Common and small molecules as the ultimate regulatory and effector mediators of antigen-specific transplantation reactions

Table 1 Polarization of cytokine production in response to transplantation antigens

Model	Type of cytokine response1
Acute rejection of allograft	Th1 and Th17
MLC to xenoantigens	Th2
Rejection of xenograft	Predominantly Th2
Neonatally induced tolerance of allografts	Th2
Anti-CD4 induced tolerance in adulthood	Th2
Immunosuppressive drug induced tolerance to alloantigens	Th2
Acute graft-versus-host reaction	Th1
Chronic graft-versus-host reaction	Th2
Mucosal tolerance to alloantigens	Th2 (or Th3)

¹The Th1 type of cytokine response is characterized by the predominant production of interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon γ. For the Th2 type of response, the higher production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 is typical. The production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-17 is characteristic of the Th17 response. The Th3 type of response is characterized by the production of IL-4 and IL-10 and by the high production of the inhibitory cytokine transforming growth factor β.