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Publication Name
World Journal of Transplantation
ISSN
2220-3230
Publisher of This Article
Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study
Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026.
World J Transplant. Jun 18, 2026; 16(2): 117585
Published online Jun 18, 2026. doi: 10.5500/wjt.v16.i2.117585
Table 1 Demographics and responses of participants
Category
n (%)
Total participants370 (100)
ProfessionDoctors58 (16)
Nurses271 (73)
Allied healthcare professionals41 (11)
GenderMale87 (24)
Female283 (76)
RaceMalay276 (75)
Chinese41 (11)
Indigenous 19 (5)
Foreigners34 (9)
ReligionIslam297 (80)
Christianity36 (10)
Buddhism/Taoism18 (5)
Others19 (5)
EducationTertiary326 (88)
Secondary44 (12)
Knowledge levelHigh (score 3-5)224 (61)
Low (score 0-2)146 (39)
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Table 2 Responses of participants
Questions
Responses; n (%)
Do you know that CKD affects 1 in 10 people in the world?Yes; 247 (67)Unsure; 78 (21)No; 45 (12)
Do you know which is the best treatment to improve patients’ quality of life?KT; 195 (53)PD; 22 (5)HD; 96 (26)Unsure; 57 (15)
Do you know which is the best treatment to increase patients’ life expectancy?KT; 252 (68)PD; 5 (1)HD; 65 (18)Unsure; 48 (13)
Do you know which is the most cost-effective treatment for end stage kidney disease?KT; 156 (42)PD; 40 (11)HD; 69 (19)Unsure; 105 (28)
Kidney transplant donation can be derived from living donors and deceased donorsYes; 269 (73)Unsure; 28 (8)No; 73 (20)
Do you know that there is a Fatwa that deems deceased organ donation as ‘should/ought to’?Yes; 125 (34)Unsure; 167 (45)No; 78 (21)
Do you agree with living kidney donations from family members?Strongly disagree; 19 (5)Disagree; 14 (4)Neutral; 106 (29)Agree; 159 (42)Strongly agree; 79 (21)
Do you agree with kidney donations from unrelated sources through payments?Strongly disagree; 47 (13)Disagree; 76 (21)Neutral; 168 (45)Agree; 61 (16)Strongly agree; 18 (5)
Do you agree with kidney donations from deceased donors?Strongly disagree; 14 (4)Disagree; 30 (8)Neutral; 165 (45)Agree; 117 (32)Strongly agree; 44 (12)
I support a practice of organ donor card which states my preference towards donationStrongly disagree; 20 (5)Disagree; 19 (5)Neutral; 128 (35)Agree; 120 (32)Strongly agree; 83 (22)
I support a practice which allows kidneys from my family to be donated after deathStrongly disagree; 15 (4)Disagree; 45 (12)Neutral; 165 (45)Agree; 91 (25)Strongly agree; 54 (15)
I support a practice which allows my kidneys to be donated after deathStrongly disagree; 15 (4)Disagree; 47 (13)Neutral; 142 (38)Agree; 96 (26)Strongly agree; 70 (19)
CKD: Chronic kidney disease; KT: Kidney transplant; PD: Peritoneal dialysis; HD: Hemodialysis.
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Table 3 Demographic breakdown of attitude towards deceased donor kidney transplantation, n (%)
Total
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
P value
χ2
Overall370 161 (44)165 (45)44 (12)
ProfessionDoctors58 49 (84)6 (10)3 (5)< 0.0555.74
Nurses27190 (33)141 (52)40 (15)
AHP4122 (54)18 (43)1 (2)
GenderMale87482712< 0.058.59
Female28311313832
RaceMalay27695 (34)138 (50)43 (16)< 0.0552.82
Chinese4128 (68)13 (32)0 (0)
Indigenous1910 (53)9 (47)0 (0)
Foreign3428 (82)5 (15)1 (3)
ReligionIslam297 107 (36)148 (50)42 (14)< 0.0523.69
Christianity36 28 (78)7 (19)1 (3)
Buddhism18 12 (67)6 (33)0 (0)
Others19 14 (74)4 (21)1 (5)
EducationTertiary326149 (43)149 (46)28 (9)< 0.0528.93
Secondary4412 (27)16 (36)16 (36)
KnowledgeHigh224120 (54)82 (37)22 (10)< 0.0523.36
Low14641 (28)83 (57)22 (15)
FatwaAware12566 (53)50 (40)9 (7)< 0.058.13
Unaware/unsure24595 (39)115 (47)35 (14)
AHP: Allied health professional.
