Prevalence of anxiety among gestational diabetes mellitus patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies

Ref.	Year	Country	Study setting	Diagnostic guidelines for GDM	Diagnostic or screening methods for anxiety	Mean age of GDM patients	Ethnicity among GDM	Number of GDM patients with anxiety	Total number of GDM patients	Prevalence of anxiety	Quality (score)
Beka et al[13]	2018	Canada	Population	ADA	ICD-9 (Prior to 2002) and ICD-10 (2002 onward)	32.1 ± 5.3	Aboriginal (6.9%); Caucasian (70.8%), Chinese (6.9%), South Asian (15.5%)	584	12140	4.8	Good (18)
Egan et al[12]	2017	Ireland	Hospital	N/A	21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scale	33.6 ± 4.8	Caucasian (89.7); Non-Caucasian (9%)	45	78	57.7	Good (14)
Lee et al[28]	2019	Malaysia	Hospital	WHO	21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scale	32.3 ± 4.9	Malay (82.3%); Non-Malay (17.7%)	147	526	27.9	Good (15)

Clinically significant anxiety symptoms/disorders in 2^nd trimester. ADA: American Diabetes Association; WHO: World Health Organization; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; ICD: International Classification of Diseases.