Exploratory systematic review and meta-analysis on period poverty

Table 1 Quality assessment of studies using a modified Newcastle-Ottowa scale

	Ref.	Selection				Comparability (**)	Outcome		Total (10*)
		Representativeness of the sample (*)	Sample size (*)	Non-respondents (*)	Ascertainment of exposure (**)		Assessment of outcome (**)	Statistical test (*)
1	Garg et al[9], 2001	*	-	-	*	**	*	*	6*
2	Hennegan et al[44], 2016	*	-	-	*	**	*	*	6*
3	Sychareun et al[45], 2020	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
4	Ha et al[46], 2020	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
5	Fialkov et al[47], 2021	*	-	-	**	*	*	*	6*
6	Torondel et al[48], 2022	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
7	Al-Jefout et al[49], 2015	-	-	-	*	**	*	*	5*
8	Birhane et al[50], 2019	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
9	Alemayehu et al[51], 2020	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
10	Kitesa et al[52], 2016	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
11	Serbesa et al[53], 2018	*	*	*	*	**	*	*	8*
12	Shah et al[54], 2019	*	*	*	*	**	*	*	8*
13	Austrian et al[55], 2021	*	*	*	*	**	**	*	9*
14	Ocaktan et al[56], 2010	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
15	Dhingra et al[57], 2009	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	7*
16	Boosey et al[58], 2014	*	-	-	*	*	**	*	6*
17	Amatya et al[59], 2018	*	*	-	*	*	**	*	7*
18	Caruso et al[60], 2020	*	*	*	*	**	*	*	8*
19	Sveinsdóttir et al[61], 2018	*	-	-	**	**	*	*	7*
20	Sveinsdóttir et al[62], 2017	*	*	-	**	**	*	*	8*
21	Mukherjee et al[63], 2020	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
22	Hennegan et al[64], 2018	*	-	-	*	**	*	*	6*
23	Gharacheh et al[65], 2021	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
24	Lee et al[66], 2017	*	-	-	*	**	*	*	6*
25	Hennegan et al[67], 2021	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
26	Mao et al[68], 2021	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
27	Roy et al[69], 2021	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
28	Komada et al[70], 2019	-	-	-	**	**	*	*	6*
29	Crankshaw et al[71], 2020	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
30	Afiaz et al[72], 2021	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8*
31	Smith et al[73], 2020	*	-	-	*	**	*	*	6*
32	Toffol et al[74], 2014	*	*	*	**	**	**	*	10*
33	McMaster et al[75], 1997	*	-	-	*	*	*	*	5*
34	Janoowalla et al[26], 2020	*	-	-	*	**	**	*	7*
35	Ademas et al[76], 2020	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
36	Bromberger et al[77], 2012	*	*	*	*	**	**	*	9*
37	Strine et al[78], 2005	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
38	Mansoor et al[79], 2020	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
39	Cardoso et al[80], 2019	*	-	-	*	**	*	*	6*
40	Choi et al[81], 2021	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
41	Shimamoto et al[82], 2021	-	-	-	*	**	*	*	5*
42	Nohara et al[83], 2011	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
43	Ahamed et al[84], 2015	*	*	-	-	**	*	*	6*
44	Mokhtari et al[85], 2020	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
45	Warner et al[86], 2001	*	-	*	*	**	**	*	8*
46	Nishikitani et al[87], 2017	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
47	Tanaka et al[88], 2013	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
48	Zhou et al[89], 2010	*	-	-	*	**	**	*	7*
49	Chang et al[90], 2009	*	-	-	*	**	*	*	6*
50	Yirsaw et al[91], 2021	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
51	Gokyildiz et al[92], 2013	*	-	-	*	**	*	*	6*
52	Jiang et al[93], 2019	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
53	Parent et al[94], 2022	*	-	-	*	**	*	*	6*
54	Schoep et al[95], 2019	*	-	-	*	**	*	*	6*
55	Fernández-Martínez et al[96], 2020	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8*
56	Abedian et al[97], 2011	-	*	-	**	**	*	*	7*
57	Beksinska et al[98], 2015	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
58	Blake et al[99], 2018	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
59	Djalalinia et al[100], 2012	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
60	El-Mowafy et al[101], 2014	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
61	Fakhri et al[102], 2012	*	-	-	*	**	*	*	6*
62	Montgomery et al[103], 2012	*	-	-	*	**	*	*	6*
63	Montgomery et al[44], 2016	*	*	*	*	**	*	*	8*
64	Hennegan et al[104], 2016	*	-	-	*	**	*	*	6*
65	Deshpande et al[105], 2018	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
66	Cardoso et al[25], 2021	*	-	-	*	**	*	*	6*
67	Nyothach et al[106], 2015	*	-	-	*	**	**	*	7*
68	Kuhlmann et al[107], 2020	-	-	-	*	**	*	*	5*
69	Miiro et al[48], 2018	*	-	-	*	**	**	*	7*
70	Hensen et al[108], 2022	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8*
71	Kuhlmann et al[109], 2019	*	-	-	*	**	**	*	7*
72	Shibeshi et al[110], 2021	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8*
73	Kumbeni et al[111], 2020	*	*	-	*	**	**	*	8*
74	Adinma et al[112], 2014	*	*	-	*	*	*	*	6*
75	Eswi et al[113], 2012	*	-	-	*	**	*	*	6*
76	El-Hameed et al[114], 2011	*	-	-	*	**	*	*	6*
77	Abed et al[115], 2015	-	-	-	*	**	*	*	5*
78	Mohamed[116], 2012	*	-	-	*	**	*	*	6*
79	El-Mawgod et al[117], 2016	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*
80	Zegeye et al[118], 2009	*	*	-	*	**	*	*	7*

