Gastrointestinal tumors and infectious agents: A wide field to explore

Table 1 Pathogens related to gastrointestinal malignancies

Ref.	Primary tumor	Pathogen	Molecular mechanisms
von Knebel Doeberitz et al[30], Syrjänen et al[31], Liyanage et al[36]	Esophageal	HPV	Oncoproteins E6 and E7
Wu et al[41], Zhang et al[42], Wang et al[43]		EBV	Oncoproteins EBER and LMP-1
Yang et al[44], Tan et al[45], Han et al[46]		Herpes Simplex and CMV	Unknown
Xu et al[56], Mueller et al[57]	Gastric	Helicobacter pylori	Cag A H. pylori protein
Rassow et al[58], Jain et al[59]			VacA
Lamb and Chen[61], Brandt et al[62]			Interleukins, NFbeta, p53
Haghjoo and Galán[73]	Gallblader	Salmonella typhi	Cytolethal Distending Toxin
Belzer et al[75], Maurer et al[76]		Helicobacter spp.	Urease production
Lax and Thomas[10]		Escherichia coli	Cytotoxic necrotizing factor I
Sripa and Pairojkul[78], Kurathong et al[79]		Opisthorchis vierrini and Clonorchis sinensis	Poorly known
Lau et al[88], Minami et al[89]	Liver	Hepatitis B virus	HBx protein
Raimondi et al[92], Akuta et al[93]		Hepatitis C virus	HCV core protein
Tahara et al[97], Abed et al[98]	Colon	Fusobacterium nucleatum	Fap2 protein
Choi et al[110], Roxas et al[111]		Escherichia coli	CEACAM6, MIC-1
Arumugam et al[112], Sears et al[113]		Bacteroides fragilis	BFT
Del Bel Belluz et al[116], Kang et al[117]		Salmonella enterica	Typhoid toxin, AvrA effector protein
Palefsky[125], Dyson et al[127]	Anal cancer	HPV	E6, E7, p53

HPV: Human Papilloma virus; EBV: Epstein Barr virus; CMV: Citomegalovirus; VacA: Vacuolating cytotoxin; BFT: Bacteroides Fragilis toxin.