Predictors of one-year mortality in hemodialysis patients with end-stage renal disease at a Kenyan county hospital

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 79 hemodialysis patients, n (%)/median (interquartile range)

Characteristic	Overall (n = 79)	Survivors (n = 52)	Non-survivors (n = 27)	P value
Demographics
Age (years)	62.0 (48.0-74.0)	58.0 (45.0-68.0)	73.0 (65.0-76.0)	< 0.001
Male sex	52 (65.8)	35 (67.3)	17 (63.0)	0.693
Primary ESRD cause				0.145
Hypertension	38 (48.1)	22 (42.3)	16 (59.3)
Diabetes mellitus	32 (40.5)	20 (38.5)	12 (44.4)
Chronic GN	16 (20.3)	12 (23.1)	4 (14.8)
Comorbidities
Hypertension	68 (86.1)	43 (82.7)	25 (92.6)	0.221
Diabetes mellitus	32 (40.5)	20 (38.5)	12 (44.4)	0.607
HIV	14 (17.7)	8 (15.4)	6 (22.2)	0.430
BPH	8 (10.1)	6 (11.5)	2 (7.4)	0.571
SLE	3 (3.8)	2 (3.8)	1 (3.7)	0.984
Bladder cancer	2 (2.5)	1 (1.9)	1(3.7)	0.629
Baseline laboratory
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	8.2 (7.1-9.3)	8.6 (7.5-9.5)	7.1 (6.3-8.4)	0.008
eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m2)	7.8 (5.4-10.2)	8.1 (6.0-10.8)	6.2 (4.8-8.1)	0.023
Treatment parameters
Vascular access				0.018
Central venous catheter	71 (89.9)	44 (84.6)	27 (100.0)
Arteriovenous fistula	8 (10.1)	8 (15.4)	0 (0.00)

Using the Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables are presented as counts (percentages) and compared using Fisher’s exact test. BPH: Benign prostatic hyperplasia; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESRD: End-stage renal disease; GN: Glomerulonephritis; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; IQR: Interquartile range; SLE: Systemic lupus erythematosus.

Table 2 Predictors of one-year mortality: Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis

Predictor	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	HR (95%CI)	P value	aHR (95%CI)	P value
Age (per year increase)	1.07 (1.03-1.11)	< 0.001	1.05 (1.01-1.09)	0.012
Male sex (vs female)	0.88 (0.41-1.89)	0.748
Hemoglobin (per g/dL increase)	0.74 (0.59-0.93)	0.009	0.84 (0.66-1.07)	0.156
eGFR (per mL/minute/1.73 m2 increase)	0.87 (0.78-0.97)	0.015	0.92 (0.82-1.03)	0.162
CVC use (vs AVF)	4.45 (1.25-15.82)	0.021	3.12 (1.08-9.01)	0.036
HIV positive	1.48 (0.65-3.35)	0.350
Diabetes mellitus	1.22 (0.59-2.52)	0.594

The multivariate model was fitted using Firth’s penalized likelihood method to address perfect separation (0 deaths in the arteriovenous fistula group) and includes variables significant at P < 0.10 in univariate analysis (age, Hemoglobin, estimated glomerular filtration rate, central venous catheter use). aHR: Adjusted hazard ratio; AVF: Arteriovenous fistula; CVC: Central venous catheter; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; HR: Hazard ratio.