Rare post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography complications: Can we avoid them?

Table 1 American Association for the Surgery of Trauma: Splenic injury grading scale[13]

GRADE I	Laceration < 1 cm; Subcapsular hematoma < 10% of the surface area
GRADE II	Laceration 1-3 cm; Subcapsular hematoma 10%-50% of the surface area
GRADE III	Laceration > 3 cm; Subcapsular hematoma > 50% of the surface area; Ruptured subcapsular or parenchymal hematoma
GRADE IV	Segmental or hilar vascular injury; Devascularization > 25% of the spleen
GRADE V	Hilar injury; Shattered spleen

Table 2 Types of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-related perforations according to Stapfer et al[31]

TYPE I	Perforation of the lateral/medial duodenal wall, caused by the endoscope. It usually results in a large leak and requires immediate surgical treatment
TYPE II	Sphincterotomy related periampullary perforations of various severity.
TYPE III	Bile duct or duodenal perforation caused by migrating stents or biliary baskets presenting with a smaller-size leakage
TYPE IV	Guide-wire related perforation with retroperitoneal air present in the X-ray. It usually does not require surgical intervention