Breaking the scalpel ceiling: Gender inequality in global transplant surgery

Table 1 Distribution of transplant surgery positions among female and male surgeons in different countries based on transplantation surgery directors’ reports, n (%)

Country	Number of transplant surgeons	Number of PhD candidates	Number of academic fellows	Number of professors
Europe (n = 30)	Male 196 (72.9); female 73 (27.1)	Male 34 (69.4); female 15 (30.6)	Male 81 (61.4); female 51 (38.6)	Male 60 (84.5); female 11 (15.5)
United Kingdom (n = 5)	Male 17 (68); female 8 (32)	Male 2 (100); female 0 (0)	Male 15 (71.4); female 6 (28.6)	Male 5 (100); female 0 (0)
Poland (n = 4)	Male 36 (66.7); female 18 (33.3)	Male 10 (62.5); female 6 (37.5)	Male 36 (66.7); female 18 (33.3)	Male 12 (100); female 0 (0)
Greece (n = 4)	Male 17 (85); female 3 (15)	Male 1 (75); female 3 (25)	Male 1 (100); female 0 (0)	Male 4 (100); female 0 (0)
Belgium (n = 3)	Male 16 (57.1); female 12 (42.9)	Male 2 (66.7); female 1 (33.3)	Male 10 (40); female 15 (60)	Male 10 (62.5); female 6 (37.5)
Hungary (n = 3)	Male 15 (83.4); female 3 (16.6)	Male 2 (100); female 0 (0)	Male 0 (0); female 2 (100)	Male 2 (100); female 0 (0)
Czech Republic (n = 1)	Male 6 (85.7); female 1 (14.3)	Male 0 (0); female 0 (0)	Male 1 (100); female 0 (0)	Male 1 (100); female 0 (0)
Croatia (n = 1)	Male 5 (83.3); female 1 (16.7)	Male 1 (50); female 1 (50)	Male 2 (100); female 0 (0)	Male 2 (100); female 0 (0)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (n = 1)	Male 4 (80); female 1 (20)	Male 0 (0); female 1 (100)	Male 3 (75); female 1 (25)	Male 2 (66.7); female 1 (33.3)
Estonia (n = 1)	Male 8 (87.5); female 1 (12.5)	Male 2 (100); female 0 (0)	Male 0 (0); female 0 (0)	Male 1 (100); female 0 (0)
Finland (n = 1)	Male 6 (54.6); female 5 (45.4)	Male 1 (100); female 0 (0)	Male 0 (0); female 0 (0)	Male 0 (0); female 0 (0)
Ireland (n = 1)	Male 6 (85.7); female 1 (14.3)	Male 0 (0); female 0 (0)	Male 1 (100); female 0 (0)	Male 0 (0); female 0 (0)
Italy (n = 1)	Male (555.6); female 4 (44.4)	Male 1 (50); female 1 (50)	Male 2 (66.7); female 1 (33.3)	Male 1 (50); female 1 (50)
Latvia (n = 1)	Male 5 (83.3); female (116.7)	Male 0 (0); female 0 (0)	Male 3 (75); female 1 (25)	Male 3 (100); female 0 (0)
Romania (n = 1)	Male 38 (95); female 2 (5)	Male 10 (100); female 0 (0)	Male 6 (60); female 4 (40)	Male 13 (86.7); female 2 (13.3)
Spain (n = 1)	Male 3 (50); female 3 (50)	Male 0 (0); female 0 (0)	Male 1 (50); female 1 (50)	Male 1 (50); female 1 (50)
Sweden (n = 1)	Male 9 (50); female 9 (50)	Male 2 (50); female 2 (50)	Male 0 (0); female 2 (100)	Male 3 (100); female 0 (0)
North America (n = 10)	Male 60 (70.6); female 25 (29.4)	Male 0 (0); female 1 (100)	Male 28 (65.7); female 16 (36.3)	Male 56 (65.2); female 30 (34.8)
United States (n = 9)	Male 57 (70.4); female 24 (29.6)	Male 0 (0); female 1 (100)	Male 24 (60); female 16 (40)	Male 53 (64.7); female 29 (35.3)
Canada (n = 1)	Male 3 (75); female 1 (25)	Male 0 (0); female 0 (0)	Male 4 (100); female 0 (0)	Male 3 (75); female 1 (25)
Oceania (n = 1)	Male 3 (75); female 1 (25)	Male 0 (0); female 0 (0)	Male 0 (0); female 0 (0)	Male 0 (0); female 0 (0)
New Zeeland (n = 1)	Male 3 (75); female 1 (25)	Male 0 (0); female 0 (0)	Male 0 (0); female 0 (0)	Male 0 (0); female 0 (0)
Asia (n = 4)	Male 16 (87.5); female 2 (12.5)	Male 1 (100); female 0 (0)	Male 5 (71.4); female 2 (28.6)	Male 11 (100); female 0 (0)
India (n = 2)	Male 8 (87.5); female 1 (12.5)	Male 1 (100); female 0 (0)	Male 1 (50); female 1 (50)	Male 8 (100); female 0 (0)
Pakistan (n = 1)	Male 3 (100); female 0 (0)	Male 0 (0); female 0 (0)	Male 4 (80); female 1 (20)	Male 3 (100); female 0 (0)
United Arab Emirates (n = 1)	Male 5 (83.3); female 1 (16.7)	Male 0 (0); female 0 (0)	Male 0 (0); female 0 (0)	Male 0 (0); female 0 (0)
Africa (n = 1)	Male 4 (80); female 1 (20)	Male 1 (100); female 0 (0)	Male 13 (52); female 12 (48)	Male 4 (80); female 1 (20)
South Africa (n = 1)	Male 4 (80); female 1 (20)	Male 1 (100); female 0 (0)	Male 13 (52); female 12 (48)	Male 4 (80); female 1 (20)

PhD: Doctor of Philosophy.

Table 2 Demographics of the survey respondents (n = 75)

Characteristics	Responses n (%)
Age
< 30	2 (2.6)
30-40	26 (34.6)
41-50	32 (42.6)
51-65	13 (17.3)
66+	2 (2.6)
Continent
Africa	1 (1.3)
Asia	4
Europe	49
North America	11
Oceania	5
South America	4
NA	1 (1.3)
Ethnicity
White/Caucasian	57 (76)
Asian	7 (9.3)
Hispanic or Latino	5 (6.6)
Black or African American	2 (2.6)
Middle Eastern	1 (1.3)
Mixed	1 (1.3)
Other	1 (1.3)
NA	1 (1.3)
Marital status
In a relationship or married	27 (36)
In a relationship or married with children	24 (32)
Single	16 (21.3)
Single with children	5 (6.7)
NA	3 (4)
Doctor grade
Attending/consultant	59 (78.6)
Fellowship trainee	9 (12)
Medical director	6 (8)
NA	1 (1.3)
Academic position
Academic Fellow	7 (9.3)
Research Fellow	7 (9.3)
Assistant Professor	9 (12)
Associate Professor	7 (9.3)
Full Professor	1 (1.3)
No academic position	40 (53.3)
NA	4 (5.3)

NA: No answer.