Global emergence of the chikungunya epidemic: A narrative review of the virus-kidney relationship in Pakistan and beyond

Figure 1 Morphological patterns in kidney biopsies from patients with chikungunya fever. A: Kidney biopsy showing acute tubular injury and interstitial inflammation in a case diagnosed as acute tubulointerstitial nephritis [hematoxylin and eosin (HE), × 200]; B: High-power view of the same biopsy shown in A with severe acute tubular injury and focal interstitial infiltrates. The glomeruli are normal (PAS, × 400); C: Low-power photomicrograph showing acute tubular injury. The glomeruli are unremarkable (HE, × 100); D: Another kidney biopsy showing acute tubular injury. Two tubular lumina contain pigment cases (HE, × 200).