IgY technology: Methods for developing and evaluating avian immunoglobulins for the in vitro detection of biomolecules

Table 1 In vitro applications of polyclonal IgYs

Target biomolecule(s)	In vitro immunochemical technique	Proposed field of application	Ref.
Major surface antigen of Toxoplasma gondii (SAG1)	Latex agglutination assay	Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis	Cakir-Koc et al[132], 2020
Protein A of Staphylococcus aureus	Immunocapture PCR assay	Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in food samples, skin and nasal swabs	Kota et al[133], 2020
Peptides/proteins present in detoxified western Russell’s viper venom	Paper-based microfluidic immunochromatographic test	Differential diagnosis of Russell’s viper envenomation	Lin et al[134], 2020
SARS-CoV-2 antigen	Fluorescence immunochromatographic rapid-antigen test	Diagnosis of COVID-19	Porte et al[79], 2020
Antigens present in total saline extract of Taenia crassiceps metacestodes	ELISA	Detection of neurocysticercosis	daSilva et al[32], 2020
Antigens present in total saline extract of Ancylostoma ceylanicum	ELISA	Diagnosis of Hookworm infection	Souza et al[135], 2020
Non-glycosylated synthetic oligopeptides of Dermatophagoides group I allergens	Immuno-dot blot assay (with the use of IgY-colloidal gold nanoparticles conjugates)	Detection of indoor dust mite allergens	Egea et al[136], 2019
Antigens present in whole bacterial suspension of formalin- and heat- inactivatedSalmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis	In vitro immunochemicaltechniques	Diagnosis of infection with Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis	Esmailnejad et al[26], 2019
Antigenic extracts of Strongyloides venezuelensis infectious filariform larvae and parthenogenetic females	ELISA	Diagnosis of human strongyloidiasis	deFaria et al[33], 2019
Antigens present in total saline extract of Ascaris suum adult life forms	Tissue indirect immunofluorescence assay & ELISA	Diagnosis of human ascariasis	Lopes et al[31], 2019
Free prostate specific antigen	ELISA	Diagnosis of human prostate cancer	Łupicka-Słowic et al[137], 2019
Antigens (capsid proteins VP2 & VP3) present in beta-propiolactone-inactivated enterovirus 71	Fluorescence sensor assay	Diagnosis of hand-foot-and-mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71 infection	Nie et al[138], 2019
Fusarium verticillioides 97K exoantigen	ELISA	Detection of Fusarium verticillioides (and prediction of fumonisin contamination) in poultry feed	Omori et al[139], 2019
Recombinant purified catalytic domain of Karilysin	ELISA	Evaluation of karilysin (i.e. an enzyme secreted by the periontopathogen Tannerella forsythia) as a biomarker for the diagnosis of periodontitis	Skottrup et al[34], 2019
Fumonisin B1	Lateral flow immunoassay	Detection of fumonisin B1 and fumonisin B2 in maize	Tran et al[140], 2019
Synthetic extracellular peptide of matrix-2 protein of influenza A virus, conserved in all strains	Latex agglutination assay	Diagnosis of infection with Influenza A virus	Budama-Kilinc et al[141], 2018
Sulfamethazine (SMZ)	ELISA, FPIA	Detection of veterinary drug residues (SMZ) in milk	Liang et al[142], 2018
Native calf adenosine deaminase (ADA)	ELISA	Evaluation of ADA as a cancer biomarker	Łupicka-Słowic et al[143], 2018
Nucleoprotein of influenza A virus	Immunocytochemistry, Immunohistochemistry	Diagnosis of infection with influenza A virus	da Silva et al[144], 2018

ADA: Adenosine deaminase; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease-2019; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; FPIA: Fluorescence polarization immunoassay; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; SAG1: Surface antigen 1 of Toxoplasma gondii; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SMZ: Sulfamethazine.