Wan Tham, Kaitlyn Ahlers, Daniel Cho, Arianne S. Wallace, Evan E. Eichler, Raphael A. Bernier, Rachel K. Earl. Brief Report: Associations Between Self-injurious Behaviors and Abdominal Pain Among Individuals with ASD-Associated Disruptive Mutations. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2021; 51(9) doi: 10.1007/s10803-020-04774-z
36
Minghui Xu, Xiaohan Zhang, Yuqian Liu, Yue Yang, Zijing Zhou, Jun Ma, Sanbing Shen. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-based therapies for autism spectrum disorder: emerging evidence and clinical prospects. Journal of Translational Medicine 2026; 24(1) doi: 10.1186/s12967-026-08030-3
37
Julio Plaza-Diaz, Katherine Flores-Rojas, María José de la Torre-Aguilar, Antonio Rafael Gomez-Fernández, Pilar Martín-Borreguero, Juan Luis Perez-Navero, Angel Gil, Mercedes Gil-Campos. Dietary Patterns, Eating Behavior, and Nutrient Intakes of Spanish Preschool Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Nutrients 2021; 13(10) doi: 10.3390/nu13103551
38
Anthony T. Olofinnade, Adejoke Y. Onaolapo, Olakunle J. Onaolapo. Neurobiological and Neuroanatomical Alterations in Autism Spectrum Disorders: How Can Our Knowledge Help Us Manage Them Better?. Adolescent Psychiatry 2025; 15(2) doi: 10.2174/0122106766307803240819111607
39
Pradipta Ghosh. The stress polarity pathway: AMPK 'GIV'-es protection against metabolic insults. Aging 2017; 9(2) doi: 10.18632/aging.101179
40
Koorosh Kooros. Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2018;  doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_25-3
41
David M. James, Robert A. Kozol, Yuji Kajiwara, Adam L. Wahl, Emily C. Storrs, Joseph D. Buxbaum, Mason Klein, Baharak Moshiree, Julia E. Dallman. Intestinal dysmotility in a zebrafish (Danio rerio) shank3a;shank3b mutant model of autism. Molecular Autism 2019; 10(1) doi: 10.1186/s13229-018-0250-4
42
Maud Martinat, Moïra Rossitto, Mathieu Di Miceli, Sophie Layé. Perinatal Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Brain Development, Role in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Nutrients 2021; 13(4) doi: 10.3390/nu13041185
43
Varsha Nandwana, Nitesh K. Nandwana, Yogarupa Das, Mariko Saito, Tanisha Panda, Sasmita Das, Frankis Almaguel, Narayan S. Hosmane, Bhaskar C. Das. The Role of Microbiome in Brain Development and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27(11) doi: 10.3390/molecules27113402
44
Katarina Babinska, Hana Celusakova, Ivan Belica, Zofia Szapuova, Iveta Waczulikova, Dagmar Nemcsicsova, Aleksandra Tomova, Daniela Ostatnikova. Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Feeding Problems and Their Associations with Dietary Interventions, Food Supplement Use, and Behavioral Characteristics in a Sample of Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020; 17(17) doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176372
45
Maryam Ramezani, Yones Lotfi, Abdollah Moossavi, Enayatollah Bakhshi. Auditory brainstem response to speech in children with high functional autism spectrum disorder. Neurological Sciences 2019; 40(1) doi: 10.1007/s10072-018-3594-9
46
Laura Turriziani, Arianna Mancini, Maria Midiri, Maria Ludovica Albertini, Ambra Butera. Association Between Respiratory Infections and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Overview. Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews 2025; 21(1) doi: 10.2174/011573398X281954240614075538
47
Ryma Kadi, Fady Gayed, Patrick Kauzman, Zohal Amam Ali, Iliya Dmitriev, Vanessa Mikhael, Rawane Ghabi, Jessica Hamamji, Sandra Jabbour, Monique Mrchak, Natalie Guirguis, Marie-Elaine Metras, Laurent Becciolini, Faye-Marie Vassel, Andreas Gutzeit, Jeanne Cresson, Johannes M. Froehlich, Tamsin Higgs, Marie-Michele Dufour, Simon Matoori. Autism spectrum disorder: Practice guidelines for pharmacists. Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada 2024; 157(2) doi: 10.1177/17151635241228495
48
Songhyun Lim, Sanghee Lee. Chemical Modulators for Targeting Autism Spectrum Disorders: From Bench to Clinic. Molecules 2022; 27(16) doi: 10.3390/molecules27165088
