Functional dyspepsia and risk of Barrett’s esophagus and dysplasia: A propensity-matched multicenter retrospective cohort study

doi:10.5662/wjm.117891

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World Journal of Methodology

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2222-0682

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Cohort Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Methodol. Sep 20, 2026; 16(3): 117891
Published online Sep 20, 2026. doi: 10.5662/wjm.117891

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population, n (%)

Characteristics	Before propensity matching patients			After propensity matching patients
Characteristics	Functional dyspepsia group (n = 487706)	Control group (n = 1384584)	SMD	Functional dyspepsia group (n = 384267)	Control group (n = 384267)	SMD
Age at index, mean ± SD	49.2 ± 17.1	45.0 ± 15.3	0.258	48.2 ± 17.1	47.5 ± 15.2	0.042
Sex
Female	302207 (62.0)	819436 (59.2)	0.057	241980 (63.0)	238544 (62.1)	0.018
Male	170462 (35.0)	565077 (40.8)	0.121	142239 (37.0)	145652 (37.9)	0.018
Race
Black or African American	49777 (10.2)	162797 (11.8)	0.050	39892 (10.4)	44297 (11.5)	0.037
White	238838 (49.0)	842091 (60.8)	0.240	199026 (51.8)	192434 (50.1)	0.034
American Indian or Alaskan Native	1271 (0.3)	2808 (0.2)	0.012	897 (0.2)	1205 (0.3)	0.015
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander	2554 (0.5)	2096 (0.2)	0.064	1079 (0.3)	1243 (0.3)	0.008
Asian	24991 (5.1)	34167 (2.5)	0.139	18235 (4.7)	19283 (5.0)	0.013
Ethnicity
Hispanic or Latino	39106 (8.0)	127065 (9.2)	0.041	31226 (8.1)	28391 (7.4)	0.028
Not Hispanic or Latino	231905 (47.6)	814939 (58.9)	0.228	189279 (49.3)	183993 (47.9)	0.028
Diagnosis
Alcohol-related disorders	14068 (2.9)	23579 (1.7)	0.079	9577 (2.5)	10826 (2.8)	0.020
Overweight/obesity	74934 (15.4)	92963 (6.7)	0.279	46874 (12.2)	49200 (12.8)	0.018
Nicotine dependence	44907 (9.2)	71676 (5.2)	0.157	29655 (7.7)	33806 (8.8)	0.039
Gastro-esophageal reflux disease	164072 (33.6)	109050 (7.9)	0.670	92927 (24.2)	93552 (24.3)	0.004
Medication
Proton pump inhibitors	213001 (43.7)	131767 (9.5)	0.838	123576 (32.2)	119484 (31.1)	0.023

SMD: Standard mean difference.

Full Size Table

Table 2 Primary and secondary outcomes in the two cohorts, n (%)

Outcome	Patients with outcome in the FD cohort (n = 384267)	Patients with outcome in the control cohort (n = 384267)	Hazard ratio (95%CI)	Log rank P value
Barrett’s esophagus	4105 (1.07)	3790 (0.99)	1.900 (1.813-1.991)	< 0.001
Barrett’s-associated dysplasia	454 (0.12)	349 (0.09)	3.568 (3.064-4.155)	< 0.001
Esophageal cancer	524 (0.14)	516 (0.13)	1.649 (1.450-1.875)	< 0.001

FD: Functional dyspepsia; CI: Confidence interval.

Full Size Table

Citation: Maan MHA, Maan S, Waleed M, Ahmad MM, Goyal RM, Sohail AH, Abboud Y, Khan S, Gayam S, Kupec J. Functional dyspepsia and risk of Barrett’s esophagus and dysplasia: A propensity-matched multicenter retrospective cohort study. World J Methodol 2026; 16(3): 117891
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2222-0682/full/v16/i3/117891.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5662/wjm.117891

Maan MHA, Maan S, Waleed M, Ahmad MM, Goyal RM, Sohail AH, Abboud Y, Khan S, Gayam S, Kupec J. Functional dyspepsia and risk of Barrett’s esophagus and dysplasia: A propensity-matched multicenter retrospective cohort study. World J Methodol 2026; 16(3): 117891 [DOI: 10.5662/wjm.117891]

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