Pharmacogenetics of type 2 diabetes mellitus: An example of success in clinical and translational medicine

Figure 1 From bench to bedside. Translational medicine is a discipline of biomedical research that attempts to connect basic research with clinical care.

Figure 2 Single nucleotide polymorphism. As the most common type of variant, a single nucleotide polymorphism is characterized by a single DNA base pair substitution at a specific location in a gene. SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism.

Figure 3 The ATP-sensitive K⁺ channels regulate insulin release in beta-cells. Single nucleotide polymorphism in SUR1 and/or Kir6.2 genes may cause functional abnormalities of the ATP-sensitive K⁺ channel on the pancreatic β-cell membrane, leading to abnormalities in insulin secretion.

Figure 4 Organic cation transporter 1 plays a major role in drug uptake across the liver cell membrane. Single nucleotide polymorphism associated with organic cation transporter 1 may contribute to variation in response to metformin. AMPK: Adenosine 5’-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase; OCT1: Organic cation transporters 1.

Figure 5 Pharmacogenetic testing. The pharmacogenetic test has the potential to provide personalized therapy based on individual genetic variability.