Early renal failure as a cardiovascular disease: Focus on lipoprotein(a) and prothrombotic state

Table 1 Classic traditional and emerging non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors in chronic renal failure

Classic traditionalcardiovascular risk factors	Emerging non-traditionalcardiovascular risk factors
Older age	Proteinuria
Male sex	Left ventricular hypertrophy
Arterial hypertension	Anemia
Diabetes mellitus	Electrolyte abnormalities
Smoking	Acid-base imbalance
Increased LDL-cholesterol	Abnormal calcium/phosphate metabolism
Decreased HDL-cholesterol	Extracellular fluid overload
Family history of cardiovascular events	Lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein(a) isoforms
Physical inactivity	Prothrombotic state
	Homocysteine
	Insulin resistance
	Oxidative stress
	Endothelial dysfunction
	Arterial stiffening

LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein.