Correlation of diaphragm thickness with pulmonary function test in Parkinson’s disease

doi:10.5662/wjm.v16.i3.115087

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World Journal of Methodology

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2222-0682

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Methodol. Sep 20, 2026; 16(3): 115087
Published online Sep 20, 2026. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v16.i3.115087

Table 1 Comparison of demographic, clinical, spirometry, and ultrasound findings in early and advanced stage Parkinson’s disease patients

	Early stage (n = 16)	Advanced stage (n = 27)	Total (n = 43)	P value
Age	66.1 ± 8.3	68.3 ± 10.9	67.5 ± 1	0.490
Gender (M/F)	8/8	13/14	21/22	0.907
mMRC	1 (0-4)	2 (0-3)	1 (0-4)	0.012
pSO₂	96 (93-99)	96 (57-98)	96 (57-99)	0.487
Disease duration (months)	12 (1-120)	72 (1-300)	48 (1-300)	0.001
Heart rate	79.8 ± 12.6	80 ± 16.4	79.9 ± 15	0.974
FEV1%	81.1 ± 17.2	87.5 ± 12.4	85.1 ± 14.5	0.168
FVC%	83 ± 15.4	85.4 ± 19	84.5 ± 17.6	0.666
FEV1/FVC%	78.8 ± 6.3	81 ± 8.8	80.2 ± 8	0.392
PEF%	56.4 ± 15.8	63.9 ± 17.2	61.1 ± 16.9	0.162
MMEF%	68.6 ± 28.7	83.2 ± 24.1	77.6 ± 26.6	0.084
Diaphragm thickness during inspiration	3.7 ± 1.1	3.5 ± 1	3.6 ± 1	0.619
Diaphragm thickness during expiration	2.7 ± 0.7	2.5 ± 0.8	2.6 ± 0.8	0.482
Diaphragm fractional index	36.4 ± 21.4	40.3 ± 25.7	38.9 ± 24	0.639

M: Male; F: Female; mMRC: Modified medical research council; FEV1: Forced expiratory volume in the first second; FVC: Forced vital capacity; PEF: Peak expiratory flow; MMEF: Maximal-mid expiratory flow; pSO₂: Peripheral oxygen saturation.

Full Size Table

Table 2 Correlation between spirometry and clinical measures with ultrasound in early stage

	Diaphragm thickness during inspiration		Diaphragm thickness during expiration		Diaphragm fractional index
	r	P value	r	P value	r	P value
FVC	-0.107	0.715	0.077	0.793	-0.257	0.376
FVC%	-0.340	0.235	-0.181	0.536	-0.286	0.322
FEV1	-0.184	0.529	0.046	0.877	-0.352	0.217
FEV1%	-0.359	0.208	-0.149	0.612	-0.389	0.169
FEV1/FVC	0.096	0.743	0.248	0.392	-0.165	0.574
PEF	-0.011	0.969	0.186	0.525	-0.454	0.103
PEF%	-0.148	0.613	-0.021	0.943	-0.387	0.172
MMEF	-0.208	0.477	0.157	0.591	-0.564	0.036
MMEF%	-0.396	0.161	-0.232	0.424	-0.360	0.206
pSO₂	-0.535	0.048	-0.422	0.133	-0.241	0.406
mMRC	0.248	0.413	0.123	0.688	0.249	0.411
Age	0.119	0.686	-0.112	0.703	0.329	0.251
Heart rate	-0.231	0.426	0.051	0.863	-0.428	0.127
Disease duration (months)	-0.353	0.215	-0.217	0.457	-0.313	0.276

FVC: Forced vital capacity; FEV1: Forced expiratory volume in the first second; PEF: Peak expiratory flow; MMEF: Maximal-mid expiratory flow; mMRC: Modified medical research council; pSO₂: Peripheral oxygen saturation.

Full Size Table

Table 3 Correlation between spirometry and clinical measures with ultrasound in late stage

	Diaphragm thickness during inspiration		Diaphragm thickness during expiration		Diaphragm fractional index
	r	P value	r	P value	r	P value
FVC	-0.225	0.229	-0.204	0.340	-0.067	0.754
FVC%	-0.006	0.978	0.091	0.672	-0.162	0.449
FEV1	-0.288	0.172	-0.212	0.320	-0.075	0.728
FEV1%	-0.040	0.853	0.144	0.501	-0.186	0.384
FEV1/FVC	0.129	0.549	-0.117	0.586	0.302	0.151
PEF	0.041	0.849	0.405	0.049	-0.476	0.019
PEF%	0.011	0.960	0.463	0.023	-0.617	0.001
MMEF	-0.259	0.233	-0.170	0.438	-0.113	0.608
MMEF%	-0.157	0.475	-0.113	0.607	-0.020	0.927
pSO₂	0.282	0.182	0.189	0.377	0197	0.355
mMRC	0.045	0.864	0.286	0.265	-0.381	0.132
Age	0.065	0.762	-0.045	0.834	0.258	0.224
Heart rate	-0.413	0.045	-0.300	0.154	-0.167	0.436
Disease duration (months)	-0.053	0.805	-0.260	0.221	0.262	0.217

Full Size Table

Citation: Cosgun Z, Afsin E, Kurul R, Aydin Turkoglu S, Kalfaoglu ME, Aktas G. Correlation of diaphragm thickness with pulmonary function test in Parkinson’s disease. World J Methodol 2026; 16(3): 115087
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2222-0682/full/v16/i3/115087.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v16.i3.115087

Cosgun Z, Afsin E, Kurul R, Aydin Turkoglu S, Kalfaoglu ME, Aktas G. Correlation of diaphragm thickness with pulmonary function test in Parkinson’s disease. World J Methodol 2026; 16(3): 115087 [DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v16.i3.115087]

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