Effects of an active lifestyle on the physical frailty of liver transplant candidates

Table 1 Study participants’ age, sex, and primary cause of end-stage liver disease

No.	Age	Sex	Primary cause
1	32	Female	Primary biliary cholangitis
2	53	Female	Liver hemangioma
3	38	Female	Liver hemangioma
4	53	Male	Hepatitis B virus
5	38	Male	Autoimmune hepatitis
6	51	Female	Hepatocellular carcinoma
7	32	Male	Hepatocellular carcinoma
8	61	Female	Hepatitis B virus
9	63	Male	Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
10	47	Female	Hepatic cystadenomas
11	62	Female	Primary biliary cholangitis
12	54	Male	Hepatitis C virus
13	52	Male	Alcohol-related liver disease
14	63	Male	Alcohol-related liver disease
15	49	Female	Hepatitis B virus
16	52	Male	Hepatitis B virus
17	50	Male	Hepatitis B virus
18	52	Female	Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
19	50	Male	Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
20	50	Female	Primary biliary cholangitis

Table 2 International Physical Activity Questionnaire responses

No.	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	Q5	Q6	Q7	Result
1	0 d	-	2 d	0 h 15 min	5 d	1 h 0 min	8 h 0 min	Moderate
2	2 d	0 h 15 min	4 d	30 min	5 d	1 h 0 min	4 h 30 min	Moderate
3	0 d	-	2 d	0 h 20 min	7 d	1 h 30 min	6 h 0 min	Moderate
4	0 d	-	0 d	-	3 d	0 h 30 min	8 h 0 min	Low
5	0 d	-	3 d	0 h 30 min	3 d	1 h 0 min	6 h 0 min	Moderate
6	0 d	-	2 d	0 h 20 min	4 d	0 h 45 min	6 h 30 min	Moderate
7	0 d	-	3 d	0 h 45 min	4 d	1 h 15 min	4 h 30 min	Moderate
8	0 d	-	2 d	0 h 15 min	2 d	0 h 30 min	7 h 30 min	Low
9	0 d	-	0 d	-	3 d	0 h 15 min	9 h 30 min	Low
10	0 d	-	3 d	0 h 30 min	3 d	0 h 45 min	6 h 15 min	Moderate
11	0 d	-	0 d	-	3 d	0 h 15 min	9 h 15 min	Low
12	0 d	-	2 d	0 h 20 min	3 d	0 h 30 min	6 h 45 min	Low
13	0 d	-	2 d	0 h 15 min	4 d	0 h 20 min	7 h 0 min	Low
14	0 d	-	0 d	-	5 d	0 h 15 min	8 h 0 min	Low
15	0 d	-	0 d	-	3 d	0 h 40 min	7 h 30 min	Low
16	0 d	-	2 d	0 h 20 min	3 d	0 h 30 min	6 h 0 min	Low
17	0 d	-	3 d	0 h 30 min	4 d	1 h 30 min	4 h 0 min	Moderate
18	0 d	-	3 d	0 h 20 min	4 d	1 h 0 min	6 h 0 min	Moderate
19	0 d	-	0 d	-	7 d	1 h 15 min	5 h 30 min	Moderate
20	0 d	-	0 d	-	3 d	0 h 30 min	8 h 0 min	Low

Table 3 Peak oxygen uptake and anaerobic threshold results

No.	Group	VO2peak in mL/kg/min	AT in mL/kg/min
1	Active	29.9	15.8
2	Active	40.8	21.1
3	Active	27.1	18.0
4	Sedentary	18.9	14.8
5	Active	25.7	14.1
6	Active	24.2	15.0
7	Active	39.6	18.8
8	Sedentary	18.4	14.2
9	Sedentary	13.8	12.8
10	Active	22.2	14.2
11	Sedentary	13.2	11.6
12	Sedentary	25.3	17.0
13	Sedentary	20.0	14.7
14	Sedentary	16.9	12.8
15	Sedentary	17.0	13.8
16	Sedentary	19.5	14.0
17	Active	30.0	16.9
18	Active	28.5	16.5
19	Active	29.8	16.7
20	Sedentary	18.1	13.9

AT: Anaerobic threshold; VO_2peak: Peak oxygen uptake.

Table 4 Six-minute walking test results

No.	Group	6-min walking test in m
1	Active	396
2	Active	456
3	Active	595
4	Sedentary	250
5	Active	433
6	Active	397
7	Active	429
8	Sedentary	347
9	Sedentary	264
10	Active	502
11	Sedentary	259
12	Sedentary	360
13	Sedentary	431
14	Sedentary	362
15	Sedentary	320
16	Sedentary	330
17	Active	460
18	Active	456
19	Active	458
20	Sedentary	324

Table 5 Liver Frailty Index test results

No.	Hand grip strength in kg			Sit-to-stand in s	Balance test in s			LFI
	Att. 1	Att. 2	Att. 3		Side-by-side	Semi-tandem	Tandem
1	18	19	19	12.4	10.0	10.0	10.0	3.95
2	26	26	25	8.5	10.0	10.0	10.0	3.11
3	25	24	24	10.1	10.0	10.0	10.0	3.42
4	19	18	18	16.8	7.9	9.1	8.2	4.76
5	26	27	27	11.0	10.0	10.0	10.0	3.9
6	19	18	19	13.1	9.1	10.0	8.9	4.08
7	30	28	29	10.0	10.0	10.0	10.0	3.71
8	14	14	13	17.2	8.5	9.2	8.1	4.66
9	13	14	14	17.6	8.5	9.4	8.0	4.92
10	18	17	18	13.3	9.0	10.0	9.0	4.15
11	12	11	12	16.1	9.3	10.0	9.0	4.62
12	20	19	19	11.9	10.0	10.0	10.0	4.23
13	26	27	28	12.2	10.0	10.0	10.0	4.00
14	22	21	21	11.8	10.0	10.0	10.0	4.15
15	18	18	17	12.8	10.0	10.0	10.0	4.03
16	18	19	18	13.0	9.5	9.8	8.9	4.42
17	27	27	26	9.4	10.0	10.0	10.0	3.70
18	19	20	20	11.3	10.0	10.0	10.0	3.80
19	27	28	27	9.8	10.0	10.0	10.0	3.74
20	15	14	14	14.2	9.0	9.4	8.4	4.43

Att: Attempt; LFI: Liver Frailty Index.

Table 6 Mean values of peak oxygen uptake, anaerobic threshold, 6-min walking test and, Liver Frailty Index

Value	Active group	Sedentary group
VO2peak in mL/kg/min	29.78 ± 6.07a	18.11 ± 3.39a
AT in mL/kg/min	16.71 ± 2.17b	13.96 ± 1.45b
6MWT in m	458.2 ± 57.5a	324.7 ± 55.8a
LFI	3.75 ± 0.31a	4.42 ± 0.32a

^aP < 0.001.

^bP < 0.01.

6MWT: 6-min walking test; AT: Anaerobic threshold; LFI: Liver Frailty Index; VO_2peak: Peak oxygen uptake.

Table 7 Correlation analysis between activity level and model for end-stage liver disease score peak oxygen uptake, anaerobic threshold, 6-min walking test, and Liver Frailty Index

Value	rpb	P value
MELD	-0.212	> 0.05
VO2peak in mL/kg/min	0.781	< 0.001
AT in mL/kg/min	0.618	< 0.01
6MWT in m	0.779	< 0.001
LFI	-0.747	< 0.001

6MWT: 6-min walking test; AT: Anaerobic threshold; LFI: Liver Frailty Index; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; r_pb: Point-biserial correlation coefficient; VO_2peak: Peak oxygen uptake.