Establishing the presence or absence of chronic kidney disease: Uses and limitations of formulas estimating the glomerular filtration rate

Table 1 Clinical conditions affecting the accuracy of estimating glomerular filtration rate formulas

Diabetes mellitus

Human immunodeficiency viral infection

Chronic liver disease

Cardiovascular disease

Kidney transplants (recipients and donors)

Sarcopenia

Critical illness

Hereditary disease (e.g., Fabry’s)

Obesity

Table 2 Drugs raising serum creatinine concentration

Drug	Ref.
Drugs enhancing creatinine production
Fenofibrate	[161]
Vitamin D receptor activators	[162]
Drugs inhibiting tubular creatinine secretion
Cimetidine	[163]
Cobicistat	[164]
Dronedarone	[165]
Pyrimethamine	[166]
Salicylates	[167]
Trimethoprim	[168]

Table 3 New biomarkers for chronic kidney disease

Biomarker	Ref.
Biomarkers for GFR
Symmetrical dimethylarginine	[212,213]
Beta-trace protein	[214,216,217]
β2-microglobulin	[215-218]
Galectin-3	[219]
Biomarkers for injury of renal tissue
MicroRNA	[220,221]
Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor	[209,222,223]
Proteomics	[224,225]
Gelatinase-associated lipocalin	[226,227]

GFR: Glomerular filtration rate.