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Observational Study
Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026.
World J Methodol. Sep 20, 2026; 16(3): 121149
Published online Sep 20, 2026. doi: 10.5662/wjm.121149
Figure 1
Figure 1 Structured overview of study design and methodology - see methods section and separate PowerPoint file. Shoe size delta: Everyday shoe size minus climbing shoe size (European Union sizing). This design reflects a clinic-based sample and does not permit population-level prevalence estimates. IRR: Incidence rate ratio; IQR: Interquartile range; BMI: Body mass index.
Figure 2
Figure 2 Hyperkeratosis. A: Pinch callus, first toe; B: Plantar hyperkeratosis; C: Dorsal hyperkeratosis of first toe.
Figure 3
Figure 3 Nail disorders. A: Medial and lateral periungual hyperkeratosis, first toe; B: Beau’s lines on the first nail; C: First nail traumatic ridges; D: First nail subungual hematoma.


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