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Table 4 Demographic breakdown of attitude towards living related kidney transplantation, n (%)
Total
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
P value
χ2
Overall370 228 (62)106 (29)33 (9)
ProfessionDoctors58 52 (90)3 (5)3 (5)< 0.0524.70
Nurses271157 (58)95 (35)19 (7)
AHP4129 (71)8 (20) 4 (9)
GenderMale8769 (79)16 (18)2 (2)< 0.0511.76
Female283169 (60)90 (32)24 (8)
RaceMalay276164 (59)88 (32)24 (9)< 0.0514.98
Chinese4132 (78)7 (17) 2 (5)
Indigenous1913 (68)6 (32)0 (0)
Foreign3429 (85)5 (15)0 (0)
ReligionIslam297 179 (60)94 (32)24 (8)< 0.0514.87
Christianity36 30 (83)6 (17)0 (0)
Buddhism18 12 (67)4 (22)2 (11)
Others19 17 (89)2 (11)0 (0)
EducationTertiary326210 (64)94 (29) 22 (7)0.850.33
Secondary4428 (64) 12 (27) 4 (9)
KnowledgeHigh224 161 (72)45 (20)18 (8)< 0.0520.37
Low14677 (53)61 (42)8 (5)
FatwaAware12590 (72)24 (19)11 (9)< 0.059.76
Unaware/unsure245138 (56)82 (33)15 (6)
AHP: Allied health professional.
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Table 5 Demographic breakdown of attitude towards donor card system (opt-in system), n (%)
Total
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
P value
χ2
Overall370 203 (54)128 (35)39 (11)
ProfessionDoctors58 53 (91)4 (7)1 (2)< 0.0544.89
Nurses271123 (45)111 (41)37 (14)
AHP4127 (66)13 (32)1 (2)
GenderMale8759 (68)23 (26)5 (6)< 0.058.14
Female283144 (51)105 (37)34 (12)
RaceMalay276136 (49)109 (39) 31 (11)< 0.0517.87
Chinese4132 (78)6 (15)3 (7)
Indigenous1910 (53)7 (37)2 (11)
Foreign3425 (74)6 (18)3 (9)
ReligionIslam297 149 (50)113 (38)35 (12)< 0.0516.51
Christianity36 25 (69)9 (25)2 6)
Buddhism18 15 (83)1 (6)2 (11)
Others19 14 (74)5 (26)0 (0)
EducationTertiary326187 (57)106 (33)33 (10)< 0.056.99
Secondary4416 (36)22 (50)6 (14)
KnowledgeHigh224 142 (63)62 (28)20 (9)< 0.0516.77
Low14661 (42)66 (45)19 (13)
FatwaAware12577 (62)36 (29)12 (10)0.173.55
Unaware/unsure245126 (51)92 (38)27 (11)
AHP: Allied health professional.
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Table 6 Demographic breakdown of attitude towards kidney transplant commercialization, n (%)
Total
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
P value
χ2
Overall370 79 (21)168 (45)123 (33)
ProfessionDoctors58 12 (21)16 (28)30 (52)< 0.0514.11
Nurses27155 (20)132 (49)84 (31)
AHP4112 (29)20 (49)9 (22)
GenderMale8730 (34)29 (33)28 (32)< 0.0512.87
Female28349 (17)139 (49)95 (34)
RaceMalay27655 (20)129 (47)92 (33)0.435.90
Chinese419 (22)15 (37)17 (41)
Indigenous197 (37)9 (47)3 (16)
Foreign348 (24)15 (44)11 (32)
ReligionIslam297 58 (20)138 (46)101 (34)0.1110.29
Christianity36 11 (31)17 (47)8 (22)
Buddhism18 2 (11)8 (44)8 (44)
Others19 8 (42)5 (26)6 (32)
EducationTertiary32672 (22)146 (45)108 (33)0.620.93
Secondary447 (16)22 (50)15 (34)
KnowledgeHigh224 54 (24)96 (43)74 (33)0.242.83
Low14625 (17)72 (49)49 (34)
FatwaAware12530 (24)59 (47)36 (29)0.391.87
Unaware/unsure24549 (20)109 (44)87 (36)
AHP: Allied health professional.
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Table 7 Factors associated with disapproval of deceased donor kidney transplant
VariableUnivariate analysis
Multivariate analysis
cOR
95%CI
Z
P value
aOR
95%CI
Z
P value
GenderMale1.130.55-2.460.330.74
Female1.00
ProfessionNursing7.893.99-27.183.77< 0.054.541.56-16.702.56< 0.05
Non-nursing1.00
ReligionMuslim10.593.09-39.343.12< 0.057.343.57-22.983.05< 0.05
Non-Muslim1.00
KnowledgeLow2.931.47-5.863.05< 0.051.881.34-3.182.06< 0.05
High1.00
EducationSecondary7.093.06-16.964.52< 0.054.111.78-7.973.25< 0.05
Tertiary1.00
FatwaUnaware/unsure2.701.26-6.322.44< 0.05
Aware1.00
cOR: Crude odds ratio; aOR: Adjusted odds ratio; CI: Confidence intervals.
Full Size Table
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