Exploring the use of virtual reality in surgical education

Table 1 Comparison of technologies

	Beyer-Berjot et al[17], 2016–Lap Mentor VR	Huber et al[18], 2017-LapSim	Sampogna et al[19], 2017-Oculus Rift and Leap motion
Technology used for training	Virtual reality
Equipment used for training	Custom hardware and software-Lap Mentor VR	Custom hardware and software-LapSim	Windows 10-Oculus Quest Rift S
Additional technology used for training	Haptic
Additional equipment used for training	Lap Mentor realistic tactile surgical tools	LapSim realistic tactile surgical tools	Oculus gestures + Leap Motion
Operating system	Lap Mentor software	LapSim software	Windows 10

VR: Virtual reality.

Table 2 Beyer-Berjot et al[17], 2016 and Huber et al[18], 2017 outcome measures

Beyer-Berjot et al[17], 2016–Lap Mentor VR		Huber et al[18], 2017-LapSim
Tasks	Outcome measures	Tasks	Outcome measures
Initial assessment	Time (s)	Peg transfer	Time (s)
Clipping and grasping	No. of movements	Fine dissection	Left time (s)
2-Handed maneuvers	Path length (cm)	Cholecystectomy	Right time (s)
Full laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy			Time (z-score)
Median dissection			Left path length (m)
Lateral dissection			Left angular path (degree)
Anastomosis			Left grasps (n)
Full LSC			Right path length (m)
			Right angular path (degree)
			Right grasps (n)
			Economics (z-score)
			Maximum drops (n)
			Errors (z-score)
			Total (z-score)

VR: Virtual reality; LSC: Large single copy.