Patterns of kidney diseases diagnosed by kidney biopsy and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: A single-center study

Table 1 Characteristics of all patients (n = 75), n (%)

Variables	Frequency or mean ± SD (range)
Age	31.52 ± 11.70 (18-59)
Age category
18-24 years	30 (40.0)
≥ 25 years	45 (60.0)
Sex
Male	32 (42.7)
Female	43 (57.3)
Clinical syndrome
Nephritic syndrome	60 (80)
Nephrotic syndrome	15 (20)
Biopsy date
Before COVID-19 pandemic (2017-2019)	33 (44.0)
2017	1 (1.3)
2018	14 (18.7)
2019	18 (24.0)
During COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2022)	42 (56.0)
2020	1 (1.3)
2021	20 (26.7)
2022	21 (28.0)
Creatinine (mg/dL)	1.13 ± 0.73 (0.32-3.81)
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)	19.40 ± 14.99 (5.10-80.70)
Epidermal growth factor receptor (mL/minute/1.73 m2)	99.59 ± 62.95 (14.32-369.77)
Albumin (g/dL)	2.75 ± 1.03 (1.03-4.92)
Lipid profile
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	318.53 ± 150.48 (129-761)
Low-density lipoproteins cholesterol (mg/dL)	222.81 ± 125.08 (69-617)
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL)	54.36 ± 18.93 (23-130)
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	235.66 ± 124.20 (71-590)
Histopathology
Chronic glomerulonephritis	4 (5.3)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis	8 (10.7)
Global glomerulosclerosis	5 (6.7)
Glomerulopathy	3 (4.0)
IgA nephropathy	4 (5.3)
Lupus nephritis	25 (33.3)
Class I	3 (4.0)
Class II	4 (5.3)
Class III	7 (9.3)
Class IV	11 (14.7)
Minimal change disease	20 (26.7)
Nephrosclerosis	1 (1.3)
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis	1 (1.3)
Tubulointerstitial nephritis	2 (2.7)
Normal	2 (2.7)

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.

Table 2 Histopathology results stratified by sexes, n (%)

Histopathology	Female (n = 43)	Male (n = 32)	P value
Chronic glomerulonephritis	1 (2.3)	3 (9.4)	0.307
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis	4 (9.3)	4 (12.5)	0.717
Global glomerulosclerosis	3 (7.0)	2 (6.3)	1.000
Glomerulopathy	1 (2.3)	2 (6.3)	0.572
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy	2 (4.7)	2 (6.3)	1.000
Lupus nephritis	18 (41.7)	7 (21.9)	0.069
Class I	2 (4.7)	1 (3.1)	0.805
Class II	2 (4.7)	2 (6.3)	1.000
Class III	6 (14.0)	1 (3.1)	0.227
Class IV	8 (18.6)	3 (9.4)	0.335
Minimal change disease	11 (25.6)	9 (28.1)	1.000
Nephrosclerosis	1 (2.3)	0 (0)	1.000
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis	1 (2.3)	0 (0)	1.000
Tubulointerstitial nephritis	1 (2.3)	1 (3.1)	1.000
Normal	0 (0)	2 (6.3)	0.179
Total	43 (57.3)	32 (42.7)

Table 3 Histopathology results stratified by age categories, n (%)

Histopathology	Age < 25 years old (n = 30)	Age ≥ 25 years old (n = 45)	P value
Chronic glomerulonephritis	0 (0)	4 (10.5)	0.145
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis	3 (10.0)	5 (11.1)	1.000
Global glomerulosclerosis	1 (3.3)	4 (8.9)	0.642
Glomerulopathy	3 (10.0)	0 (0)	0.060
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy	1 (3.3)	3 (6.7)	0.646
Lupus nephritis	8 (26.7)	17 (37.8)	0.317
Class I	1 (3.3)	2 (4.4)	1.000
Class II	1 (3.3)	3 (6.7)	0.646
Class III	3 (10.0)	4 (8.9)	1.000
Class IV	3 (10.0)	8 (17.8)	0.509
Minimal change disease	11 (36.7)	9 (20.0)	0.110
Nephrosclerosis	1 (3.3)	0 (0)	0.400
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis	1 (3.3)	0 (0)	0.400
Tubulointerstitial nephritis	1 (3.3)	1 (2.2)	1.000
Normal	0 (0)	2 (4.4)	0.514
Total	30 (40)	45 (60)

Table 4 Histopathology results stratified by clinical syndromes, n (%)

Histopathology	Nephritic syndrome (n = 60)	Nephrotic syndrome (n = 15)	P value
Chronic glomerulonephritis	3 (5.0)	1 (6.7)	1.000
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis	6 (10.0)	2 (13.3)	0.657
Global glomerulosclerosis	4 (6.7)	1 (6.7)	1.000
Glomerulopathy	3 (5.0)	0 (0)	1.000
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy	3 (5.0)	1 (6.7)	1.000
Lupus nephritis	22 (36.7)	3 (20)	0.221
Class I	3 (5.0)	0 (0)	1.000
Class II	4 (6.7)	0 (0)	0.578
Class III	5 (8.3)	2 (13.3)	0.622
Class IV	10 (16.7)	1 (6.7)	0.445
Minimal change disease	14 (23.3)	6 (40)	0.207
Nephrosclerosis	1 (1.7)	0 (0)	1.000
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis	1 (1.7)	0 (0)	1.000
Tubulointerstitial nephritis	2 (3.3)	0 (0)	1.000
Normal	1 (1.7)	1 (6.7)	0.362
Total	60 (80)	15 (20)

Table 5 Histopathology results stratified by biopsy dates relative to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, n (%)

Histopathology	Before COVID-19 pandemic (n = 33)	During COVID-19 pandemic (n = 42)	P value
Chronic glomerulonephritis	0 (0)	4 (9.5)	0.126
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis	4 (21.1)	4 (9.5)	0.725
Global glomerulosclerosis	4 (12.1)	1 (2.4)	0.163
Glomerulopathy	0 (0.0)	3 (7.1)	0.251
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy	2 (6.1)	2 (4.8)	1.000
Lupus nephritis	6 (18.2)	19 (45.2)	0.014
Class I	1 (3.0)	2 (4.8)	1.000
Class II	0 (0.0)	4 (9.5)	0.126
Class III	1 (3.0)	6 (14.3)	0.126
Class IV	4 (12.1)	7 (16.7)	0.746
Minimal change disease	14 (42.4)	6 (14.3)	0.006
Nephrosclerosis	1 (3.0)	0 (0.0)	0.440
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis	0 (0.0)	1 (2.4)	1.000
Tubulointerstitial nephritis	1 (3.0)	1 (2.4)	1.000
Normal	1 (3.0)	1 (2.4)	1.000
Total	33 (44.0)	42 (56.0)

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.