Antineoplastic effects of mammalian target of rapamycine inhibitors

Table 1 Cancer risk vs general population

Increased≥5 fold	Little/no increase
Skin	Breast
Vulvovaginal	Prostate
Cervix/uterus	Testicular
Lymphoma	Ovarian
Liver	Lung
Kidney/Bladder	Colon

Table 2 Viruses linked to malignancies

Virus	Malignancy
EBV	Lymphoma (PTLD)
HHV-8	Kaposi’s sarcoma
HPV	Cervical, vulvar cancer
HPV-58	Bowen disease
HPV 8, 19	Non melanoma skin cancer
HPV 16, 20	Skin and tonsillar carcinoma
HCV, HBV	Hepatocellular carcinoma

EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; HHV: Human herpesvirus; HPV: Human papillomavirus; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus.

Table 3 Mammalian target of rapamycin linked pathway deregulations in selected cancers

Lung	EGFR	32-60
	p-AKT	23-50
	Ras	30
	PTEN	24
	HER2	5
	PI3K	4
Kidney	TGF-α/TGF-β1	60-100
	VHL	30-50
	IGF-1/IGF-1R	39-69
	p-AKT	38
	PTEN	31
	TSC1/TSC2
Breast	p-Akt	42
	PTEN	15-41
	HER2	30-36
	PI3K	18-26
	EGFR	6
NET	TSC1/TSC2
	IGF-1/IGF-1R
	VHL
Colon	Ras	50
	p-Akt	46
	PTEN	35
	PI3K	20-32
	EGFR	8
	HER2	3

EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; HER: Human epidermal growth factor receptor; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; TGF: Transforming growth factor; VHL: von Hippel-Lindau; IGF: Insulin like growth factor; IGF-1R: IGF-1 receptor; TSC: Tuberous sclerosis complex.