Cluster sampling methodology to evaluate immunization coverage

Table 1 Socio-demographic profile of study subjects

Sociodemographic variable	Number	Percentage (%)
Gender
Male	161	53.7
Female	139	46.3
Place of birth
Government hospital	195	65.0
Private hospital	99	33.0
Home	6	2.0
Age (months)
12-17	108	36
18-23	192	64
Birth weight
< 2.5 kg	99	33
≥ 2.5 kg	201	67
Birth order
≤ 2	252	86.0
> 2	48	14.0
Mother’s literacy level
Illiterate	2	0.7
Primary school (0-5 std)	9	3.0
Middle school (6-8 std)	30	10.0
High school (9-10 std)	67	22.3
Senior secondary school (11-12 std)	91	30.3
Graduate	77	25.7
Post-graduate	24	8.0
Mother’s occupation
Self-employed	10	3.3
Government job	11	3.7
Private job	10	3.3
Farmer	37	12.3
Laborer	35	11.7
Housewife	197	65.7
Father’s literacy level
Illiterate	1	0.3
Primary school (0-5 std)	3	1.0
Middle school (6-8 std)	40	13.3
High school (9-10 std)	56	18.7
Senior secondary school (11-12 std)	96	32.0
Graduate	102	34.0
Post-graduate	2	0.7
Father’s occupation
Unemployed	11	3.7
Self-employed	57	19.0
Government job	60	20.0
Private job	70	23.3
Farmer	34	11.3
Laborer	68	22.7
Type of family
Nuclear	37	12.3
Joint	179	59.7
Three-generation	84	28.0
Socio-economic class
Upper class	15	5.0
Upper middle class	59	19.7
Middle class	54	18.0
Lower middle class	90	30.0
Lower class	82	27.3

Table 2 Coverage of different vaccines among the study subjects

Vaccine		Number	Percentage (%)
BCG		286	95.3
OPV	OPV-1	282	94.0
	OPV-2	281	93.7
	OPV-3	280	93.3
PENTA	PENTA-1	283	94.3
	PENTA-2	282	94.0
	PENTA-3	282	94.0
ROTA	ROTA1	282	94.0
	ROTA2	280	93.3
	ROTA3	277	92.3
f IPV	f IPV-1	280	93.3
	f IPV-2	274	82.3
PCV-1	PCV-1	270	90.0
	PCV-2	255	85.0
MR	MR1	274	91.3
	MR2	152	50.7
HEP B-0		177	59
OPV-0		209	69.7
PCV-B		239	79.7
DPT-B		151	50.3
OPV-B		151	50.3

BCG: Bacillus Calmette Guerin; OPV: Oral polio virus; PENTA: Pentavalent; ROTA: Rotavirus; f IPV: Fractional inactivated polio virus; PCV: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; MR: Measles rubella; HEP B: Hepatitis B; B: Booster dose; DPT: Diphtheria pertussis tetanus.

Table 3 Association of variables with the immunization status of the study subjects

Characteristics	Partial & non immunized (n = 40)	Immunized (n = 260)	OR (95%CI)	P value
Gender
Male	24	137	1.35 (0.68-2.65)	0.388
Female	16	123	1 (ref)
Age (months)
12-17	20	88	1.96 (1.00-3.82)	0.048a
18-23	20	172	1 (ref)
Birth weight (kg)
< 2.5	14	85	1.11 (0.55-2.23)	0.773
≥ 2.5	26	175	1 (ref)
Mother’s education
Illiterate/up to 8th std	6	35	1.13 (0.44-2.90)	0.792
9th std. & above	34	225	1 (ref)
Mother’s profession
Employed (government/private job)	3	18	1.09 (0.31-3.88)	0.894
Others1	37	242	1 (ref)
Father’s education
Illiterate/up to 8th std	6	38	1.03 (0.41-2.70)	0.553
9th std & above	34	222	1 (ref)
Father’s occupation
Employed (government/private job)	16	114	0.85 (0.43-1.68)	0.648
Others1	24	146	1 (ref)
Socio-economic status
Lower/lower middle class	29	143	2.16 (1.03-4.50)	0.026a
Middle/upper middle/high class
Type of family
Joint/three generations	31	232	0.42 (0.18-096)	0.039a
Nuclear	9	28	1 (ref)
Birth order
> 2	9	39	1.64 (0.73-3.72)	0.228
≤ 2	31	221	1 (ref)
Availability of immunization card
No	13	5	3.40 (1.65-7.02)	< 0.001b
Yes	27	255	1 (ref)
Place of birth
Home/private hospital	8	97	0.42 (0.19-0.95)	0.022a
Government hospital	32	163	1 (ref)
BCG scar
No	15	39	3.40 (1.65-7.02)	0.001b
Yes	25	221	1 (ref)

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.001.

¹Self-employed/housewife/farmer/laborer.

BCG: Bacillus Calmette Guerin; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 4 Logistic regression model for a characteristic associated with Immunization status

Characteristics	Adjusted OR (95%CI)	P value
Place of birth	0.386 (0.181-0.824)	0.014a
Availability of immunization card	18.807 (9.104-38.854)	< 0.001b

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.001.

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.