49
Shannon Kim, Rishi M. Nadar, Jack DeRuiter, Suhrud Pathak, Sindhu Ramesh, Timothy Moore, Dinesh Chandra Agrawal, Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran. Mushrooms with Therapeutic Potentials. 2023;  doi: 10.1007/978-981-19-9550-7_13
50
Lei Chen, Xiao-Jie Shi, Hua Liu, Xiao Mao, Lue-Ning Gui, Hua Wang, Yong Cheng. Oxidative stress marker aberrations in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 87 studies (N = 9109). Translational Psychiatry 2021; 11(1) doi: 10.1038/s41398-020-01135-3
51
Ebru Bardaş Özkan, Mehtap Odabaşı. Dopamine dynamics in autism: Unraveling the neurochemical puzzle. Demiroglu Science University Florence Nightingale Journal of Medicine 2023; 9(2) doi: 10.5606/fng.btd.2023.130
52
Abhishek Chander, Jeetesh Sharma, Shushank Mahajan, Sanchit Dhankhar, Samrat Chauhan, Monika Saini, Sanjana Mehta. Serotonergic Dynamics in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Unraveling the Intricate Connection. CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 2025; 24(7) doi: 10.2174/0118715273378214250213114328
53
Geir Bjørklund, Lyudmila Pivina, Maryam Dadar, Nagwa A. Meguid, Yuliya Semenova, Mona Anwar, Salvatore Chirumbolo. Gastrointestinal alterations in autism spectrum disorder: What do we know?. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2020; 118 doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.033
54
Latifa S. Abdelli, Aseela Samsam, Saleh A. Naser. Propionic Acid Induces Gliosis and Neuro-inflammation through Modulation of PTEN/AKT Pathway in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Scientific Reports 2019; 9(1) doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45348-z
55
Sania Grover, Raj Kumar Narang, Shamsher Singh. GABA-transaminase: A Key Player and Potential Therapeutic Target for Neurological Disorders. Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 2024; 24(1) doi: 10.2174/0118715249267700231116053516
56
Yuvaraj Balan, Archana Gaur, Varatharajan Sakthivadivel, Bhushan Kamble, Raja Sundaramurthy. Is the Gut Microbiota a Neglected Aspect of Gut and Brain Disorders?. Cureus 2021;  doi: 10.7759/cureus.19740
57
Kelly L. Wormwood, Roshanak Aslebagh, Devika Channaveerappa, Emmalyn J Dupree, Megan M. Borland, Jeanne P. Ryan, Costel C. Darie, Alisa G. Woods. Salivary proteomics and biomarkers in neurology and psychiatry. PROTEOMICS – Clinical Applications 2015; 9(9-10) doi: 10.1002/prca.201400153
58
Guillermo Vela, Peter Stark, Michael Socha, Ann Katrin Sauer, Simone Hagmeyer, Andreas M. Grabrucker. Zinc in Gut-Brain Interaction in Autism and Neurological Disorders. Neural Plasticity 2015; 2015 doi: 10.1155/2015/972791
59
Koorosh Kooros. Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2021;  doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_25
60
Sylvia Y. Ofei, George J. Fuchs. Handbook of Interdisciplinary Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism and Child Psychopathology Series 2019;  doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-13027-5_16
61
Ahmed H. Hassan, Alshaymaa M. Salem, Abeer A. Shehab, Reham M. El Hossiny. Diagnostic and severity correlation of serum zinc, copper, and anti-myelin basic protein antibodies in children with autism spectrum disorder: a cross-sectional controlled study. Egyptian Pediatric Association Gazette 2025; 73(1) doi: 10.1186/s43054-025-00406-2
62
Xin Gao, Syazwani Drani. Social Support Experiences in Parents of Children With ASD: A Qualitative Systematic Review. Sage Open 2025; 15(2) doi: 10.1177/21582440251336174
63
Jae-Geun Lee, Hyun-Ju Cho, Yun-Mi Jeong, Jeong-Soo Lee. Genetic Approaches Using Zebrafish to Study the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Neurological Disorders. Cells 2021; 10(3) doi: 10.3390/cells10030566
64
Ramu Singh, Anglina Kisku, Haripriya Kungumaraj, Vini Nagaraj, Ajay Pal, Suneel Kumar, Kunjbihari Sulakhiya. Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Recent Update on Targeting Inflammatory Pathways with Natural Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Biomedicines 2023; 11(1) doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11010115