Table 2 Characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review

Study ID	Ref.	Year	Study type	Sample size	Country	Mean age	Meta-analysis inclusion Y/N
1	Garg et al[9]	2001	Epidemiological and sociological study	380	India		Y
2	Hennegan et al[44]	2016	Cross-sectional study	201	Uganda	14.2	Y
3	Sychareun et al[45]	2020	Cross-sectional study	343	LAO	15.6	Y
4	Ha et al[46]	2020	Cross-sectional study design with systematic random sampling	589	Bangladesh	15.5	Y
5	Fialkov et al[47]	2021	Pre- and post-test design that compared six cohort groups	311	Kenya		N
6	Torondel et al[48]	2022	Nested within a pair-matched cohort study	1045	India	27	Y
7	Al-Jefout et al[49]	2015	Cross-sectional study	272	Jordanian	22	Y
8	Birhane et al[50]	2019	Cross-sectional study	466	Ethiopia	15.5	Y
9	Alemayehu et al[51]	2020	Cross-sectional study	301	Ethiopia	15.87	Y
10	Kitesa et al[52]	2016	Cross-sectional study	430	Ethiopia	16	Y
11	Serbesa et al[53]	2018	Cross-sectional study	310	Ethiopia	15.72	Y
12	Shah et al[54]	2019	Cross-sectional study	331	Gambia	15.3	Y
13	Austrian et al[55]	2021	Cluster RCT	3489	Kenya	14.8	N
14	Ocaktan et al[56]	2010	Cross-sectional study	400	Turkey	32.19	Y
15	Dhingra et al[57]	2009	Cross-sectional study	200	India	13.97	Y
16	Boosey et al[58]	2014	Cross-sectional study	140	Uganda	14.45	N
17	Amatya et al[59]	2018	Cross-sectional mixed-methods study	104	Nepal	15	N
18	Caruso et al[60]	2020	Cross-sectional study	878	India	26.8	Y
19	Sveinsdóttir et al[61]	2018	Cross-sectional study	319	Iceland	30	Y
20	Sveinsdóttir et al[62]	2017	Cross-sectional study	319	Iceland	30	N
21	Mukherjee et al[63]	2020	Cross-sectional study	1342	Nepal		N
22	Hennegan et al[64]	2018	Cross-sectional study	2934	Nigeria	26.66	Y
23	Gharacheh et al[65]	2021	Cross-sectional study	515	Iran	29.61	N
24	Lee et al[66]	2017	Prospective observational cohort study	1495	USA	46.8	N
25	Hennegan et al[67]	2021	Secondary data analysis	11806	Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria		N
26	Mao et al[68]	2021	Cross-sectional study	156055	China	26.32	N
27	Roy et al[69]	2021	Secondary data analysis	94034	India		Y
28	Komada et al[70]	2019	Cross-sectional study	150	Japan	18.8	N
29	Crankshaw et al[71]	2020	Mixed-method study	472	South Africa	17.5	Y
30	Afiaz et al[72]	2021	Cross-sectional study	54242	Bangladesh	29	Y
31	Smith et al[73]	2020	Secondary data analysis	38257	Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia etc.		Y
32	Toffol et al[74]	2014	Cross-sectional study	4391	Finland	56.2	N
33	McMaster et al[75]	1997	exploratory phase of the study	50	Zimbabwe		N
34	Janoowalla et al[26]	2020	Prospective cohort study	240	Rwanda	19.1	Y
35	Ademas et al[76]	2020	Cross-sectional study	602	Ethiopia		Y
36	Bromberger et al[77]	2012	Multisite study	934	USA		N
37	Strine et al[78]	2005	Cross-sectional study	11648	USA		N
38	Mansoor et al[79]	2020	Cross-sectional study	1777	Pakistan	20.38	Y
