Can preoperative parameters and histopathology of the vessels affect arteriovenous fistula outcomes? A prospective observational study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study population, n (%)/mean ± SD

Parameter	Value
Number of patients	69
Mean age, years	51.6 ± 11.6
Male:female ratio	4.75:1
Mean BMI	25.4 ± 2.7
Diabetes mellitus	25 (36.2)
Hypertension	35 (50.7)
Coronary artery disease	25 (36.2)
Smoking	11 (15.9)
Alcohol use	6 (8.7)
Mean hemoglobin, g/dL	8.8 ± 1.4
Raised triglycerides (> 200 mg/dL)	7 (10.1)
Abnormal vessel histology	34 (49.3)
Radio-cephalic AVF	46 (66.7)
Brachio-cephalic AVF	21 (30.4)
Brachio-basilic AVF	2 (2.9)

BMI: Body mass index; AVF: Arteriovenous fistula.

Table 2 Factors associated with patency of arterio-venous fistula 6 weeks after surgery, on univariate and multivariate analysis, n (%)/mean ± SD

		Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
Variables	AVF patency at 6 weeks	No	Yes	P value	Odds ratio	95%CI		P value
Triglycerides	< 200 mg/dL	4 (5.80)	3 (4.30)	0.036	0.162	0.032	0.828	0.029
	> 200 mg/dL	11 (15.90)	51 (73.90)
Vessel wall biopsy	Normal	0 (0.00)	31 (44.90)	< 0.0001	1.652	1.278	2.136	0.001
	Abnormal	15 (21.70)	23 (33.30)
Artery diameter (mm)		2.73 ± 0.97	3.52 ± 1.33	0.036	1.488	0.469	4.721	0.026
Vein diameter (mm)		2.75 ± 0.89	3.72 ± 1.12	0.003	1.677	0.431	2.457	0.041
Depth of artery from skin (mm)		4.81 ± 2.50	2.93 ± 2.05	0.01	2.633	1.254	4.379	0.015
Depth of vein from skin (mm)		2.82 ± 1.01	2.15 ± 0.95	0.02	1.869	0.852	2.736	0.026

AVF: Arteriovenous fistula; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 3 Factors associated with maturity of arterio-venous fistula 12 weeks after surgery, on univariate and multivariate analysis, n (%)/mean ± SD

		Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
Variables	AVF patency at 6 weeks	No	Yes	P value	Odds ratio	95%CI		P value
Smoking	Yes	14 (20.30)	44 (63.80)	0.016	2.759	1.656	5.877	0.03
	No	0 (0.00)	11 (15.90)
Triglycerides	< 200 mg/dL	4 (5.80)	3 (4.30)	0.027	0.144	0.028	0.746	0.021
	> 200 mg/dL	10 (14.50)	52 (75.40)
Vessel wall biopsy	Normal	0 (0.00)	31 (44.90)	0.0001	1.583	1.242	2.019	0.001
	Abnormal	14 (20.30)	24 (34.80)
Artery diameter (mm)		2.57 ± 0.77	3.55 ± 1.33	0.011	1.751	0.536	5.712	0.031
Vein diameter (mm)		2.70 ± 0.90	3.71 ± 0.90	0.002	2.557	1.145	3.891	0.032
Depth of artery from skin (mm)		4.91 ± 0.51	2.43 ± 0.51	0.0001	0.532	0.11	1.967	0.001
Depth of vein from skin (mm)		2.87 ± 0.90	2.15 ± 0.94	0.014	0.856	0.214	1.95	0.036

AVF: Arteriovenous fistula; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 4 Postoperative complications at 1 week

Complication	Incidence (%)	Associated factors
Surgical site infection	10.1	Age > 60, Alcohol use, low high-density lipoprotein
Bleeding	8.7	High triglycerides, abnormal morphology, smaller artery, greater depth

Table 5 Arteriovenous fistula patency and maturation at follow-up

Follow-up time	AVF patent (%)	AVF matured (%)	Independent predictors
1 week	79.7	N/A	Depth, triglycerides, histology
6 weeks	78.3	66.7	Triglycerides, smoking, histology, vessel size
12 weeks	73.9	79.7	Triglycerides, smoking, histology, vessel size

AVF: Arteriovenous fistula; N/A: Not applicable.

Table 6 Independent predictors of poor arteriovenous fistula outcomes

Parameter	Odds ratio	P value
Raised triglycerides	0.144	0.021
Smoking	2.759	0.03
Abnormal vessel histology	1.583	0.0001
Arterial diameter (larger)	1.751	0.031
Venous diameter (larger)	2.557	0.032
Arterial depth (superficial)	0.532	0.001
Venous depth (superficial)	0.856	0.036