Bacterial biofilms in human gastrointestinal tract: An intricate balance between health and inflammatory bowel diseases

Table 1 Susceptible chromosomal loci for inflammatory bowel disease

No.	Related disease	Gene(s)	Role(s) ininflammation	Ref.
1	UC + CD	NOD2/CARD15, CD19, CD11, IL4R	Detection of cytosolic bacterial components	[105]
2	UC + CD	IL23R, PTGER4	Generation and maintenance of Th17 cells; prostaglandins signaling	[23,106]
3	CD	IRGM, IL12B	Autophagy	[22,23]
4	CD	STAT3, ORMDL3	Development of T cell response	[22,23]
5	CD	IL3, IL4, IL5 and IL13,OCTN1, OCTN2, CSF2, SLC22A5	Mucosal barrier function, cytokines production, Regulation of inflammation	[106]
6	UC + CD	MST1, BSN, GNAI2	Regulation of expression of proinflammatory mediators	[105]

CD: Crohn's disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis; NOD2: Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2; CARD15: Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 15; CD19: Cluster of differentiation 19; IL4R: Interleukin 4 receptor; IL23R: Interleukin 23 receptor; PTGER4: Prostaglandin E receptor 4; IRGM: Immunity related GTPase M; IL12B: Interleukin 12B; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; ORMDL3: Orosomucoid like 3; OCTN1: Organic cation transporter, novel, type 1; CSF2: Colony stimulating factor 2; SLC22A5: Solute carrier family 22 member 5; MST1: Macrophage stimulating 1; BSN: Bassoon (presynaptic cytomatrix protein); GNAI2: G protein subunit alpha I2.

Table 2 Suspected pathogenic microorganism in tissue of patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Bacteria		Virus	Fungi
Campylobacter spp.		Adenovirus	Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Escherichia coli		Cytomegalovirus	Candida albicans
Helicobacter spp.		Coronavirus
Legionella spp.		Rotavirus
Mycobacterium spp.		Measles virus
Pseudomonas spp.		Paramyxovirus
Shigella spp.		Epstein-Barr virus
Yersinia spp.			Parasite
Bacteroides vulgatus			Borrelia spp.
Listeria monocytogenes			Treponema spp.
Staphylococcus spp.
Streptococcus spp.
Enterococcus
Adherent-Invasive E. coli
Chlamydia spp. (Chlamydia trachomatis)

spp.: Species.