39	Cardoso et al[80]	2019	Baseline data from a larger RCT	1800	Nepal	34.5	N
40	Choi et al[81]	2021	Cross-sectional study	8658	Korea	35.1	Y
41	Shimamoto et al[82]	2021	Self-reporting questionnaire survey	6048	Japan		N
42	Nohara et al[83]	2011	Cross-sectional study	2166	Japan		N
43	Ahamed et al[84]	2015	Cross-sectional study	344	India	28	Y
44	Mokhtari et al[85]	2020	Cross-sectional study	164	Iran	27.78	N
45	Warner et al[86]	2001	Cross-sectional study	952	Scotland		N
46	Nishikitani et al[87]	2017	Cross-sectional study	505	Japan		N
47	Tanaka et al[88]	2013	Online survey	19254	Japan	33.6	N
48	Zhou et al[89]	2010	Cross-sectional study	1642	China	37	N
49	Chang et al[90]	2009	Cross-sectional survey	1095	Taiwan		N
50	Yirsaw et al[91]	2021	Cross-sectional study	713	Ethiopia	21.13	N
51	Gokyildiz et al[92]	2013	Case-control study	295	Turkey		N
52	Jiang et al[93]	2019	Cross-sectional study	12881	China		N
53	Parent et al[94]	2022	Cross-sectional study	1153	France	31.7	Y
54	Schoep et al[95]	2019	Cross-sectional study	42879	Netherlands	28.7	N
55	Fernández-Martínez et al[96]	2020	Cross-sectional study	7208	Spain	19.51	N
56	Abedian et al[97]	2011	RCT	165	Iran		N
57	Beksinska et al[98]	2015	Randomized two-period Cross-over trial	124	South Africa	29	N
58	Blake et al[99]	2018	Mixed-methods evaluation	636	Ethiopia	13.45	Y
59	Djalalinia et al[100]	2012	Community-based participatory research	1823	Iran		N
60	El-Mowafy et al[101]	2014	Quasi-experimental study	234	Egypt		N
61	Fakhri et al[102]	2012	Quasi-experimental study	698	Iran	15.7	N
62	Montgomery et al[103]	2012	Non-randomized trial	120	Ghana	15.7	N
63	Montgomery et al[44]	2016	Cluster quasi-randomised controlled trial	1124	Uganda		N
64	Hennegan et al[104]	2016	Secondary data analysis	205	Uganda	14.2	Y
65	Deshpande et al[105]	2018	Cross-sectional study	100	India		Y
66	Cardoso et al[25]	2021	Online survey	471	United States	20.6	N
67	Nyothach et al[106]	2015	Retrospective study		Kenya		N
68	Kuhlmann et al[107]	2020	Cross-sectional study	58	USA	15.21	N
69	Miiro et al[48]	2018	Cross-sectional study	352	Uganda	15.6	Y
70	Hensen et al[108]	2022	Mixed-methods analysis	7546	Zambia		N
71	Kuhlmann et al[109]	2019	Cross-sectional study	183	USA	35.8	Y
72	Shibeshi et al[110]	2021	Cross-sectional study	1078	Ethiopia	17.35	Y
73	Kumbeni et al[111]	2020	Cross-sectional study	705	Ghana		Y
74	Adinma et al[112]	2014	Cross-sectional study	550	Nigeria		Y
75	Eswi et al[113]	2012	Cross-sectional study	200	Egypt	15.45	N
76	El-Hameed et al[114]	2011	Cross-sectional study	160	Egypt	17.2	N
77	Abed et al[115]	2015	Cross-sectional study	100	Egypt	14.25	Y
78	Mohamed[116]	2012	Cross-sectional study	885	Egypt	16	Y
79	El-Mawgod et al[117]	2016	Cross-sectional study	344	Saudi Arabia	16.2	Y
80	Zegeye et al[118]	2009	Cross-sectional study	612	Ethiopia	16.9	Y

RCT: Randomized control trial.