Retinoscopes: Past and present

Table 1 Evolution of retinoscopes presented in the literature

Year	Authors	Instrument	Advancement
1987	Schaeffel et al[50]	Infrared photo retinoscope	Ability to refract off-axis and peripheral areas of the cornea
1987	Miller et al[58]	Television retinoscopy	This setup used a live television camera to gather retinoscope reflex images for the purpose of teaching
2014	Chen et al[57]	Infrared retinoscopy	Extend the detection range of illuminating eccentricity making aberrations easier to detect
2014	Chan et al[60]	Digital retinoscope	Authors developed a digital retinoscope by connecting a smartphone to a streak retinoscope for training and demonstration
2019	Arnold et al[59]	School bus accommodation relaxing skiascopy	School bus accommodation relaxing skiascopy precisely estimates refractive errors including astigmatism in children without the need for cycloplegia
2022	Langue and Ajay[61]	Wifi enabled digital retinoscope	Authors attached a Wifi enabled camera to a retinoscope, allowing reflex to be viewed on other video terminals wirelessly for training
2022	Musch et al[62]	Welch Allyn spot vision screener model VS-100	This novel equipment detects refractive error binocularly. However, false negatives were noted