Discovering hidden patterns: Association rules for cardiovascular diseases in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Dataset of coronary artery disease with and without diabetes

S. No	Attribute name	Data type	Categorical value
1	Age	Numeric	Minimum = 23 years, maximum = 78 yr
2	Gender	Categorical	Female, male
3	Diet	Categorical	Non-veg, veg
4	Systolic_BP	Numeric	Minimum = 73, maximum = 200
5	Diastolic_BP	Numeric	Minimum = 24, maximum = 120
6	Smoking	Categorical	No, yes
7	Alcoholic	Categorical	No, yes
8	Tobacco	Categorical	No, yes
9	Hypertensive	Categorical	No, yes
10	Disease type	Categorical	Double-vessel, single-vessel, triple-vessel, no-disease
11	Gensini score	Numeric	Minimum = 0, maximum = 136
12	Total cholesterol	Numeric	Minimum = 45, maximum = 381
13	Triglycerides	Numeric	Minimum = 25.2, maximum = 924
14	High density lipoprotein	Numeric	Minimum = 11, maximum = 132
15	Low density lipoprotein	Numeric	Minimum = 15, maximum = 303
16	Very low density lipoprotein	Numeric	Minimum = 5.4, maximum = 184
17	Random blood sugar	Numeric	Minimum = 72, maximum = 683
18	HbA1C (glycated haemoglobin)	Numeric	Minimum = 3.1, maximum = 16
19	Sodium	Numeric	Minimum = 122, maximum = 156
20	Potassium	Numeric	Minimum = 1.8, maximum = 6
21	Haemoglobin	Numeric	Minimum = 1.8, maximum = 17.4
22	WBC	Numeric	Minimum = 1300, maximum = 66000
23	Neutrophils	Numeric	Minimum = 0, maximum = 34.6
24	Lymphocytes	Numeric	Minimum = 0, maximum = 11
25	Monocyte	Numeric	Minimum = 0.026, maximum = 5.26
26	Eosinophils	Numeric	Minimum = 0, maximum = 4.6
27	Platelet count	Numeric	Minimum = 0.67, maximum = 173
28	Left atrium	Numeric	Minimum = 1, maximum = 4.1
29	Aortic root	Numeric	Minimum = 1, maximum = 3.4
30	LVIDd	Numeric	Minimum = 3.9, maximum = 5.7
31	LVIDs	Numeric	Minimum = 1, maximum = 4.7
32	IVSdIVDd	Numeric	Minimum = 0.6, maximum = 1.5
33	PWTd_PWTs	Numeric	Minimum = 0.7, maximum = 1.5
34	Ejection fraction	Numeric	Minimum = 20, maximum = 60
35	Group	Categorical	CAD-with-diabetes, CAD-without-diabetes, healthy control

CAD: Coronary artery disease; LVIDd: Left ventricular internal dimension in diastole; LVIDs: Left ventricular internal dimension in systole; IVSd: Interventricular septal thickness in diastole; IVDd: Left ventricular posterior wall thickness in diastole; PWTs: Posterior wall thickness in systole.

Table 2 Association rules for all groups

Rules	Antecedents ≥ consequents	Support	Confidence	Lift	Segment description
R1	[Random blood sugar > 187, HbA1C > 6.1] ≥ [Group = CAD-with-diabetes]	0.33	1	3	If random blood sugar > 187 and HbA1C > 6.1, then Group = CAD-with-diabetes
R2	[Random blood sugar > 175, High density lipoprotein > 11, HbA1C > 6.1] ≥ [Group = CAD-with-diabetes]	0.66	1	3	If random blood sugar > 175, high density lipoprotein > 11, and HbA1C > 6.1, then Group = CAD-with-diabetes
R3	[Eosinophils ≤ 0.792, sodium ≤ 145, HbA1C > 6.2] ≥ [Group = CAD-with-diabetes]	0.99	0.96	2.88	If eosinophils ≤ 0.792, sodium ≤ 145, and HbA1C > 6.2, then Group = CAD-with-diabetes
R4	[Random blood sugar ≤ 103, Systolic_BP ≤ 130, HbA1C ≤ 6.2] ≥ [Group = CAD-without-diabetes]	0.33	1	3	If random blood sugar ≤ 103, Systolic_BP ≤ 130, and HbA1C ≤ 6.2, then Group = CAD-without-diabetes
R5	[Lymphocytes ≤ 2.83, random blood sugar ≤ 167, HBA1C ≤ 6.4, Systolic_BP ≤ 150] ≥ [Group = CAD-without-diabetes]	0.66	1	3	If lymphocytes ≤ 2.83, random blood sugar ≤ 167, HbA1C ≤ 6.4, and Systolic_BP ≤ 150, then Group = CAD-without-diabetes
R6	[Lymphocytes ≤ 5.05, high density lipoprotein ≤ 96, HBA1C ≤ 6.6] ≥ [Group = cad-without-diabetes]	0.99	0.87	2.61	If lymphocytes ≤ 5.05, high density lipoprotein ≤ 96, and HBA1C ≤ 6.6, then Group = CAD-without-diabetes
R7	[DISEASE_TYPE = No-disease, sodium > 142.5] ≥ [Group = HC]	0.33	1	3	If DISEASE_TYPE = No-disease and sodium > 142.5, then [Group = HC]
R8	[HbA1C ≤ 4.8, low density lipoprotein > 52, DISEASE_TYPE = No-disease] ≥ [Group = HC]	0.66	1	3	If HbA1C ≤ 4.8, low-density lipoprotein > 52, and there is no disease DISEASE_TYPE = No−disease, then [Group = HC]
R9	[DISEASE_TYPE = No-disease, smoking = no, HbA1C ≤ 5.9, tobacco = no] ≥ [Group = HC]	0.99	1	3	If DISEASE_TYPE = No−disease, smoking = no, HbA1C ≤ 5.9, and tobacco = no, then [Group = HC]

Group = CAD-with-diabetes; Group = CAD-without-diabetes; and Group = Healthy Control (HC). HbA1C: Glycated haemoglobin.