No increase in burnout in health care workers during the initial COVID-19 outbreak: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 Exclusion criteria for the qualitative review

Studies that did not unambiguously study burnout and/or stress at work

Studies that did not focus on HCWs or a subpopulation thereof

Literature reviews, meta-analyses and systematic reviews

Full English text not available

Preprints, unreviewed articles

Short communications, editorials, etc. (not sufficient data)

HCWs: Health care workers.

Table 2 Main features of the studies selected (N = 41)

	N	%		N	%
Publication month (2020)			Region
March	1	2	Asia & Pacific	12	29
April	3	7	Europe	18	44
May	3	7	Global	2	5
June	5	12	Middle east	3	7
July	3	7	North America	4	10
August	15	37	South/Latin America	2	5
September	6	15
October	5	12	Population
			Physicians	36	88
Type of work			Nurses	27	66
Cross-sectional survey	39	95	Other HCWs	17	41
Longitudinal study	1	2
Longitudinal cohort study	1	2	Measuring scale
			Validated burnout scale	18	44
			Validated stress scale	18	44

Table 3 Sociodemographic data of the respondents of studies reviewed

	N							%
Region	Asia & Pacific	Europe	Middle east	North America	South/Latin America	Multi-country	Total
Studies	12	18	3	4	2	2	41
Respondents	12587	9754	1774	1546	512	1734	27907
%	45.1	35.0	6.4	5.5	1.8	6.2
Gendera
Female	9775	6590	1176	544	179	342	18606	70.4
Male	2695	3'073	598	339	333	659	7697	29.1
Non-binary/other	37	91	0	1	0	0	129	0.5
Age categoryb
18-30	5344	1767	430	407	94	397	8439	30.7
31-45	5134	3543	1157	676	249	639	11398	41.5
> 45	2078	4019	187	460	169	699	7612	27.7
Occupational role
Physician	3308	3780	799	1134	512	1734	11267	40.4
Nurse	7996	4499	552	248	0	0	13295	47.6
Other	1283	1475	423	164	0	0	3345	12.0
Warda
Front line	5336	2931	860	947	0	1001	11075	44.4
Usual ward	7251	4212	914	252	512	733	13874	55.6
Married/concubinea
Yes	5704	2624	987	92	-	831	10238	66.2
No	3691	1204	149	19	-	170	5233	33.8
Childrena
Yes	515	1086	277	185	-	0	2063	48.6
No	905	778	149	352	-	0	2184	51.4
Psychological comorbiditiesa
Yes	-	45	122	-	18	0	185	9.2
No	-	675	1013	-	145	0	1833	90.8

^aNot all studies delivered this information.

^bSome respondents were forced in these categories based on normal distributions.