Variations in quantifying patient reported outcome measures to estimate treatment effect

Table 1 Measurement indices to quantify patient-reported outcomes measures for clinical relevance

Measure of change	Satisfaction threshold
Minimal clinically important difference	Patient acceptable symptom state
Minimal important change	Substantial clinical benefit
Minimal clinically important change
Minimal clinically important improvement
Minimal clinically significant difference
Minimal perceptible clinical improvement
Clinically important difference
Minimal important difference
Minimum detectable change
Minimal detectable difference
Smallest detectable difference

Table 2 Characteristics of patient-reported outcomes measures and their quantification metric cut-off values, n (%)

Patient population	PROM	Value range	MCID	PASS
Hip
Arthroscopy patients[48,49]	mHHS	0-100	MDC 12	74
Measure of function in patients with hip disability[48,50-52]	HOS	0-100	MCID 9	87
Hip/groin disability[53-56]	HOOS	0-100	MDC 10	NR
Physically active patients with long standing hip/groin pain[57]	HAGOS	0-100	SDC 19	NR
Young (18-60 yr) active patients with hip disorders[58]	iHOT-12	0-100	NR	NR
Young (18-60 yr) active patients with hip disorders[59]	iHOT-33	0-100	MCID 6.1	NR
Young active nonarthritic patients with hip ailments[60]	NAHS	0-100	MDC 10	NR
Knee
Patients with knee pain[61,62]	IKDC-SKF	0-100	MCID 6.3 (6 months); MCID 16.7 (12 months)	75.9
Patients with knee injury or osteoarthritis[63]	KOOS	0-100	SDC 16.6	88.9
Patients with knee injury/pain[64]	Lysholm	0-100	MDC 8.9	NR
Patients with knee pain due to any condition[62,65]	Cincinnati	0-100	MCID 14 (6 months); MCID 26 (12 months)	NR
Patients with knee pain due to any condition[66]	WOMAC	0-100	MCID 11.5	NR
Patients with osteoarthritis knee[64]	Tegner activity	0-10	MDC 1	NR
Shoulder
Patients with shoulder instability[67]	WOSI	0-2100	MCID 220 (10.4)	NR
Patients with rotator cuff problems[68]	WORC	0-2100	MCID 245.25 (11.7)	NR
Patients with shoulder osteoarthritis[69]	WOOS	0-1900	NR	NR
Patients with shoulder pain due to instability, rotator cuff disease or arthritis[70]	ASES	0-100	MCID 6.4 MDC 9.7	NR
Patients with shoulder conditions including fracture, arthroplasty, cuff repair, adhesive capsulitis[71]	Constant	0-100	MCID 10.4	44
Patients with shoulder dysfunction[72]	SST	0-100	SDC 2.8	NR
Patients with upper limb disorders[73,74]	DASH	100-0	MCID 10.2; MDC 6.6-12.2	43
Patients with shoulder pathology from musculoskeletal, neurogenic, or other origin[75]	SPADI	0-100	MCID 8-13.2; MDC 18	41
Wrist and elbow
Patients with wrist conditions, ulnar impaction, tendonitis, arthritis, or nerve compression syndrome from forearm to hand[76]	DASH	100-0	MCID: 10-13.5; MDC: 9.3	NR
Patients with wrist conditions, ulnar impaction, tendonitis, arthritis, or nerve compression syndrome from forearm to hand[76]	PRWE	100-0	MCID: 14-17; MDC: 7.7	NR
Ankle
Patients with chronic ankle instability[76]	FAAM	0-84	MCID 8	NR
Patients with hallux valgus[77]	MOXFQ	100-0	MCID 12	NR

ASES: American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Score; DASH: Disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand; FAAM: Functional Ankle Ability Measure; HAGOS: The Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score; HOOS: Hip dysfunction and osteoarthritis outcome score; HOS: Hip outcome score; iHOT-12: International Hip Outcome Tool-12; iHOT-33: International Hip Outcome Tool-33; IKDC-SKF: International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form; KOOS: Knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score; MCID: Minimal clinically important difference; MDC: Minimal detectable change; mHHS: Modified Harris Hip score; MIC: Minimal important change; MOXFQ: Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire; NAHS: Nonarthritic hip score; NR: Not yet reported in the literature; PASS: Patient acceptable symptom state; PRWE: Patient-rated wrist evaluation; SDC: Smallest detectable change; SPADI: Shoulder Pain and Disability Index; SSS: Sport-specific subscore; SST: Simple shoulder test; WOMAC: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index; WOOS: Western Ontario Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder Index; WORC: Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index; WOSI: Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index.