65
Sha Li, Nan Zhang, Wang Li, Han-Lai Zhang, Xiao-Xi Wang. Gastrointestinal problems in a valproic acid-induced rat model of autism: From maternal intestinal health to offspring intestinal function. World Journal of Psychiatry 2024; 14(7): 1095-1105 doi: 10.5498/wjp.v14.i7.1095
66
Donald E. Greydanus, Myrtha M. Gregoire-Bottex, Joav Merrick. Gastrointestinal dysfunction and autism: caution with misdiagnoses as many mysteries remain to be unraveled!. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 2017; 29(6) doi: 10.1515/ijamh-2016-0127
67
Piotr P. Lagod, Latifa S. Abdelli, Saleh A. Naser. A Maternal and Postnatal Ad Libitum Propionic Acid-Rich Diet in Mice Alters Intestinal Glia Proliferation and Inflammatory Response: Contrary to Effect in the Brain. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2025; 26(19) doi: 10.3390/ijms26199295
68
Tal Shomrat, Nir Nesher. Updated View on the Relation of the Pineal Gland to Autism Spectrum Disorders. Frontiers in Endocrinology 2019; 10 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00037
69
Hussain Al Dera. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying autism spectrum disorders and associated comorbidities: A pathophysiological review. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 2022; 148 doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112688
70
Amin Ravaei, Michele Rubini. Folate in maternal rheumatoid arthritis-filial autism spectrum disorder continuum. Reproductive Toxicology 2023; 115 doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.11.004
71
Aman Babanrao Upaganlawar, Nitu Wankhede, Mayur Kale, Sandip Rahangdale, Manish Aglawe, Brijesh Taksande, Milind Umekar. Empowering Innovations in Advanced Autism Research and Management. 2025;  doi: 10.4018/979-8-3693-8176-2.ch004
72
Julien Lupo, Christine Morel-Baccard, Anne-Pascale Michard-Lenoir, Raphaële Germi, Pierre Pothier, Katia Ambert-Balay, Patrice Morand. Fatal case of acute gastroenteritis with multiple viral coinfections. Journal of Clinical Virology 2016; 74 doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.11.026
73
Khadga Raj, Navneet Arora, Bentham Science Publisher Rohit, Anupam Awasthi, Mayank Patel, Ankit Chaudhary, Shamsher Singh, G.D. Gupta. Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders: Volume 12. Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - CNS and Neurological Disorders 2024; 12 doi: 10.2174/9789815179842124120005
74
Andrea Summer, Federica Di Frangia, Paolo Ajmone Marsan, Ivano De Noni, Massimo Malacarne. Occurrence, biological properties and potential effects on human health of β-casomorphin 7: Current knowledge and concerns. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2020; 60(21) doi: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1707157
75
Hymie Anisman, Shawn Hayley, Alexander Kusnecov. The Immune System. 2025;  doi: 10.1016/B978-0-443-23565-8.00013-2
76
Masud Rabbani, Munirul M. Haque, Dipranjan Das Dipal, Md Ishrak Islam Zarif, Anik Iqbal, Amy Schwichtenberg, Naveen Bansal, Tanjir Rashid Soron, Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, Sheikh Iqbal Ahamed. A data-driven validation of mobile-based care (mCARE) project for children with ASD in LMICs. Smart Health 2022; 26 doi: 10.1016/j.smhl.2022.100345
77
Targeting the microbiota-gut-brain axis in neurodegeneration: Zebrafish-based investigations. Neurodegenerative Disease Management 2026;  doi: 10.1080/17582024.2026.2705869
78
Jeet Varia, Martha Herbert, Brian Hooker. The Neuroimmunology of Autism. Molecular Neurobiology 2026; 63(1) doi: 10.1007/s12035-025-05589-8
79
Zijun Yang, Yi Zhang, Shanshan Ran, Jingyi Zhang, Yonggui Gao, Yali Zhang, Xinyue Li, Baozhuo Ai, Shengtao Wei, Fei Tian, Guang Jia, Hualiang Lin, Zhangjian Chen, Zilong Zhang. Exposure to ambient air pollution over developmental stages induced neurodevelopmental impairment in mice offspring via microbiome-gut-brain axis. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2025; 22(1) doi: 10.1186/s12989-025-00637-6