Revolutionizing hepatobiliary surgery: Impact of three-dimensional imaging and virtual surgical planning on precision, complications, and patient outcomes

Table 1 Summary of all included studies

S.No	Ref.	Study title	Conclusion/Key
1	Giehl-Brown et al[1]	3D liver model-based surgical education improves preoperative decision-making and patient satisfaction	3D liver model-based education improves preoperative decision-making and patient satisfaction
2	Yao et al[2]	Precise planning based on 3D-printed dry-laboratory models	3D-printed models help reduce perioperative complications in laparoscopic surgery
3	Tomiyama et al[5]	Patient-specific rehearsals for complex liver surgeries with 3D-printed model	Highlights the use of patient-specific 3D models for complex liver surgeries
4	Pereira da Silva et al[6]	Advanced hepatic vasculobiliary imaging segmentation and 3D reconstruction	Describes the role of 3D imaging in managing high biliary stenosis
5	Park et al[10]	Improved graft survival by using 3D printing of intra-abdominal cavity to prevent large-for-size syndrome in liver transplantation	3D printing helps prevent large-for-size syndrome in liver transplantation
6	Lopez-Lopez et al[11]	Applicability of 3D-printed models in hepatobiliary surgery: Results from 'LIV3DPRINT' multicenter study	3D-printed models are useful in hepatobiliary surgery
7	Joo et al[12]	Personalized 3D-printed transparent liver model using the hepatobiliary phase MRI	Highlights the usefulness of MRI-guided 3D-printed liver models for lesion-pathology matching
8	Xiang et al[13]	Application of liver 3D printing in hepatectomy for complex massive hepatocarcinoma with rare variations of portal vein: Preliminary experience	Shows the application of 3D printing in hepatectomy for complex hepatocarcinoma
9	Zeng et al[14]	The construction of 3D visualization platform and its application in diagnosis and treatment for hilar cholangiocarcinoma	Describes the role of 3D visualization in diagnosing and treating hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
10	Xiang et al[16]	Production and characterization of an integrated multilayer 3D-printed PLGA/GelMA scaffold aimed for bile duct restoration and detection	Focuses on the development of a multilayer 3D scaffold for bile duct restoration
11	Xu et al[17]	Multifunctional high-simulation 3D-printed hydrogel model manufacturing engineering for surgical training	Explores the use of high-simulation 3D-printed hydrogel models in surgical training
12	Al-Thani et al[18]	Development of a flexible liver phantom for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment planning: A useful tool for training & education	Introduces a flexible liver phantom as a tool for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment planning
13	Jin et al[19]	Multicellular 3D-bioprinted human gallbladder carcinoma for in vitro mimicking of tumor microenvironment and intratumoral heterogeneity	Describes the creation of a bioprinted gallbladder carcinoma for in vitro tumor environment modeling
14	Yang et al[20]	A novel 3D-printed educational model for the training of laparoscopic bile duct exploration: A pilot study for beginning trainees	Introduces a novel 3D-printed model for laparoscopic bile duct exploration training
15	Cheng et al[21]	Comparison of 3D printing model to 3D virtual reconstruction and 2D imaging for the clinical education of interns in hepatocellular carcinoma	Compares 3D printing models with virtual reconstruction for teaching hepatocellular carcinoma to interns
16	Shen et al[22]	A study of simulation training in laparoscopic bilioenteric anastomosis on a 3D-printed dry lab model	Explores simulation training for laparoscopic bilioenteric anastomosis using 3D models
17	Wei et al[23]	Reusable modular 3D-printed dry lab training models to simulate minimally invasive choledochojejunostomy	3D-printed models for training minimally invasive choledochojejunostomy
18	Gussago et al[24]	3D printing and liver surgery: Scenic gadget or useful tool?	Examines the effectiveness of 3D printing in liver surgery
19	Fang et al[25]	Consensus recommendations of 3D visualization for diagnosis and management of liver diseases	Provides consensus on the use of 3D visualization for liver disease management
20	Oshiro et al[26]	A novel 3D print of liver vessels and tumors in hepatectomy	Describes the use of 3D printing for liver vessels and tumors in hepatectomy
21	Cheng et al[27]	Value of 3D printing technology combined with indocyanine green fluorescent navigation in complex laparoscopic hepatectomy	Shows the value of combining 3D printing with indocyanine green fluorescence in laparoscopic hepatectomy
22	Qin et al[28]	Efficacy of 3D-printed assisted percutaneous transhepatic one-step biliary fistulation combined with rigid choledochoscopy for intrahepatic bile duct stones	Examines 3D-printed models in assisting biliary fistulation for intrahepatic bile duct stones
23	Gavriilidis et al[29]	Navigated liver surgery: State of the art and future perspectives	Explores the state-of-the-art and future perspectives of navigated liver surgery
24	Zhang et al[30]	Fabrication of agarose concave petridish for 3D-culture microarray method for spheroids formation of hepatic cells	Discusses a 3D-culture method for hepatic cell spheroid formation
25	Liu et al[31]	3D modeling in complex liver surgery and liver transplantation	Describes the application of 3D modeling in complex liver surgery and transplantation
26	Fukumitsu et al[32]	Impact of patient-specific 3D-printed liver models on hepatic surgery safety: A pilot study	Pilot study on the impact of patient-specific 3D liver models on surgery safety
27	Yang et al[33]	Application of VR and 3D printing in liver reconstruction	Discusses the application of VR and 3D printing in liver reconstruction
28	Xia et al[34]	Development and evaluation of a portable and soft 3D-printed cast for laparoscopic choledochojejunostomy model in surgical training	Evaluates a portable 3D-printed model for laparoscopic choledochojejunostomy training
29	Li et al[35]	The use of 3D printing model in the training of choledochoscopy techniques	Explores the use of 3D models in choledochoscopy technique training
30	Yang et al[36]	Impact of 3D printing technology on the comprehension of surgical liver anatomy	Studies the impact of 3D printing on understanding liver anatomy in surgery

3D: Three dimensional; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; PLGA/GelMA: Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid/gelatin methacrylate; VR: Virtual reconstruction.