Relation between dysbiosis and inborn errors of immunity

Table 1 Microbial dysbiosis on the clinical implications in various inborn errors of immunity

Inborn errors of immunity/diseases	Microbiota	Clinical findings	Ref.
Hyper-IgE syndrome	Predominance of Candida albicans, decreased abundance of C. parapsilosis, Boletus, and Penicillium	STAT3/Th17 axis play an important role in maintaining C. albicans as a commensal organism	[28]
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome	Increased abundance of potentially, pathogenic Proteobacteria and Roteobacteria. Decreased levels of protective commensals, e.g., Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia	It may lead to periodontal lesions	[18]
Severe combined immunodeficiency	Increased abundances of Escherichia, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Veillonella, Enterobacteriaceae, Adenovirus, and Bocavirus	Increase in disease severity	[16,18]
Selective IgA deficiency	Higher abundance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Gammaproteobacteria and Prevotella	Increase in systemic inflammation	[1,6,24]
Common variable immunodeficiency	Decreased abundance of beneficial bacteria, e.g., Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, Bacteroides and Firmicutes. Increased abundance of Clostridia, Bacilli, Prevotella, and Gammaproteobacteria	Increase in systemic inflammation	[10,14]