Acinetobacter baumannii: An emerging pathogenic threat to public health

Table 1 Some of the major infection control measures marked for Acinetobacter baumannii infection outbreaks

Sr	Effective control measure	Ref
1	Early detection of a colonized patient or the source or reservoir of an infection	[14,70]
2	Eradication of the source or reservoir	[71]
3	Isolation of an infected or colonized patient into an isolation cubicle	[18]
4	Cohort nursing	[72]
5	Emphasis on hand washing (with alcoholic-based disinfectants) before and after patient handling	[73]
6	Use of disposable gloves and aprons	[42]
7	Prohibition of sale of antibiotics without prescription/judicious use of antibiotics	[69,74]
8	Improved surveillance system for antimicrobial resistance	[75]
9	Adherence to infection control best practices	[76]
10	Education of hospital staff and community for infection control/proper drug use and maintenance of hygiene/contact precaution	[77,78]

Table 2 Some of the commonly reported mechanisms of resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii from different geographic locations

Category of mechanism	Gene involved	Geo-location	Ref
ESBL	PER-1 type	Hungary, India, Turkey, Korea, France, Belgium, Romania	[114,127-132]
ESBL	VEB-1 type	Belgium, France	[131,133]
ESBL	KPC type		[134]
ESBL	CTX-M-2 type	Japan	[135]
Carbapenemase	OXA type	United Kingdom, transcontinental	[120,136]
Carbapenemase	OXA type	United States,	[119,122,123,137]
Carbapenemase	OXA-51 type	United Kingdom, France, Iraq, United States	[123,138-140]
Carbapenemase	OXA-23 type	United Kingdom, China, United States	[141,142]
Carbapenemase	OXA-40 type	Spain, United States	[123,143]
Carbapenemase	OXA-58 type	Greece, Italy, Bolivia	[144,145]
Carbapenemase (multiple)	OXA, IMP, VIM	Korea	[146]
Carbapenemase, MBL	NDM	Israel, Germany	[147,148]
Carbapenemase, MBL	VIM	Poland	[149]
Carbapenemase, MBL	IMP	Japan, Brazil	[150,151]
Carbapenemase, MBL	SIM	China	[152]

ESBL: Extended-spectrum β-lactamase; MBL: Metallo-β-lactamase