Clinical presentation and outcomes of chronic dialysis patients with COVID-19: A single center experience from Greece

Table 1 Comparison of demographics and baseline characteristics of patients grouped by outcome

	Total patients, n (%)	Survivors, n (%)	Non-survivors, n (%)	P value	Non-progressors, n (%)	Progressors, n (%)	P value
Characteristic	32 (100)	27 (84.4)	5 (15.6)		19 (59.3)	13 (40.6)
Male	17 (53.1)	16 (59.3)	1 (20)	NS	9 (47.4)	8 (61.5)	NS
Female	15 (46.9)	11 (40.7)	4 (80)		10 (52.6)	5 (38.5)
1Age	75.5 (58.5-82)	75 (56-82)	76 (75-80)	NS	70 (53-82)	78 (75-82)	NS
1Frailty index	3 (2-5)	3 (2-5)	7 (3-8)	< 0.05	3 (2-5)	3 (2-5)	NS
CT (%)				< 0.01			NS
0-10%	24 (77.4)	23 (88.5)	1 (20)		16 (84.2)	8 (66.7)
> 10%	7 (22.6)	3 (11.5)	4 (80)		3 (15.8)	4 (33.3)
WHΟ				0.05			NS
0	16 (50)	15 (55.6)	1 (20)		11 (57.8)	5 (38.5)
1	13 (40.6)	11 (40.7)	2 (40)		8 (42.1)	5 (38.5)
2-3	3 (9.4)	1 (3.7)	2 (40)		0 (0)	3 (23)
Diabetes	10 (31.3)	7 (25.9)	3 (60)	NS	7 (36.8)	3 (23.1)	NS
Hypertension	20 (62.5)	18 (66.7)	2 (40)	NS	11 (57.8)	9 (69.2)	NS
1Number of comorbidities	3 (2-3.5)	3 (2-4)	3 (2-3)	NS	3 (1-4)	3 (2-3)	NS
Symptoms				NS			NS
Fever	13 (65)	10 (62.5)	3 (75)		8 (80)	5 (50)
Respiratory	6 (30)	5 (31.2)	1 (25)		1 (10)	5 (50)
Diarrhea	1 (5)	1 (6.3)	0 (0)		1 (10)	0 (0)
COVID diagnosis				NS			NS
With symptoms	20 (62.5)	16 (59.3)	4 (80)		10 (52.6)	10 (76.9)
Screening	12 (37.5)	11 (40.7)	1 (20)		9 (47.4)	3 (23.1)

¹Median (interquartile range).

WHO severity score: 0: Mild disease, 1: Moderate disease, 2: Severe disease.

CT: Computed tomography; NS: Non-significant; COVID: Coronavirus disease.

Table 2 Comparison of characteristics of patients grouped by World Health Organization coronavirus disease 2019 severity

Disease severity	Mild (16/32)	Moderate/severe (16/32)	P value
	Median (IQR)	Median (IQR)
Age (yr)	77.5 (54.5-84.5)	75.5 (67.5-78.5)	NS
Frailty index	3.5 (2-5)	3 (2-4.5)	NS
Co-morbidities	3 (1-3)	3 (2-4)	NS
Men, n (%)	7 (43.8)	10 (62.5)	NS
Women, n (%)	9 (56.2)	6 (37.5)
Screening, n (%)	11 (68.8)	1 (6.3)	< 0.01
Symptomatic, n (%)	5 (31.2)	15 (93.7)
CT infiltrates			NS
0-10%	13 (86.7)	11 (68.8)
> 10%	2 (13.3)	5 (31.2)
COVID death, n (%)	0 (0)	3 (21.4)	NS
Non-COVID death, n (%)	1 (7.1)	1 (9.1)	NS
COVID progression, n (%)	5 (31.3)	8 (50)	NS

CT: Computed tomography; NS: Non-significant; COVID: Coronavirus disease.

Table 3 Comparison of laboratory measurements between patients with different coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes

