Incidence of kidney stones in kidney transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 Main characteristics of the studies included in this meta-analysis

Ref.	Country	Year	Total number	No. of patients with kidney stone	Time of diagnosis	Sex of patients with stone	Age of patients with stone	Donors	Stone location	Stone composition	Mean follow-up time
Cho et al[12]	United States	1988	544	9	Mean 14.7 mo, Median 7 mo (range 3-42 mo)	6 male, 3 female	Mean 30 yr (range 8-65 yr)	6 living, 3 cadaveric	4 bladder, 3 kidney, 2 unknown	4 calcium oxalate/calcium phosphate, 2 ammonium magnesium phosphate and carbonate appetite, 1 uric acid, 2 not studied	5 (range 1.5-15.5) yr
Hayes et al[13]	United States	1989	892	10	Mean 13 mo (range 4-49 mo)	7 male, 3 female	Mean 29 yr (range 17-53 yr)	3 living, 7 cadaveric	NR	NR	NR
Harper et al[38]	United Kingdom	1994	178	6	NR	4 male, 1 female	NR	4 living, 1 cadaveric	NR	1 uric acid, 2 calcium phosphate, 1 calcium oxalate, 1 Magnesium ammonium phosphate	NR
Shoskes et al[14]	United Kingdom	1995	812	2	Mean 3.5 yr (range 2-5 yr)	NR	Mean 40 yr	NR	2 ureter	NR	At least 1 yr
Benoit et al[36]	France	1996	1500	12	NR	7 male, 5 female	Mean 36 yr	2 living, 10 cadaveric	5 calyces, 6 ureter, 1 pyeloureteral junction	4 calcium oxalate and phosphate, 2 struvite	NR
Del Pizzo et al[15]	United States	1998	540 (445 renal transplant, 95 pancreas/renal transplant)	4	NR	NR	NR	NR		NR	NR
Rhee et al[16]	United States	1999	1813 (1730 renal transplant, 83 pancreas/renal transplant)	8	NR	4 male, 4 female	Mean 51 yr (range 34-60 yr)	2 living, 1 cadaveric, 5 pancreas/renal	3 kidney, 1 ureter, 4 bladder	1 uric acid, 1 calcium oxalate, 1 calcium oxalate/calcium phosphate, 1 calcium phosphate, 1 struvite stone, 3 unknown	Mean 68.6 mo (range 27-98 mo)
El-Mekresh et al[17]	Egypt	2001	1200	11	NR	NR	NR	NR	3 kidney, 4 ureter, 4 bladder	NR	NR
Kim et al[18]	United States	2001	849	15	Mean 17.8 mo (range 3-109 mo)	10 male, 5 female	Mean 41.5 yr (range 28-67 yr)	8 living, 7 cadaveric	11 bladder, 3 kidney, 1 multiple sites	5 mixed form of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate, 1 calcium oxalate, 3 predominant calcium phosphate, 2 struvite, 2 mixed form of struvite and calcium phosphate, 2 not studied	Mean 58 mo (range 11-149 mo)
Klinger et al[19]	Austria	2002	1027	19 (4 diagnosis during transplant, 5 perioperative, 10 de novo)	For de novo: Mean 27.7 mo (range 13 to 48 mo)	8 male, 11 female	Mean 48.1 yr (range 26-72 yr)	1 living, 18 cadaveric	14 kidney, 3 infundibulum, 1 distal ureter, 1 staghorn	11 calcium oxalate, 2 uric acid, 1 calcium phosphate, 5 not studied	Mean 29 mo (range 14-48 mo)
Doehn et al[20]	Germany	2002	1500	11	NR	5 male, 6 female	Median 50 yr	11 cadaveric	NR	3 uric acid, 3 calcium oxalate, 2 magnesium ammonium stone, 3 not studied	Median 4 yr
Streeter et al[21]	United Kingdom	2002	1535	12	For renal calculi: Median 150 d (range 56-1280 d); For bladder calculi: Range 8 mo - 4 yr	NR	NR	NR	9 ureter, 3 bladder	NR	NR
Abbott et al[22]	United States	2003	42906	52	NR	NR	NR		35 kidney, 17 ureter	NR	1.89 ± 1.15 yr
Lipke et al[23]	United States	2004	500	7	9 mo (range 1.5-26 mo)	7 female	Mean 50 yr (range 8-73 yr)	4 living, 3 cadaveric	7 bladder	7 mixed between calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate	NR
Yigit et al[24]	Turkey	2004	125	5 (2 preoperative, 1 early posttransplant, 2 de novo)	For de novo: Mean 6.5 mo (range 6-7 mo)	3 male, 2 female	Mean 35.2 yr	NR	NR	2 calcium oxalate, 1 uric acid, 2 infectious	Mean 32.4 mo
Challacombe et al[25]	United Kingdom	2005	2085	21	3.7 (0.17-18) yr	8 male, 13 female	Mean 41 yr (range 15-64 yr)	3 living, 18 cadeveric	13 kidney, 7 ureter, 1 bladder	NR	NR
Ferreira Cassini et al[26]	Brazil	2012	1313	12 de novo	Range 6 mo to 13 yr	8 males, 9 females	Mean 45.6 yr (range 32-63 yr)	2 living, 15 cadaveric	6 calyces, 3 renal pelvis, 3 ureter	NR	NR
Stravodimos et al[27]	Greece	2012	1525	7	Mean 3.2 (2-7) yr	NR	NR	NR	5 kidney, 2 ureter	NR	Mean 8 yr
Cicerello et al[40]	Italy	2014	953	10	NR	4 male, 6 female	Mean 43 yr	NR	7 kidney, 3 ureter	NR	NR
Mamarelis et al[28]	Greece	2014	2045	9	Mean 3.1 yr (range 1-7 yr)	NR	NR	NR	6 kidney, 3 ureter	NR	6.6 yr (range 1-15 yr)
Rezaee-Zavereh et al[29]	Iran	2015	574	25	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	55 ± 53 mo

CaOx: Calcium oxalate; CaP: Calcium phosphate; NR: Not reported.