Findings on intraprocedural non-contrast computed tomographic imaging following hepatic artery embolization are associated with development of contrast-induced nephropathy

Table 1 Patient demographics and baseline characteristics (n = 84), patient demographics and baseline characteristics and comorbidities

Clinical characteristics	Value
Sex
Male	53
Female	31
Age (Yr, average, range)	63 (29-87)
Ethnicity
Caucasian	62
African American	8
Hispanic	4
Asian	10
Medical comorbidities
Diabetes mellitus	17
CAD/HTN	29
Cirrhotic?
Yes	38
No	46
Etiology of cirrhosis
HCV	16
HBV	6
EtOH	4
NASH	3
Hemochromatosis	1
Unknown	8
Type of liver malignancy
Primary
HCC	40
Other	5
Secondary
NET	20
GIST	4
Other	15
Number of treatments (n = 106)
1	66
2	14
3	4

CAD: Coronary artery disease; HTN: Hypertension; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; EtOH: Alcoholic cirrhosis; NASH: Non Alcoholic Steato Hepatitis; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; NET: Neuroendocrine tumor; GIST: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor.

Table 2 Non-contrast computed tomographic findings and their association with contrast-induced nephropathy development

Association between non-contrast CT findings and CIN (n = 106)
Renal enhancement pattern	Group A (n = 11) (%)	Group B (n = 95) (%)	P value
Early excretory	6 (55%)	2 (2%)	< 0.001
Late excretory	5 (45%)	93 (98%)
Renal artery calcifications	Group A	Group B
Yes	6 (55%)	20 (21%)	0.01
No	5 (45%)	75 (79%)

CT: Computed tomography; CIN: Contrast-induced nephropathy.