Variable		Survival status			Respiratory progression due to COVID-19
	Total (n = 32)	Survivors (n = 27)	Non-survivors (n = 5)	P value	No (n = 19)	Yes (n = 13)	P value
	Median (IQR)				Median (IQR)
Lymphocytes (k/μL)
On admission	0.9 (0.8-1.4)	1 (0.8-1.4)	0.6 (5.3-1.3)	NS	1 (0.8-1.5)	0.8 (0.5-1.3)	NS
Highest value of 10 d	1.4 (1-1.7)	1.3 (1-1.7)	2.5 (1.4-3.4)	NS	1.4 (1.2-1.8)	0.9 (0.5-1.5)	NS
Increase (%)	10.4 (-2.3-51.6)	10.3 (-2.6-42.7)	60.8 (6.8-365.1)	NS	37.6 (5.4-83.2)	6.8 (-9.4-10.6)	NS
CRP (mg/L)
On admission	19.3 (9.6-47.7)	17.2 (8.1-88.2)	22 (19.3-41.8)	NS	17.2 (8.1-41.2)	32.8 (10.6-88.2)	NS
Highest value of 10 d	55.6 (15.5-111.5)	55.2 (15.1-108)	83.5 (31.9-220)	NS	34.8 (10.6-79)	92 (31.9-149)	NS
Increase (%)	61.6 (-8.2-312.6)	54.3 (-0.9-308.8)	426.3 (-36.3-435.3)	NS	45 (-15.5-160.4)	300.9 (0-513.2)	NS
WBC (mg/L)
On admission	5.9 (4.7-7.9)	5.9 (4.5-8)	6.2 (5.3-7.7)	NS	5.9 (4.8-7.7)	5.9 (4.2-8.8)	NS
Highest value of 10 d	7 (5.4-10.4)	7 (5.3-10)	9.4 (8-10.8)	NS	6.9 (5.3-9.4)	8 (5.9-12.6)	NS
Increase (%)	16.9 (-2.5-73.2)	15.4 (-2.9-44.5)	88.1 (21.4-103.8)	NS	15.4 (0-36.4)	74.9 (-10.1-103.8)	NS
Neutrophils (k/μL)
On admission	4 (2.8-5.8)	4 (2.8-5.8)	3.8 (3.7-4.4)	NS	3.8 (2.5-4.7)	4.9 (3.4-6.7)	NS
Highest value of 10 d	5.3 (3.2-7.3)	4.8 (3.1-7.3)	5.6 (5.5-7.3)	NS	4.6 (2.7-5.6)	6.8 (5.3-9.6)	< 0.05
Increase (%)	19.7 (-1.8-82.9)	16.7 (-1.8-73.3)	47.6 (19.8-154.8)	NS	18.7 (3.3-39.8)	102.4 (-6.8-162.8)	NS
NLR
On admission	4.4 (2.9-6.5)	4.1 (2.9-6.4)	5.6 (2.8-7.1)	NS	3.7 (2.6-6)	4.9 (4.1-8.2)	NS
Highest value of 10 d	5 (2.7-10.6)	4.7 (2.7-10.2)	10 (3.3-14.6)	NS	3.3 (2-5.3)	13.4 (7.7-26.3)	< 0.01
Increase (%)	17.8 (-12.8-116.1)	18.4 (-14-65.6)	6.4 (3.9-263.6)	NS	2.5 (-31.8-25.9)	235.9 (18.4-394.4)	< 0.01
Albumin (g/dL)
On admission	3.8 (3.5-4.1)	3.8 (3.5-4.1)	3.9 (3.7-4)	NS	3.8 (3.5-4.1)	3.9 (3.5-4)
Lowest value of 10 d	3.3 (2.9-3.7)	3.5 (2.9-3.7)	2.9 (2.7-3.1)	< 0.05	3.3 (2.8-3.7)	3.2 (2.9-3.5)	NS
Decrease (%)	12.1 (3.6-20.5)	10 (3.6-18.8)	25.6 (16.2-26.7)	NS	10 (3.6-18.8)	17.1 (7.7-20.5)	NS
Ferritin (ng/mL)
On admission	448 (241.5-911)	459 (249-940)	408 (224-745)	NS	341 (202-940)	745 (369-904)	NS
Highest value of 10 d	1018 (445.5-1507)	1038 (428-1559)	605 (520-666)	NS	548 (295-1455)	1102 (666-1837)	NS
Increase (%)	49.3 (24.5-129.5)	54.8 (26.3-129.2)	27.5 (-21.9-146.6)	NS	30.2 (26.3.4-97.7)	129.7 (12.4-197.3)	NS
LDH (U/L)
On admission	216 (174-285)	222 (175-276)	207 (174-298)	NS	216 (158-297)	217.5 (193-232.5)	NS
Highest value of 10 d	227 (183-273)	225.5 (183-256)	313 (272-330)	< 0.05	224 (184-256)	261 (177.5-321.5)	NS
Increase (%)	5.7 (-13.8-60.6)	5.6 (-13.8-25.2)	89.7 (5-95.7)	< 0.05	5.8 (-14.7-25.2)	5 (-11.6-89.7)	NS
Ddimers (ng/mL)
On admission	1325 (772-2841)	1080 (772-21562349	3089 (1244-5205)	NS	1080 (732-3136)	1640 (996-2349)	NS
Highest value of 10 d	1861.5 (1215-3503)	1624 (1073-2526)	3503 (3447-5032)	<0.05	1624 (1259-3191)	2526 (1073-4134)	NS
Increase (%)	13 (-1.6-61.2)	7.3 (-1.6-41.2)	82.6 (19.1-195.8)	NS	18.5 (0-52)	1.4 (-21.3-104.3)	NS
Troponin
On admission	72.3 (33.6-99.6)	72.9 (26.9-102)	71.4 (53-86.7)	NS	53 (25.8-84.4)	86.7 (49.8-102)	NS
Highest value of 10 d	84.6 (46.7-116)	84.4 (38.3-118)	92.6 (62-114)	NS	66.5 (29.4-108)	103 (83.2-118)	NS
Increase (%)	17.7 (2-39.6)	17.6 (1-45)	29.7 (17.3-31.5)	NS	17.6 (1-50.4)	29.7 (2.9-34.1)	NS

CRP: C-reactive protein; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; NLR: Neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio; WBC: White blood count/1000; NS: Non-significant.